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Environmental Change, Social Conflicts and Security in the Brazilian Amazon: Exploring the Links

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Environmental Change, Social Conflicts and Security in the Brazilian Amazon: Exploring the Links Environmental Change, Social Conflicts and Security in the Brazilian Amazon: Exploring the Links Dr. philos thesis Department of Political Science - University of Oslo Submitted by Alexander López Abstract Since the discovery of the American continent the Amazon has attracted international attention. The enormous area covered by the basin as well as the limited knowledge about its dynamics have produced through centuries a combination of myths and reality in the exploration of the basin. The stories of El Dorado and the Country of Cinnamon are starting points in the conceptualisation of the Amazon as an enormous space containing unknown richness and, therefore the origin of the international interest over this region. Nevertheless the international interest has always been present in the Amazon; it is until the 1980 when a systematic and organised international outcry began to take place. These new sets of international demands focus basically in the process of environmental change occurring in the area. Thus, attention is paid to the rate and extent of deforestation as well as to the national and international implication of such a process. The interesting aspect is that simultaneously to the process of environmental change a large number of social conflicts take place. As a result the Brazilian Amazon started to suffer abrupt changes, not only in its natural dimension, but also in its social one. Even though during the last three decades environmental change and social conflicts develop in an important magnitude, the academic debate outside Brazil has been centred in the process of environmental change. The social conflict dimension indeed has been marginalised in the analyses done up to now. Moreover, no serious academic attempt has been done in order to link in one given structure of analyses the two most important aspects of contemporary Amazon (environmental change and social conflicts). It is for the prior reason that the main objective of this dissertation is to overcome this gap by exploring the most important sources of social conflicts in the Brazilian Amazon, studying the particular contribution of environmental change to such a process. To carry out this objective I divide this dissertation in three parts containing nine chapters. Part A includes chapters I, II, and III. The main aim of this part is to provide with the necessary information of what is this dissertation about, as well as to point out what are the most important academic feeders for this study. Consequently, chapter I it is presented as the introduction in which I explain why this study is being carried out. In addition, it presents the research problem, the research questions, the main propositions, the research area, and the process of data collection. Chapter II discusses what I call the academic feeders of this dissertation. This is the most important work done in relating environmental matters to security and violent conflict. In particular it evaluates the contributions and limitations of what is called here the environmental security approach and the environmental conflict approach. This serves as background for the discussion presented in chapter III where I will present most of the research design adopted in this dissertation. Thus, chapter III shows my own theoretical methodological proposal for undertaking this research. Using a systemic perspective I specify a set of four independent variables with possible incidence in the value of the dependent variable (social conflicts). Thus, I place environmental change, land and income distribution, allocation of resources, and population growth as independent variables. However, the term independent does not mean that there is not relation between them, on the contrary it is by i understanding the links among them that one can get a better knowledge of the situation in the Brazilian Amazon. Part B encompasses chapter IV and V. Chapter IV provides an overview of the most influential historical elements in terms of the research problem. This chapter will explain why facts as the Pombal period, the rubber boom economy and specially the developmentalism idea are important elements for understanding the current situation in the Brazilian Amazon. Chapter V applies the macro perspective to the Brazilian Amazon. It exhibits an analysis of the current system dynamics. The evaluation of such dynamics is done in two levels. First, I present the system-suprasystem interactions (Brazilian Amazon- international community). The links are understood and related to the arguments presented in the environmental security approach (chapter II). The second level focuses on the main internal attributes of the system. This is done in order to facilitate the understanding of the case studies and it is related to the environmental conflict approach. Finally part C encompasses the remaining chapters (VI to IX). This part presents a detailed evaluation of the main sources of social conflicts in Roraima and Pará and the possible contribution of environmental change to the conflict dynamic. At the same time I point out some of the main links between the subsystems (Roraima and Pará), and between them and the Brazilian Amazon (chapters VI and VII). In chapter VIII I use the comparative method in order to evaluate the cases of Roraima and Pará. In order to carry out this task I use partially Mill’s methods of difference. This is done basically in order to see the specific contribution of environmental change to the social conflicts taking place in the Brazilian Amazon. At the end this chapter provides the major findings obtained through the case studies. Finally chapter IX relates the empirical findings to the initial discussion on social conflicts and security. In addition, it provides a suggestion for future research based on what has been discussed throughout this study. ii Preface This dissertation is based on research carried out during the years 1994-1998 at the department of Political Science, University of Oslo. A work such as this does not only constitute the author’ s effort. Most of all, this work is the result of the assistance, advises, and remarkable help of several people and institutions. First of all, special thanks to the Norwegian Council of Universities (NUFU) for financial support during the whole research period. Extended thanks to the Institute of Political Science, University of Oslo as well as to the Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica for extra financial support. Without the financial assistance of these institutions the fulfilment of this dissertation would have been almost an impossible enterprise. For the empirical information I am particular grateful to several Brazilian Institutions. Many thanks to the People at the Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT), Conselho Indigenista Missionário (CIMI), as well as the Centro Nacional de Informação Ambiental, IBAMA. Many thanks also to the librarians at the Núcleo de Áltos Estudos Amazônicos (NAEA) and the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), special thanks to Silvia Elena Andrade in INPA for her continuos assistance during my two visits to INPA. I remain grateful to the hospitality and help provided by Dr. Martin Coy at the Centro de Pesquisa Sobre América Latina, Geographisches Institut, University of Tübingen as well as Dr. Regine Schönemberg at the Pilot programme to conserve the Brazilian Rainforest, Berlín. Many thanks also to Gordon MacMillan for his hospitality and valuable information on Roraima’s issues. Thanks also to Karen Hurley for proof-reading, Ingar Bondhus for the final editing of this dissertation, and Liv Karin Andersen for her support. In the academic development of this work I owe a great debt to my supervisors Professor Helge Hveem and Arild Underdal at the Department of Political Science, University of Oslo. Thanks to them for helping to clarify different parts of this work as well as for providing very useful suggestions. Their patient and constructive criticism has been crucial in carrying out this task during this period of time (1994- 2000). To professor Hveem and Underdal my most sincere gratitude. Alexander López Heredia, Costa Rica November, 2000 iii Table of contents Abstract ____________________________________________________________ i Preface ____________________________________________________________ iii Table of contents ____________________________________________________ iv List of maps, tables, graphs and figures ________________________________ viii Glossary of words in Portuguese used in the text____________________________ x List of Acronyms ___________________________________________________ xii PART A. METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE, SECURITY AND SOCIAL CONFLICTS IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON ____________________________1 CHAPTER I. FRAMING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM _____________________ 1 1.1 Explaining the motives behind this study _______________________________________1 1.2 The research problem______________________________________________________2 1.3 Beyond mechanism and determinism: The required systemic perspective_____________3 1.4 Research area____________________________________________________________5 1.5 Research methods and data collection _________________________________________6 CHAPTER II. EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AND ENVIRONMETAL CONFLICT APPROACH _____________________________ 8 2.1 Introduction _____________________________________________________________8 2.2 Understanding the evolution of the security discourse _____________________________8
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