Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 Maritime Diplomacy in the 21st Century This book aims to redefine maritime diplomacy for the modern era. Maritime diplomacy encompasses a spectrum of activities, from co- operative measures such as port visits, exercises and humanitarian assistance to persuasive deployment and coercion. It is an activity no longer confined to just navies, but in the modern era is pursued by coastguards, civilian vessels and non-state groups. As states such as China and India develop, they are increasingly using this most flexible form of soft and hard power. Maritime Diplomacy in the 21st Century describes and analyses the concept of maritime diplomacy, which has been largely neglected in academic literature. The use of such diplomacy can be interesting not just for the parochial effects of any activity, but because any event can reflect changes in the international order, while acting as an excellent gauge for the existence and severity of international tension. Further, maritime diplomacy can act as a valve through which any tension can be released without resort to conflict. Written in an accessible but authoritative style, this book describes the continued use of coercion outside of war by navies, while also situating it more clearly within the various roles and effects that maritime forces have in peacetime. This book will be of much interest to students of seapower, naval history, strategic studies, diplomacy and international relations. Christian Le Mière is a senior fellow for naval forces and maritime security at the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 Cass Series: Naval Policy and History Series Editor: Geoffrey Till ISSN 1366–9478 This series consists primarily of original manuscripts by research scholars in the general area of naval policy and history, without national or chronological lim- itations. It will from time to time also include collections of important articles as well as reprints of classic works. 1 Austro- Hungarian Naval Policy, 7 The Italian Navy and Fascist 1904–1914 Expansionism, 1935–1940 Milan N. Vego Robert Mallett 2 Far- Flung Lines 8 The Merchant Marine and Studies in Imperial Defence in International Affairs, 1850–1950 Honour of Edited by Greg Kennedy Donald Mackenzie Schurman Edited by Keith Neilson and 9 Naval Strategy in Northeast Asia Greg Kennedy Geo- strategic Goals, Policies and Prospects 3 Maritime Strategy and Duk- Ki Kim Continental Wars Rear Admiral Raja Menon 10 Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean Sea 4 The Royal Navy and Past, Present and Future German Naval Disarmament Edited by John B. Hattendorf 1942–1947 Chris Madsen 11 Stalin’s Ocean- going Fleet Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 Soviet Naval Strategy and 5 Naval Strategy and Operations Shipbuilding Programmes, in Narrow Seas 1935–1953 Milan N. Vego Jürgen Rohwer and Mikhail S. Monakov 6 The Pen and Ink Sailor Charles Middleton and the King’s 12 Imperial Defence, 1868–1887 Navy, 1778–1813 Donald Mackenzie Schurman; John E. Talbott edited by John Beeler 13 Technology and Naval Combat 22 Royal Navy Strategy in the Far in the Twentieth Century and East, 1919–1939 Beyond Planning for a War against Japan Edited by Phillips Payson O’Brien Andrew Field 14 The Royal Navy and Nuclear 23 Seapower Weapons A Guide for the Twenty-first Richard Moore Century Geoffrey Till 15 The Royal Navy and the Capital Ship in the Interwar 24 Britain’s Economic Blockade of Period Germany, 1914–1919 An Operational Perspective Eric W. Osborne Joseph Moretz 25 A Life of Admiral of the Fleet 16 Chinese Grand Strategy and Andrew Cunningham Maritime Power A Twentieth-Century Naval Leader Thomas M. Kane Michael Simpson 17 Britain’s Anti- submarine 26 Navies in Northern Waters, Capability, 1919–1939 1721–2000 George Franklin Edited by Rolf Hobson and Tom Kristiansen 18 Britain, France and the Naval Arms Trade in the Baltic, 27 German Naval Strategy, 1919–1939 1856–1888 Grand Strategy and Failure Forerunners to Tirpitz Donald Stoker David Olivier 19 Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth 28 British Naval Strategy East of Century Suez, 1900–2000 An International Perspective Influences and Actions Edited by Christopher Bell and Edited by Greg Kennedy Bruce Elleman 29 The Rise and Fall of the Soviet 20 The Road to Oran Navy in the Baltic, 1921–1940 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 Anglo- French Naval Relations, Gunnar Aselius September 1939–July 1940 David Brown 30 The Royal Navy, 1930–1990 Innovation and Defence 21 The Secret War against Sweden Edited by Richard Harding US and British Submarine Deception and Political Control in 31 The Royal Navy and Maritime the 1980s Power in the Twentieth Century Ola Tunander Edited by Ian Speller 32 Dreadnought Gunnery and the 41 Naval Coalition Warfare Battle of Jutland From the Napoleonic War to The Question of Fire Control Operation Iraqi Freedom John Brooks Edited by Bruce A. Elleman and S.C.M. Paine 33 Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910–1919 42 Operational Warfare at Sea Zisis Fotakis Theory and Practice Milan Vego 34 Naval Blockades and Seapower Strategies and Counter-Strategies, 43 Naval Peacekeeping and 1805–2005 Humanitarian Operations Edited by Bruce A. Elleman and Stability from the Sea Sarah C.M. Paine Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen 35 The Pacific Campaign in World War II 44 Indian Naval Strategy in the From Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal 21st Century William Bruce Johnson James R. Holmes, Andrew C. Winner and 36 Anti- Submarine Warfare in Toshi Yoshihara World War I British Naval Aviation and the 45 Seapower Defeat of the U-Boats A Guide for the Twenty- First John J. Abbatiello Century (Second Edition) Geoffrey Till 37 The Royal Navy and Anti- Submarine Warfare, 1944–49 46 Naval Power and Expeditionary Malcolm Llewellyn-Jones Warfare Peripheral Campaigns and New 38 The Development of British Theatres of Naval Warfare Naval Thinking Edited by Bruce Elleman and Essays in Memory of Bryan Ranft S.C.M. Paine Edited by Geoffrey Till 47 Sea Power and the Asia- Pacific 39 Educating the Royal Navy The Triumph of Neptune Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 18th and 19th Century Education Edited by Geoffrey Till and for Officers Patrick Bratton H.W. Dickinson 48 Maritime Private Security 40 Chinese Naval Strategy in the Market Responses to Piracy, 21st Century Terrorism and Waterborne The Turn to Mahan Security Risks in the 21st Century James R. Holmes and Edited by Claude Berube and Toshi Yoshihara Patrick Cullen 49 Twenty- First Century 52 Naval Modernisation in Seapower South- East Asia Cooperation and Conflict at Sea Nature, Causes and Consequences Edited by Peter Dutton, Edited by Geoffrey Till and Robert S. Ross and Øystein Tunsjø Jane Chan 53 Empire, Technology and 50 Navies of South- East Asia Seapower A Comparative Study Royal Navy Crisis in the Age of James Goldrick and Palmerston Jack McCaffrie Howard J. Fuller 51 Seapower 54 Maritime Diplomacy in the A Guide for the Twenty-First 21st Century Century (Third Edition) Drivers and Challenges Geoffrey Till Christian Le Mière Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 Maritime Diplomacy in the 21st Century Drivers and Challenges Christian Le Mière Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Christian Le Mière The right of Christian Le Mière to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data LeMiere, Christian. Maritime diplomacy in the 21st century / Christian LeMiere. pages cm. – (Cass series: naval policy and history, ISSN 1366-9478) Includes bibliographical references and index. V25.L47 2014 359′.03–dc23 2013045028 ISBN: 978-0-415-82800-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-55559-0 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 Contents List of figures x List of tables xi Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 1 Defining maritime diplomacy 6 2 Paragunboat diplomacy 30 3 Categories and properties of maritime diplomacy 48 4 The utility of maritime diplomacy 66 5 Contemporary drivers of maritime diplomacy 83 6 Maritime diplomacy and game theory 103 Conclusion 119 Appendix: case study – East Asian maritime diplomacy in Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:29 19 May 2016 the twenty-first century 126 Bibliography 139 Index 145 Figures 1.1 Forms of co- operative maritime diplomacy and its goals