HistoricalHistorical ArchaeologyArchaeology VolumeVolume 46,47, NumberNumber 23 20122013 JournalJournal ofof TheThe SocietySociety forfor HistoricalHistorical ArchaeologyArchaeology J.J. W. W. JOSEPH, JOSEPH, Editor Editor NewNew South South Associates, Associates, Inc. Inc. 61506150 East East Ponce Ponce de de Leon Leon Avenue Avenue StoneStone Mountain, Mountain, Georgia Georgia 30083 30083 INIn ASSOCIATION AssocIAtIon WITH wIth R BEBECCAeth Reed ALLEN, co,- eJAMIEdItoR BRANDON, CHRIS MATTHEWS, PAUL MULLINS, DELLA SCOTT-IRETON, BRENT WEISMAN, GRACE ZEISING, Published by ATHESSOCIATE SOCIETY EDITORS FOR HISTORICAL; CHARLES E ARCHAEOLOGYWEN, REVIEWS EDITOR; MARY BETH REED, CO-EDITOR Published by THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Front Matter - 46(2) for print.indd i 9/7/12 9:28 AM FRONT COVER: Image of the Lattimer Massacre, from the New York Evening Journal, 11 September 1897. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IS INDEXED IN THE FOLLOWING PUBLICATIONS: ABSTRACTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY; AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE; ANTHROPOLOGICAL LITERATURE; ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY TECHNICAL ABSTRACTS; ARTS AND HUMANITIES INDEX; BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS; CURRENT CONTENTS/ARTS AND HUMANITIES; HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS; HUMANITIES INDEX; AND INTERNATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. Copyediting by Richard G. Schaefer Composition by OneTouchPoint/Ginny’s Printing Austin, Texas ©2013 by The Society for Historical Archaeology Printed in the United States of America ISSN 0440-9213 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences–Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Contents Volume 47, No. 3, 2013 CONTRIBUTORS INTRODUCTION Changing the Past for the Present and the Future PAUL A. SHACKEL 1 ARTICLES Native American Historical Archaeology and the Trope of Authenticity CRAIG N. CIPOLLA 12 Lonely Men, Loose Women: Rethinking the Demographics of a Multiethnic Mining Camp, Kanaka Flat, Oregon CHELSEA ROSE 23 Reversing the Narrative of Hillbilly History: A Case Study Using Archaeology at Van Winkle’s Mill in the Arkansas Ozarks JAMIE C. BRANDON 36 Demystifying the Hidden Hand: Capital and the State at Blair Mountain BRANDON NIDA 52 Camp Nelson and Kentucky’s Civil War Memory W. STEPHEN MCBRIDE 69 From Nuisance to Nostalgia: The Historical Archaeology of Nature Tourism in Southern California, 1890–1940 STACEY LYNN CAMP 81 Beyond the Battle: New Narratives at Monocacy National Battlefield MEGAN BAILEY 97 Rewriting Narratives of Labor Violence: A Transnational Perspective of the Lattimer Massacre MICHAEL P. ROLLER 109 Reversing the Narrative from Violence to Peace: Some Thoughts from an Archaeologist BARBARA J. LITTLE 124 CONTRIBUTORS Megan Bailey, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742. Jamie C. Brandon, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Southern Arkansas University, PO Box 9381, Magnolia, AR 71754. Stacey Lynn Camp, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Idaho, PO Box 44110, Moscow, ID 83844-44110. Craig N. Cipolla, School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom. Barbara J. Little, Department of Anthropology,University of Maryland, College Park, 1111 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742. W. Stephen Mcbride, Camp Nelson Civil War Heritage Park, 1632 Courtney Avenue, Lexington, KY 40505. Brandon Nida, Archaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, PO Box 21, Blair, WV 25022. Michael Roller, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, 1125 Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742. Chelsea Rose, Laboratory of Anthropology, Southern Oregon University, 1250 Siskiyou Boulevard, Ashland, OR 97520. Paul A. Shackel, Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, Woods Hall, College Park, MD 20742. 1 Paul A. Shackel event. The event could be about an experience from a person’s lifetime or an earlier event preserved in familial, community, or national Changing the Past for the memory. There is a second level of narrative Present and the Future organization that is concerned more with a general structure, pattern, or message rather than ABSTRACT with specific events. This has been referred to as a schematic narrative template. Such narra- The power of narrative lies in its ability to actively shape the representations of the past that form collective memory. tives can vary in general detail; however, they Narratives of the past can be about power relations, and reflect a generally agreed upon storyline. Several they can provide a map to help archaeologists think about episodes or selected events are considered and the past and the present. They can reinforce and naturalize add or reinforce the template (Wertsch 2008). ideas about inequalities in resources and social relations. Narratives place events in certain contexts and Unchallenged, these inequalities become part of a naturalized everyday existence. The authors in this volume use historical memorialize an interpretation of how or why archaeology as a form of political action to challenge the an event happened. They can make authorita- dominant narrative and develop different ways of looking at tive claims about the meaning of places or the past. These new perspectives also have an impact on the past events, and as a result they are a central way archaeologists view the present part of structural power. They can also play an important role in nation building (Anderson Introduction 1991). The theme of this volume focuses on Since the 1980s, scholars have increasingly one form of narrative scholarship, the study of explored the relationship among history, nar- communication strategies and social relationships ratives, and memory, and its use in Western in storytelling. The social context of the narra- culture. In archaeology some of the important tive can influence the outcome of the storyline, scholarship that critically evaluates the produc- and the storyline can and does change depend- tion of history includes Trigger (1989), Leone et ing upon the social context in which it exists al. (1987), and Shanks and Tilley (1987). These (White 1987). The authors in this volume chal- works evaluate the management and use of lenge a variety of received narratives and con- archaeological resources. They view the produc- front long-held views of race, labor, and gender, tion of historical consciousness as an outcome as well as the memorialization of war, that are of the struggle between groups. Much of this used to reinforce and support nation building. foundational work has become an important The authors provide a framework that allows the component of archaeological inquiry especially questioning of the long-held meanings associated when challenging the way the past is presented with places, events, and memorials, as well as as the official narrative. other forms of tangible heritage, as they chal- In this vein, the goal of this volume is to lenge the traditional narratives of the past and show how archaeologists challenge and some- help make the stories of traditionally subordi- times change the narrative about a particular nated groups a part of the collective memory. place or event. Narratives can take different Changing Narratives forms, such as text, speech, song, photography, or theater, to describe a sequence of events. Scholars like Jerome Brunner (2002) and Narratives are a way of organizing knowledge Bakhtin (1986) explain that collective memory and transmitting this knowledge to family, com- is organized by written and spoken narra- munity, or the nation. There are different ways tives. It is often the case that the narrative is to think about how narratives are constructed. constructed by individuals through consensus For instance, some narratives are about a single building in groups; however, differences in how Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(3):1–11. Permission to reprint required. 2 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(3) the narrative should be constructed often exist. dominant narrative structure of assimilation. They can be challenged and can become sites The narrative structures that we archaeologists of struggle (Martin and Wodak 2003:6). develop are often not about the data, but rather Edward Brunner (1986:139–155) provides a what is to count as data. The story is abstracted critical perspective on how ethnographies have from the national discourse and serves to guide been guided by implicit narrative structures. the direction of future discourse (E. Brunner Brunner’s observations about the narrative 1986:142–146). structures are useful for the work we do as The changes in the meaning of narratives, archaeologists. Ethnographies, like archaeological sometimes in the form of dramatic shifts, like materials, tend to use a narrative structure to the example provided by Edward Brunner interpret people and places. In Brunner’s case, (1986), are often influenced by historical events, he examines the 1930s and 1940s anthropo- institutional conditions, and the social and politi- logical narratives of American Indians. During cal context of the stories (Martin and Wodak this era anthropologists generally described the 2003:9). There are incremental changes whereby contemporary situation of American Indians as the story can gradually shift over generations as disorganized and undergoing a great transforma- the narrative takes into account previous ver- tion. Scholars wrote that their past was glorious sions. The