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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Z««B Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-3248 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into die film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below die first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Z««b Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-3248 MAYEWSKI, Paul Andrew, 1946- GLACIAL GEOLOGY AND LATE CENOZOIC HISTORY OF THE TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Geology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan TU 1C niCQPRTATinM HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. GLACIAL GEOLOGY AND LATE CENOZOIC HISTORY OF TIDS TRAM BAHT ARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul A . Mayswski, B .A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee; Approved "by C. Bull K. Everett T. Hughes H. Noltimier Advise* Department or Geology and Mineralogy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is part of a continuing investigation in the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, undertaken by the Institute of Polar Studies at The Ohio State University. It is the result of the following field seasons during the austral summers of: 1968-69, 1970-71 and 1971-72. It is with great pleasure that I thank Dr. Richard P. Goldthwait, my adviser, for his advice and guidance over the past five years. Dr. Goldthwait has guided me in my graduate career, has made the effort of traveling half way around the world to visit me in the field and has supervised the writing of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Parker E. Calkin of the State University of New York at Buffalo for giving me first insight into Antarctic research and for making my first field season in Antarctica possible. Numerous other individuals of the Institute of Polar Studies also contributed to the development of this dissertation. Mr. John P. Splettstoesser, Associate Director of the Institute, coordinated all of the administrative aspects required for the progress of this research. His effort and criticism of this manuscript have been invaluable. Drs. R. Behling, C. Bull, D. Elliot, K. Everett, T. Hughes, J. Mercer and M. McSaveney provided many informative discussions, the results of which have been inspiring to this research. Mr. Stephen D. Etter and Robert S. Wilkinson were of great assistance in both the scientific and logistic aspects of the field work. Squadron VXE-6 of the U. S. Navy provided invaluable helicopter support. In 11 particular I am greatful to Lieutenant Commanders "Doc" Kinsey, G. Skaar, L. McKay, A. Dyer, V. Mizner and Chief L. Trail. Mr. H. Mehrling, at the Institute of Polar Studies, prepared the necessary scientific equipment to conduct field research. The following individuals contributed to the lab analyses referred to in this dissertation: Dr. J. M. Schopf of the U. S. Geological Survey Coal laboratory at The Ohio State University (microflora studies), Drs. P. N. Webb and B. Burt of the New Zealand Geological Survey (scanning electron microscopy), Dr. G. Paure, Mr. J. Muskopf and S... Derksen of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy at The Ohio State University (x-ray diffraction studies), and Mr. D. Drees and L. Jones of the Department of Agronomy at The Ohio State University (x-ray diffraction, electrical conductivity and acidity-alkalinity studies). Free computer time was provided by the Instruction and Research Computer Center, The Ohio State University. I am indebted to Mr. E. Janecek of the Ohio Department of Highways for instruction and assistance in the imple­ mentation of programs used in this text and noted in Appendix B. The Ohio Department of Highways also contributed the free use of their digitizer. The National Science Foundation supported this study through grants GA 4029 and GV 26652, which were administered by The Ohio State University Research Foundation. I would like to thank Mr. H Ehrenspeck for both drafting and aiding in the design of the figures in this text. In addition I am grateful to Mrs. Marilyn Welker for typing the text of this dissertation and to Mrs. Jeanne Peebles for typing the tables. Finally I would like to thank Dr. R. P. Goldthwait, C. Bull, K. Everett, T. Hughes, J. Mercer, H. Noltimier of The Ohio State University, and iii Dr. A. Weidick o£ the Greenland Geological Survey, Copenhagen, Denmark, for a critical review of this manuscript. iv VITA July 5» 19^6 Born, Edinburgh, Scotland 1968 B.A. , Geology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 1968 Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-69 Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969—71 Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-72 H.D.E.A. Fellow, Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-73 Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973 Bownocker Fellow, Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio v PUBLICATIONS Hodge, D. S., and Mayevski, P. A., 1969* Gravity study of a hypersthene syenite "body in the Laramie Anorthosite Complex, Wyoming: Geol. Soc. of Amer. Bull., v. 80, p. TOU-71^* Mayevski, P. A., 1972, Glacial geology near McMurdo Sound and compar­ ison with the central Transantarctic Mountains: Ant. Jour, of the U. S., v. 7* no. *4, p. 103-106. Elliot, D. H., Barrett, P. J. and Mayevski, P. A., (in press), Recon­ naissance geologic map of the Plunket Point Quadrangle, Trans­ antarctic Mountains, Antarctica: U. S. Geological Survey Antarctic Map, No. 5. CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii VITA.......................................................... i PUBLICATIONS ............................... ............... TABLES ................................................. ILLUSTRATIONS................................................. Chapter I. INTRODUCTION......................................... 1 Statement of Problem Bedrock Geology of the Transantarctic Mountains Climate of the Transantarctic Mountains The Development of a Thick Ice Sheet in Antarctica Glacial History of the Transantarctic Mountains II. THE SIRIUS F O R M A T I O N ................................17 Intro duction Characteristics Basal Contact Extent and Dimensions Structure Compaction Particle Size Distribution Idthologic, Mineralogic and Organic Components Rounding and Freshness of Grains and Glacial Imprints on Grains Directional Indicators Interpretative Review of Characteristics Relative Position in the Glacial Record and Age III. LATERAL MORAINES.................................... 81 Intro duction Characteristics of Lateral Moraines in the Queen Maud Mountains Elevation and Continuity Relative to Present Ice Surface Morphology, Thickness of Drift and Presence of an Ice-core Weathering of Surficial Clasts Particle Size Distribution CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Color Salt Content Acidity-Alkalinity Clay Minerals Review of Moraine Characteristics and Correlation of Transantarctic Mountains Glacial Chronology IV. GLACIOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF FORMER ICE SURFACES. 132 Intro duction Determination of Ice Surface Profiles Related to Former Former Glaciations The Central Portion of the Outlet Glaciers Extending into Their Respective Basins of Exudation The Coastal Portion of the Outlet Glaciers and Their Extension into the Area of the Present Ross Ice Shelf The Peripheral Portion of an Ice Sheet Which Has Totally Inundated Any Coastal Valleys An Ice Sheet on the Inland Side of a Mountain Range Ice Volume Changes Determined From Former Ice Surface Profiles Factors Affecting Former Ice Surface Profiles Computation of Ice Volume Changes Interpretation of Glaciological Reconstructions The Queen Maud Glaciation The Scott and Shackleton Glaciations The Amundsen Glaciation Effect of Antarctic Glaciations on
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