Environmental Sustainability in Agriculture and Food Security in the Brazilian Amazon Alfredo Kingo Oyama Homma Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil,
[email protected] Ana Rita Alves Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Belém, Pará, Brazil,
[email protected] Sérgio de Mello Alves Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil,
[email protected] Avílio Antônio Franco Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
[email protected] Heriberto Wagner Amanajás Pena Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil, e-mail:
[email protected] Abstract The Brazilian Amazon is a gigantic territory covering 60% of Brazil and exceeding the size of half of Europe. 17% of the Brazilian Amazon, that is, 730,000 km2 or twice the size of Germany or Japan have been deforested until today. Nonetheless, the region contributes only 8% to national Gross Domestic Product. 13% of the Brazilian population, roughly 25 million people, live in the Amazon. Stopping deforestation and forest fires in the Amazon involves two major challenges. The first challenge is how to maintain its First Nature intact, that is, the remaining original vegetation. The second challenge relates to the transformation of the region’s Second Nature, the deforested areas, into a Third Nature with profitable and environmentally sustainable agricultural activities. The Brazilian Amazon is not homogeneous. It is divided into 9 States and each State, almost like independent countries, depends on different economic and social activities that have their roots in particular historical and political processes. Moreover, environmental and social troubles in the Amazon are not isolated phenomena. In fact, many problems are consequences of poverty and under-development in some parts of Brazil and rapid growth in others.