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Urtica Dioica L. : Une Plante Aux Usages Multiples Juliette Boyrie

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Urtica Dioica L. : Une Plante Aux Usages Multiples Juliette Boyrie Urtica dioica l. : une plante aux usages multiples Juliette Boyrie To cite this version: Juliette Boyrie. Urtica dioica l. : une plante aux usages multiples . Sciences pharmaceutiques. 2016. dumas-01387999 HAL Id: dumas-01387999 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-01387999 Submitted on 26 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX U.F.R. DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES Année 2016 Thèse n°109 Thèse pour l’obtention du DIPLOME D’ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement Le 29 Septembre 2016 Par Juliette BOYRIE Née le 22 Janvier 1988 à Pau URTICA DIOICA L. : UNE PLANTE AUX USAGES MULTIPLES Directeur de thèse Dr. Catherine CHEZE Jury Madame Catherine CHEZE Maître de Conférences Président Monsieur Alain DECENDIT Maître de Conférences Assesseur Madame Françoise COMBEUIL Pharmacien Assesseur 1 REMERCIEMENTS A ma directrice de thèse, Madame Catherine CHEZE, Maître de conférences en Pharmacognosie à la faculté de Pharmacie de Bordeaux. Un grand merci pour avoir dirigé et suivi mon travail. Merci pour votre patience, votre énergie, vos conseils, votre rigueur et vos encouragements. Ce fut un plaisir et un honneur de travailler avec vous. Aux membres du jury, Monsieur Alain DECENDIT, Maître de conférences en Mycologie et Biotechnologies à la faculté de Pharmacie de Bordeaux. Merci pour vos enseignements dispensés au cours de mes années de formation. Merci d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse. Madame Françoise COMBEUIL, Pharmacien titulaire à Artigues-Près-Bordeaux, mon ancien maître de stage de 6ème année. Merci pour votre gentillesse, vos encouragements, vos conseils et pour votre confiance durant mon stage de pratique professionnelle au sein de votre officine. Grâce à vous, j’ai pu me rendre compte à quel point ce métier est passionnant et fait pour moi. A mes parents, Qui m’ont permis de réaliser et de réussir mes études, et sans qui tout cela n’aurait pas été possible. Merci pour vos conseils, votre amour et vos encouragements, je vous en serai pour toujours reconnaissante. A ma sœur et à toute ma famille, Merci pour votre soutien et pour votre amour, de croire en moi et d’avoir des paroles toujours positives. A mes amis, Merci d’être toujours là pour moi et de me soutenir. A toute l’équipe de la Pharmacie Agen Sud à Agen, et à toute l’équipe de la Pharmacie Combeuil à Artigues-Près-Bordeaux, Merci pour vos encouragements du début à la fin. Monsieur Yves TISSIER, passionné de phytothérapie et notamment par l’Ortie, Merci d’avoir répondu à mes mails et donné quelques références bibliographiques afin de pouvoir me lancer dans la rédaction de ma thèse. Aux laboratoires Arkopharma et Nutergia, Merci pour vos renseignements apportés. 2 SOMMAIRE TABLE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. 6 TABLE DES TABLEAUX .............................................................................................................................. 8 TABLE DES ABREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 11 I. GENERALITES SUR L’ORTIE ............................................................................................................ 13 I.1. Description de la plante .............................................................................................................. 13 I.1.1. Terminologie ......................................................................................................................... 13 I.1.2. Milieu de vie ......................................................................................................................... 14 I.1.3. Description botanique .......................................................................................................... 15 I.1.4. Récolte .................................................................................................................................. 20 I.2. Constituants chimiques ............................................................................................................... 22 I.2.1. Composition des feuilles ...................................................................................................... 22 I.2.2. Composition de la tige .......................................................................................................... 27 I.2.3. Composition des poils urticants ........................................................................................... 28 I.2.4. Composition des fleurs ......................................................................................................... 29 I.2.5. Composition des fruits et des graines .................................................................................. 29 I.2.6. Composition des organes souterrains (racines) ................................................................... 29 I.2.7. Tableau récapitulatif............................................................................................................. 33 II. PROPRIETES MEDICINALES D’URTICA DIOICA L. ............................................................................ 37 II.1. Utilisation historique de l’ortie .................................................................................................. 37 II.1.1. De l’Antiquité au Moyen-Age .............................................................................................. 37 II.1.2. A partir de la Renaissance ................................................................................................... 39 II.1.3. De nos jours ......................................................................................................................... 40 II.1.4. Médecine d'aujourd'hui ...................................................................................................... 40 II.2. Diabète de type 2 ....................................................................................................................... 41 II.2.1. Glucose ................................................................................................................................ 41 II.2.2. Le Pancréas .......................................................................................................................... 43 II.2.3. Le diabète ............................................................................................................................ 45 II.2.4. Action d’Urtica dioica L. sur la régulation de la glycémie ................................................... 47 II.3. Hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate ......................................................................................... 52 II.3.1. La prostate ........................................................................................................................... 52 3 II.3.2. Hormones de l’appareil génital masculin ............................................................................ 56 II.3.3. Hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate .................................................................................. 60 II.3.4. Action d’Urtica dioica L. sur l’hypertrophie bénigne de la prostate ................................... 63 II.4. Arthrose ...................................................................................................................................... 72 II.4.1. Composition des articulations cartilagineuses .................................................................... 72 II.4.2. Structure du cartilage articulaire ......................................................................................... 74 II.4.3. L’arthrose............................................................................................................................. 79 II.4.4. Actions d’Urtica dioica L. sur l’arthrose .............................................................................. 88 II.5. Autres propriétés médicinales d’Urtica dioica L. ....................................................................... 97 II.6. Urtica dioica L. et les autorités de santé .................................................................................. 100 II.6.1. L’EMA ................................................................................................................................. 100 II.6.2. L’OMS ................................................................................................................................ 100 II.6.3. La Commission Européenne .............................................................................................. 101 II.6.4. L’ESCOP .............................................................................................................................. 101 III. AUTRES USAGES D’URTICA DIOICA L. ............................................................................................
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