Rural Brazil at the Cross-Roads

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Rural Brazil at the Cross-Roads RURAL BRAZIL AT THE CROSS-ROADS H. MEIJER RURAL BRAZIL AT THE CROSS-ROADS Dit proefschrift met Stellingen van HENDRIK MEIJER landbouwkundig Ingenieur, geboren te Gorcum, 16 Februari 1912, is goedgekeurd door de promotor Dr E. W. HOFSTEE, Hoogleraar in de economische en sociale geografie en de sociale statistiek De Rector-Magnificus der Landbouwhogeschool A. KRUIDHOF Wageningen, 7 November 1951 STELLINGEN I In subtropische gebieden is het opnemen in het bouwplan van veel materiaal leverende groenbemesters doorgaans een nood- zakelijke cultuurwijze. II Het valt te betwijfelen of de kruidenteelt in Nederland in sterke mate zal kunnen bijdragen aan de oplossing van het zogenaamde „kleine boeren" vraagstuk. III Het bestuderen van cultuurmogeUjkheden voor diverse Brazili- aanse palmspecies welke potentieel voor commerciele doeleinden in aanmerking zouden kunnen komen, moet van belang worden geacht voor verscheidene tropische gebieden. IV Bij het verspreiden in het buitenland van wetenschappehj'ke publicaties betreffende phytopathologische onderwerpen, mögen de commerciele belangen van het eigen land niet uit het oog worden verloren. V Bij uitgeputte in lateritische richting verweerde gronden is door• gaans gemakkehjker recuperatie te bereiken dan bij gronden van het podsoltype. VI De opvatting van WAKSMAN en STARKEY1), als zou de sterke vermeerdering van het totale aantal micro-organismen in partieel gesteriliseerde gronden uitsluitend het gevolg zijn van het be- schikbaar komen van door de behandeling ontsloten voedings- stoffen, is door de onderzoekingen van A. GERHARD WINTER 2) onbevredigend gebleken. *) The soil and the microbes, 1947. 2) Archiv für Mikrobiologie, Bd 16, blz. 136-162, 1951. Diss. H. Meyer, Wageningen, 1951 Indien geen restrictieve maatregelen zouden worden genomen moet een zodanige uitbreiding der Braziliaanse koffiecultmir worden verwacht, dat een sterke prijsval onvermijdehjk zal zijn. VIII Het moderne open potstalsysteem behoeft geen nadelige invloed uit te oefenen op de kwaliteit van de melk, indien élémentaire hygienische voorzorgen worden getroffen en het melken in een aparte stal plaats heeft. RURAL BRAZIL AT THE CROSS-ROADS PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LANDBOUWKUNDE OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR-MAGNIFICUS A. KRUIDHOF, HOOGLERAAR IN HET LANDMETEN EN WATERPASSEN, TE VERDEDIGEN TEGEN DE BEDENKINGEN VAN EEN CbMMISSIE UIT DE SENAAT VAN DE LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN OP VRIJDAG 7 DECEMBER I951 TE l6 UUR DOOR HENDRIK MEIJER H. VEENMAN & ZONEN • WAGENINGEN BibWotheek der LanflUowtcoflescrfflOl ; „Hominum generi universo cuUura agrorum est salutaris" (CICERO, CATO MAIOR DE SBNECTUTE 56) A an mijn M oeder Aan mijn Vrouw Bij de definitieve afsluiting van mijn studie aan de Landbouw- hogeschool is het mij een behoefte mijn dank te betuigen aan U, oud-hoogleraren en hoogleraren voor het onderricht, dat ik van U mocht ontvangen. U, hooggeleerde HOFSTEE möge ik in het bijzonder danken voor het feit, dat U zo welwillend waart, onder afwijkende om- standigheden te willen optreden als mijn promotor. Aan U, Excellentie MANSHOLT gevoel ik mij zeer verplicht voor het in mij gestelde vertrouwen, dat tot uiting komt in mijn functie. Dank zij deze functie was het mij mogelijk deindrukken te verzamelen, welke ik in dit proefschrift heb getracht neer te leggen. Harer Majesteits Gezant te Rio de Janeiro, Zijne Excellentie ELINK SCHUURMAN, ben ik zeer erkentelijk voor de mij met zo grote bereidwilligheid gegeven steeds opbouwende kritiek en waardevolle adviezen. Äs autoridades Brasileiras, desde o Senhor Ministro da Agri- cultura, ate os Senhores empregados das varias divisöes estatfsti- cas, aos funcionarios dos diversos institutos autönomos e, enfim ao povo Brasileiro inteiro quero expressar a minha gratidäo pela gentileza de me fornecerem todos os dados necessarios para poder escrever este estudo, e pela amizade que gozei e que me penetrou na coragäo. To you Mrs ALICE GROSS and to you Mr MAX CAPPER many sincere thanks for the countless hours you kindly spent in cor• recting this work. Een woord van bijzondere dank aan Mej. J. PH. VAN BATEN- BÜRG, die als mijn onvermoeibare conscientieuze medewerkster zo veel van haar vrije tijd off erde voor het gereed komen van dit werk. Tot slot, als belangrijkste, alle lof en dank aan mijn echtge- note. Zonder haar zou de totstandkoming van dit werk niet hebben plaats gehad. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to try to detect the possibility for a change in rural Brazil which the student thinks might take place in the second half of this century, together with some of its probable consequences. To reach this aim it is necessary to study aspects of rural Brazil in the past and in modern times. Therefore, in Part I an attempt will be made to give an impression of rural Brazil in general, against the background of some characteristics of the country and its inhabitants. The rural production system generally was, and still largely is, a one-sided affair in Brazil: the producer wants to harvest without giving back anything to the soil. This method of production was possible thanks to immense reserves of virginal land within an area with some possibilities of delivering the goods to the markets. In some regions these possibilities were limited, and the pro• ducers had all the disadvantages of the 'long distance' from the market. Nevertheless, production was possible. This agricultural system, however, led to a shifting of produc• tion centres further and further away from the market and, there• fore, the transportation costs increased, with every move. Because of the fact that there is an absolute limit for the 'distance' from the market, varying with the value of the product, beyond which production on an economic basis is impossible for the product in focus, the general rural situation worsened steadily. It seems, that around the middle of the twentieth century the very limit for various products has been reached prohibiting their production for the big markets in the traditional way. Nowadays there are no large areas of high productive virgin lands within 1 500 km from the big centres of consumption, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Prices for transport from those high productive regions which were recently opened up, are prohibitive for all products but coffee. It may seem incredible, that the sparse population of Brazil has been the cause of the loss of natural production capacity in immense parts of Brazilian territory. Nevertheless this occurred, the same as it happened in other parts of the world. It should be borne in mind, that social and economic factors have been the main reasons why the afore mentioned methods had to be used. A change in the social and economic factors may result in a change in production methods. The latter even might prove to be a necessity. With Part I as a basis, Part II explains further, - why it is thought a change has to take place; - along which lines it could be stimulated; - some of the natural stimulating and hampering factors; - what final rural configuration is thought the most prob• able and the most advantageous for the country, and - its most important probable consequences. 2 INDEX PART I: Rural Brazil in the first half of this century Chapter I : Some facts about Brazil 7 Geography, 7 / The climate, 9 / Racial composition and population data, 10/ Localization of the population, 11 Political organization, 13 / Foreign investment, 14 „ II: Production factors 17 The Brazilian, 17 / The soil, 26 / Capital, 29 „ III: Agriculturex) as a part of Brazilian economy . 32 „ IV: General aspects of Brazilian Agriculturex) . 38 The use of land, 52 / Density of the rural population, 53 Social conditions in agriculture, 55 / Summarized characteristics, 57 „ V: Principal products 59 Coffee, 63 / Maize, 69 / Cotton, 74 / Other fibers, 78 Rice, 79 / Sugar, 83 / Manioc, 89 / Beans, 91 / Potatoes, 93 / Tobacco, 95 / Cocoa, 98/Wheat, 103 / Mate, 106 Tea, 107 / Oranges, 107 / Bananas, 109 / Pineapples, 109 / Fresh Vegetables, 111/ Vegetable oils, waxes and gums, 111 / Livestock, 113 / Forestry, 122 PART II: A way ahead for rural Brazil Chapter I: Background of the change 131 „ II: The more urgent general improvements in rural production 145 Credit facilities, 146 / Transportation, 150 / Rates of interest, 153 / Rural education, 154 / Soil conservation, 158 / Fertilizers, 162 / Mechanization, 165 / Storage facilities, 167 '•) Agriculture in its broader sence. 3 Chapter III : Improvements in the production of some crops 172 Coffee, 172 / Cotton, 176 / Rice, 178 / Cocoa, 179 „ IV: A possible future rural configuration .... 182 „ V: Some probable consequences 201 Literature 207 4 PART I RURAL BRAZIL IN THE FIRST HALF OF THIS CENTURY CHAPTER I SOME FACTS ABOUT BRAZIL Although most of the facts concerning Brazil listed in this chapter may be known, it is necessary to mention them, in order to prevent misunderstandig. Geography Brazil - the United States of Brazil - is the largest political unit 3 of the South American continent. It covers about /7 of this conti• nent, 8,516,037 km2, an area somewhat larger than the U.S.A., including Alaska, and 65 times the size of England. The present day bounderies of Brazil are a result of a long series of treaties concluded between Brazil and her many neighbours (all the South American republics and colonies with the exception of Chile and Ecuador) from 1443 up to 1907. Brazil may be divided into two major physical parts: the low• lands, i.e. the Amazon basin which covers the States of Amazonas and Para (with an area of 2,812,544 km2 almost one third of Brazil) with an altitude of less that 250 m; and the Brazilian plateau, which is roughly the rest of the republic, save for a narrow coastal plain. As to the La Plata basin it could be con• sidered as a part of the lowlands, but as the Brazilian part of it has a fairly high altitude, it is as well to include it in the plateau.
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