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Downloaded 10/07/21 10:32 AM UTC Hurricane Chronologies and TABLE 1 RECONSTRUCTING THE TRAJECTORY OF THE AUGUST 1680 HURRICANE FROM CONTEMPORARY RECORDS BY D. WHEELER, R. GARCIA-HERRERA,J. M. VAQUERO, M. CHENOWETH, AND C.J. MOCK With historic data, including some of the earliest barometer observations in the region and mariners' logbooks, it is possible to track the intensity and path of a storm more than three centuries ago. ropical hurricanes constitute a major element they do not dissipate when they move toward higher of the climatology of the North Atlantic and sur- latitudes and over colder oceanic waters and regions Trounding coastal areas. They have their origins with higher wind shear (Hart and Evans 2001, here- in the tropical latitudes but are occasionally capable after HE01). It has been estimated that around 46% of of sustaining their vigor as they recurve around the Atlantic tropical cyclones extend their life cycle by such Atlantic subtropical anticyclone to eventually arrive means. Storms of this type have a significant impact on on the coast of northwest Europe. The most impor- midlatitude weather and climate because they are usu- tant means by which such longevity is achieved is ally associated with intense rainfall, strong winds, and by undergoing extratropical transition (ET); that is, large waves. The Atlantic coast of the United States, Europe, and the Mediterranean are often affected by severe weather episodes associated with ET cyclones AFFILIATIONS: WHEELER—University of Sunderland, Sunderland, (Jones et al. 2003; Krichak et al. 2004). The most com- United Kingdom; GARCIA-HERRERA—Dto. Fi'sica de la Tierra II, prehensive climatology of ET is that by HE01, which is Facultad de CC Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, based on the joint use of the National Hurricane Center Ciudad Universitaruam Madrid, Spain; VAQUERO—Departamento de Fisica Aplicada, Escuela Politecnica, Universidad de (NHC) best-track database (Neumann et al. 1993; Extremadura, Caceres, Spain; CHENOWETH—Elkridge, Maryland; Jarvinen et al. 1984), the European Centre for Medium- MOCK—Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA) (Uppala Columbia, South Carolina et al. 2005), and the National Climate Data Center daily CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dennis Wheeler, School of rainfall dataset. The historical database of hurricanes Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Priestman Building, is continuously updated through the North Atlantic Sunderland SRI 3PZ, United Kingdom. hurricane databox (HURDAT; Landsea et al. 2004), E-mail: [email protected] but an important contribution to improving the record The abstract for this article can be found in this issue, following the can be made through the reanalysis of premodern table of contents. historical data and the recovery of overlooked data. DOI: 10.1175/2009BAMS2649.1 Several efforts have shown recently that a notable body In final form 8 January 2009 of such information exists in the form of archived ©2009 American Meteorological Society documentary records, which can improve preexisting AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY JULY 2009 BAH5- | 971 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/07/21 10:32 AM UTC hurricane chronologies and TABLE 1. Principal sources and notes used in reconstructing the 1680 identify unique extreme hurricane trajectory. (LG refers to the London Gazette.) events not clearly evident Julian date Description and source Location in the modern record alone Early Aug Merchant vessel from Cadiz dismasted (Garcia-Herrera et al. 2007; I3°40'N mid-Atlantic Chenoweth 2006; Mock (date unknown) Arrived Barbados 8th (LG) Ditto: confirmed in the logbook of HMS 2008). In particular, ships' 8 Aug logbooks are rich in the Richmond provision of reports and Originally 12 miles Logbook of HMS Richmond confirms east of Barbados but observations of events over II Aug hurricane activity, the storm setting in running northeast for the seas. These logbooks overnight 10 hours are important because of Southerly course takes their antiquity and abun- Logbook of HMS Richmond indicates an 12 Aug HMS Richmond back to dance. This is nowhere abating of the hurricane Barbados better exemplified than in Sharpe's barometric data identifies the U.K. archives where more 12 and 13 Aug Barbados passage of the hurricane than 120,000 logbooks Calendar of State papers describes the of English vessels for the 13 Aug St. Kitts hurricane period 1670-1850 (Wheeler 13 Aug Calendar of State papers; ditto Martinique and Garcia-Herrera 2008) Spanish broadsheet describes the Santo Domingo island are estimated to exist. A 15 Aug recent paper (Vaquero destruction on Santo Domingo and city The logbook of HMS Hunter describes et al. 2008) shows how the Lat. 48°I9'N Lon. 22 Aug a mid-Atlantic hurricane on night of the combined use of logbooks, 20°W 22nd into the 23rd newspapers, and other documentary sources can 23 Aug Shipwreck at St. Mount's Bay (LG) Cornwall improve reconstruction of 23 Aug Storm and shipwreck (LG) Swansea storms in the Atlantic. 23/24 Aug Storm and shipwreck (LG) Plymouth The aim of this paper is Severe storm reported in the logbook of 23/24 Aug St. Helens, Portsmouth to show how information the vessel Patience from different documenta- 23/24 Aug Stormy weather (LG) Portsmouth ry sources can be combined to derive a plausible track for a notable hurricane that near-global database of daily observations. This paper occurred on August 1680. This case may represent draws on the methods and procedures developed in one of the earliest and detailed documented examples that project (see www.ucm.es/info/cliwoc and Garcia- of its kind. The 1680 hurricane has been reported by Herrera et al. 2005) but requires that particular atten- Millas (1968) in his chronology but it has otherwise tion be given to the antiquity of the logbooks, which been overlooked, although a previous paper by the are among the oldest existing examples of their kind authors (Chenoweth et al. 2007) documented the exis- and predate the CLIWOC study period by nearly a tence of the tropical phase for this hurricane. Here we century. This reconstruction, however, draws on a far examine in more detail its trajectory and history. wider range of sources. These include not only log- books of ships of the English Royal Navy but also an THE SOURCES AND RECONSTRUCTION. early printed newssheet publication from Spain and The Caribbean. The use of ships' logbooks in climatic a similar series of items from England. Table 1 sum- studies was limited to case studies and small-scale marizes the various sources that form the evidence exercises until the publication of the recent European base of the following discussion. Union (EU)-funded Climatological Database for the The reconstruction begins on 1 [11] August1 when World's Oceans (CLIWOC; 1750-1850) in which the official English Crown publication the London more than 5000 logbooks were used to compile a Gazette for 18 [28] October noted: 1 At this time England was still using the Julian calendar, which at that time was 10 days out of agreement with the more accurate Gregorian calendar. The latter date is given in brackets whenever English sources are cited. Spain had already adopted the Gregorian calendar; England did not do so until 1752. 972 | BAI1S- JULY 2009 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/07/21 10:32 AM UTC The 8th instant [18 August] arrived here a Spanish ye clewgarnetts3 we scudded before it for the space of ship that sailed from Cadiz with the New Spain fleet. 10 hours those courses NEbEye winds at Sfor 4 hours The supercargo says that on the first of this month in NEye winds att SEbS NEbN the winds at SSE." the latitude 13 degrees 40 minutes they lost all their masts except their mizan in a hurricane and were In the most severe of conditions, sailing ships thrice in a manner overset and that to save themselves would "scud" before the wind on bare poles (i.e., be they were forced to heave 13 great guns overboard and driven in the same direction as the wind, often with then with help of jury masts and spare sails to their no sails), the important objective of this resort being great comfort made this island where they intend to to avoid being caught broadside on to the wind. refit and then to proceed on their voyage. This evidence of at least storm force and probably hurricane (although the term is not used) strength This account is substantiated by an entry in the winds provides a date of 11 August 1680 shortly after logbook of the English vessel HMS Richmond for 8 midnight for its arrival at the easternmost point of [18] August, in which it was noted .. this day arrived Barbados. The progression of winds around the a Spanish ship from Cadiz who had lost her main mast compass—northerly, westerly, and then southerly— and foremast by ye violence of the last storm ... ye suggests the passage of the system to the north of the weather faire, the wind trade as before at ENEf to Ef island. By the next day, however, it had moved on and to ESE1."2 The location of the storm at this time has the Richmond's entry reads: been estimated in Chenoweth et al. (2007) to be east of Barbados (see also Fig. 1). This morning between 2 & 3 o clock ye storm abated Conditions before the arrival of the stricken Cadiz so wee sett our main courses & att 4 ... ye winds at trader are described in various accounts, and those ESE att one o clock in the afternoon we had sight of found in the Richmond's logbook are informative. On 12 or 14 sayle some to windward some to leeward at I [11] August when 12 miles (18 kms) east of Barbados, 2 in ye afternoon we spoke w[i]th apinke4 w[hi]chfor her captain (unknown) noted .
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