DOCSLIB.ORG

Naukratis, Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Naukratis, Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria Originalveröffentlichung in: Damian Robinson, Andrew Wilson (Hg.), Alexandria and the North-Western Delta. Joint conference proceedings of Alexandria: City and Harbour (Oxford 2004) and The Trade and Topography of Egypt's North-West Delta, 8th century BC to 8th century AD (Berlin 2006), Oxford 2010, S. 15-24 2: Naukratis, Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria - Remarks on the Presence and Trade Activities of Greeks in the North-West Delta from the Seventh Century BC to the End of the Fourth Century BC Stefan Pfeiffer The present article examines how Greek trade in Egypt 2. Greeks and SaTtic Egypt developed and the consequences that the Greek If we disregard the Minoan and Mycenaean contacts economic presence had on political and economic condi ­ with Egypt, we can establish Greco-Egyptian relations as tions in Egypt. I will focus especially on the Delta region far back as the seventh century BC.2 A Greek presence and, as far as possible, on the city of Heracleion-Thonis on in the Delta can be established directly or indirectly for the Egyptian coast, discovered by Franck Goddio during the following places: Naukratis, Korn Firin, Sais, Athribis, underwater excavations at the end of the twentieth Bubastis, Mendes, Tell el-Mashkuta, Daphnai and century. The period discussed here was an exceedingly Magdolos. 3 In most of the reports, 4 Rhakotis, the settle­ exciting one for Egypt, as the country, forced by changes ment preceding Alexandria, is mentioned as the location in foreign policy, reversed its isolation from the rest of the of the Greeks, an assumption based on a misinterpreted ancient world. and long-outdated reading of a semi-literary papyrus from the Roman period. 5 1. Preliminary remarks on the sources Psammetichus I (reigned 664-610 BC) Before turning to the relationship between Greeks and Egyptians in the Archaic and Classical periods, it must According to the historian Diodorus writing in the first be noted that most of the information on the subject century BC, Greek trade with Egypt, indeed even a settled comes from the second book of Herodotus ’ Histories. Greek presence in Egypt, began in an era when the The value of this source, written just after the mid-fifth country was governed by many local clan chiefs under century BC by 'The Father of History', is rather contro ­ the central rule of the Assyrian king. One of the local versial. Some consider him a reliable source, while others chiefs supported by the Assyrians was Psammetichus I, view him solely as a storyteller, in fact, even as a 'liar'.’ residing in Sais in the Delta, of whom Diodorus gives the Thus, all interpretations of his work must be approached following account: cautiously as they are coloured by varying judgements Psammetichus of Sais ... furnished wares for all regarding his quality as a source. merchants (emporois) and especially for the Strabo and Diodorus are also controversial sources, Phoenicians and the Creeks ; and since in this manner but for a different reason: they wrote between 400 and he disposed of the products of his own district at a profit 600 years after the events they reported. It must always and exchanged them for those of other peoples, he was be questioned how much true historical information not only possessed of great wealth (euporian) but also can be contained in accounts written after such a long enjoyed friendly relations with peoples and rulers. 6 time and how much of it is simply local tradition or even erroneous information taken at face value. Psammetichus was thus the first to become aware of The Greek literary sources are complemented, however, the advantages of foreign trade and thereby achieved by epigraphic and archaeological evidence of Egyptian great wealth. He declared himself independent from the and Greek origin. These are so-called primary sources, Assyrians and began his military campaign against the which give us details without establishing a direct histor ­ other clan chiefs of the country; he was able to fall back ical connection like the literary sources. Epigraphic and on the aid of Carian and Ionian mercenaries because of archaeological evidence, however, can be inserted into the good foreign relations created through trade. With the network of events and economic history conveyed their support, the local SaTtic ruler succeeded in bringing by the Greek historians. Thus, if the Egyptian textual Egypt once again under a united Egyptian rule. 7 Thus, sources and artefacts can be connected to the reports of by at least 557 BC, he was recognised as Pharaoh in Herodotus, Diodorus and Strabo, then a probable recon ­ Thebes. Starting with his rule over the reunited country, struction of events is possible. the so-called SaTtic period began with the 26th Dynasty 15 Stefan Pfeiffer (664-525 BC). Scholars perceive this period as the last Greeks residing in SaTtic Egypt has been found. Therefore, heyday of Egypt.8 Of interest to us is that Creek trade for the time being at least, it is suggested that we should and the Greek art of warfare contributed significantly take Diodorus literally, and suggest that because the towards reuniting Egypt and freeing it from Assyrian rule, country was not open to Greek trade for very long, the although Diodorus possibly exaggerated the importance Greeks had little time to create any lasting evidence of of the Creek military. their presence. Potentially the first Greek trader known Havin g established his rule over a reunited Egypt, to us by name is the Samian 'pirate' Kolaios, incidentally Psammetichus stationed Greek mercenaries at various mentioned by Herodotus, 17 whose journey Boardman strategic points in the Delta to protect the country dates to the year 638 BC.18 from invasions. We thus learn from Herodotus and Diodorus that he provided a piece of land near Bubastis Amasis (570-526 BC) for the settlement of Ionian and Carian mercenaries 'with the river Nile between'; these were called 'Camps' About 40 years after the reign of Psammetichus I, one of (.stmtopeda ).9 Carrez-Maratray assumes that they his successors, the usurper Amasis, reorganised Egyptian were located near the modern site of Tell el-Shuqafiya, trade with the Greeks. His goal was to place Greek close to Tell el-Kebir in the region of Faqus/Qantir, economic activity under state control by concentrating called Thou or Tacasarta (ta castra = stratopeda) in their economic presence in one place. For this purpose antiquity. 10 An additional Greek military base, named he selected, as we learn from Herodotus, the town of 'Wall of the Milesians' (milesion teichos)," was situated Naukratis, located on the Canopic branch of the Nile in at the Bolbitinic mouth of the Nile. Although previous the western Nile Delta.19 As indicated by archaeological research interprets this base as either one of the Milesian finds, 20 Greeks lived there as early as the seventh century thalassocracy or as one of Strabo's fictions, 12 it seems BC. Therefore the archaeological evidence theoretically more likely that the Milesians had constructed a fort on contradicts Herodotus. This problem can be eliminated, the orders of the Pharaoh to protect the coast from pirate however, by viewing Herodotus' information as a descrip ­ raids by their own compatriots. This is later archaeologi- tion of a new organisation associated with an upswing cally documented, for instance, for Migdol at the border in Naukratis, as Vittmann emphasises. 21 Thus, Naukratis of Syria.13 must have already been of great significance for trade Psammetichus not only established the Greek military policy at the time of Psammetichus. in the country but also, according to Diodorus, gener ­ Herodotus, who is the most important source for ously sponsored Greeks and other foreigners in matters Naukratis because he is the most detailed, reports the of trade after his assumption of power: following on its establishment as the only Greek emporion in Egypt:22 the Pharaoh Amasis, whom he calls philhellene, He also regularly treated with kindness any foreigners gave the polis Naukratis to those Greeks who wanted to who sojourned in Egypt of their own free willand, live in Egypt, as their residence; but to those Greeks who speaking generally, he was the first Egyptian king to only wanted to trade (nautillomenoisi), he gave certain open to other nations the trading-places (emporia) places (chorous ), doubtless located in Naukratis as well, throughout the rest of Egypt and to offer a large where they could erect their sanctuaries for the gods. The measure of security to strangers from across the seas. most important sanctuary was the so-called Hellenion, For his predecessors in power had consistently closed founded by Ionian (Chios, Teos, Phocaea, Clazomenae), Egypt to strangers (abaton epoioun tois xenois), either Dorian (Rhodes, Knidos, Halicarnassos, Phaselis), and killing or enslaving any who touched its shores.' 4 Aeolian (Mytilene) Greeks. The Hellenion, from which We see that in the Greek tradition it was Psammetichus there are confirmed archaeological remains, can in fact who opened up Egypt, which had hitherto been barred be dated to the time of Amasis in its earliest construction from foreign trade. 15 The expression used by Diodorus phase. 23 Herodotus reports an additional sacred precinct in this case, 'rest of Egypt' (ten alien choran), may be of Zeus established by the Aeginetans (a possible parallel explained as follows: trade had been possible only in the to the excavated Dioskouri temple), the precinct of Hera original sphere of power of the clan chief Psammetichus established by the Samians and that of Apollo established and was expanded after he gained exclusive control over by the Milesians. 24 all of Egypt, after which it became possible for Greeks to The Greek settlers, the majority of whom were establish trading stations (emporia ) all over Egypt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Story of Osiris Osiris Was the King of Egypt
    Story The Story of Osiris Osiris was the King of Egypt. During his reign, Osiris’ people were happy and well-fed. However, Osiris’ brother Seth became very jealous of the king’s success. While Osiris was travelling and bringing his blessings to other nations, Seth came up with a devious plan. Secretly, Seth found out Osiris’ exact body measurements and asked for a beautiful chest to be made that he knew would only fit Osiris. Upon Osiris’ return from his travels, Seth invited his brother to a great feast. During the celebrations, Seth revealed the exquisite chest and declared that he would give it to anyone who fitted into it exactly. Many tried and failed to fit into the chest, and eventually, Osiris asked to try. He was delighted that the chest fitted him perfectly, but at that very moment, Seth’s evil plan revealed itself; he slammed the lid, nailed it shut and sealed every crack with molten lead. Osiris died within the chest and his soul (or ‘ka’) moved on into the spirit world. Seth ruthlessly cast the chest that contained Osiris’ body into the River Nile. Isis, who was Osiris’ sister and wife, was devastated and feared for the safety of Horus, their child. She secretly fled into the marshes to look after Horus but was afraid that Seth would find the baby and murder him. So when Isis found shelter on a small, isolated island, which was home to the goddess Buto, she asked Buto to guard Horus. For extra protection, Isis transformed the island into a floating island, so it never stayed in one place permanently.
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: the Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia Denise Demetriou Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01944-7 - Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: The Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia Denise Demetriou Index More information Index Abu Simbel, 112n, 149 emporia, importance of in, 91–2, 94, 103 Adjiyska Vodenitza, 159n, 158–60, 160n Epaktia, 93 Adonia, 222 Epilimenia, 91, 92 Adonis, 84, 222 Euploia, 93, 218 Aegean Galenaia, 93 North, 155, 159–60, 168.SeealsoPistiros, Gravisca, worship of in, 77, 83, 86n, 88–90, trade network 102, 103, 139, 235 Sea, 19–21, 106, 130, 178, 188, 199 Hellenion and, 144, 234 Aeolians, 12–13, 110, 146–7, 236 Kition, worship of at, 222, 237 Aeschylus, 101, 167–8 Kos, worship of at, 92–3, 141 Africa, North, 4, 68, 106 kourotrophos, 101–2, 139 Agathe, 22, 24, 29–30, 37–8, 38n Naukratis, worship of in, 81, 89, 114, 138, Agde.SeeAgathe 139–42, 235 Aigina, 64, 80, 91, 92–3, 103, 145n.Seealso navigation, patron of, 91–5, 234 Gravisca Ourania, 93, 220–1 Athens and, 184, 197 Pandemos, 93, 140, 141 Naukratis and, 80, 110, 129, 135, 142, Peiraieus, worship of in, 92, 218–22, 228 237 Pontia, 93, 141 script of, 64, 78, 80 Pontia kai Limenia, 93 temple of Aphaia in, 68 prostitutes and, 140–1 Aiginetan(s), 80–1, 129, 138–9, 237.Seealso sacred prostitution and, 82, 90–1 Sostratos of Aigina traders and, 93–5 Gravisca, 64, 83, 103 Turan and, 90, 97–8, 102, 103–4, 233 Alexander, 119, 155, 216n Apollo, 70, 89.Seealsocity-ethnic, Apollo Amadokos II, 163, 164, 165n, 182, 183, 185 Aigina and, 64, 80, 83, 103, 211, 237 Amasis, Pharaoh, 7, 148, 150–1 archegetes, 57, 59,
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of the Kouros
    THE ORIGINS OF THE KOUROS By REBECCA ANN DUNHAM A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Rebecca Ann Dunham This document is dedicated to my mom. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION OF THE KOUROS TYPE ....................................................................1 Pose...............................................................................................................................2 Size and material...........................................................................................................2 Nudity ...........................................................................................................................3 Body Shape and Treatment of Musculature .................................................................3 Execution ......................................................................................................................4 Function ........................................................................................................................5 Provenances ..................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Alexander Kitroeff Curriculum Vitae – May 2019 Current Position: Professor, History Department, Haverford College Educa
    Alexander Kitroeff Curriculum Vitae – May 2019 History Department, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford PA, 19041 Mobile phone: 610-864-0567 e-mail: [email protected] Current Position: Professor, History Department, Haverford College Education: D.Phil. Modern History, Oxford University 1984 M.A. History, University of Keele 1979 B.A. Politics, University of Warwick 1977 Research Interests: Identity in Greece & its Diaspora from politics to sport Teaching Fields: Nationalism & ethnicity in Modern Europe, Mediterranean, & Modern Greece C19-20th Professional Experience: Professor, Haverford College 2019-present Visiting Professor, College Year in Athens, Spring 2018 Visiting Professor, American College of Greece, 2017-18 Associate Professor, History Dept., Haverford College, 2002-2019 Assistant Professor, History Dept., Haverford College, 1996-2002 Assistant Professor, History Dept. & Onassis Center, New York University, 1990-96 Adjunct Assistant Professor, History Department, Temple University, 1989-90 Visiting Lecturer, History Dept., & Hellenic Studies, Princeton University, Fall 1988 Adj. Asst. Professor, Byz. & Modern Greek Studies, Queens College CUNY, 1986-89 Fellowships & Visiting Positions: Venizelos Chair Modern Greek Studies, The American College in Greece 2011-12 Research Fellow, Center for Byz. & Mod. Greek Studies, Queens College CUNY 2004 Visiting Scholar, Vryonis Center for the Study of Hellenism, Sacramento, Spring 1994 Senior Visiting Member, St Antony’s College, Oxford University, Trinity 1991 Major Research Awards & Grants: Selected as “12 Great Greek Minds at Foreign Universities” by News in Greece 2016 Jaharis Family Foundation, 2013-15 The Stavros S. Niarchos Foundation, 2012 Immigrant Learning Center, 2011 Bank of Piraeus Cultural Foundation, 2008 Proteus Foundation, 2008 Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies, Hellenic Research Institute, 2003 1 President Gerald R.
    [Show full text]
  • Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult
    ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗ ΕΥΠΛΟΙΑ Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult Carlos Francis Robinson Bachelor of Arts (Hons. 1) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2019 Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult By the early Hellenistic period a trend was emerging in which royal women were deified as Aphrodite. In a unique innovation, Queen Arsinoë II of Egypt (c. 316 – 270 BC) was deified as the maritime Aphrodite, and was associated with the cult titles Euploia, Akraia, and Galenaië. It was the important study of Robert (1966) which identified that the poets Posidippus and Callimachus were honouring Arsinoë II as the maritime Aphrodite. This thesis examines how this new third-century BC cult of ‘Arsinoë Aphrodite’ adopted aspects of Greek cults of the maritime Aphrodite, creating a new derivative cult. The main historical sources for this cult are the epigrams of Posidippus and Callimachus, including a relatively new epigram (Posidippus AB 39) published in 2001. This thesis demonstrates that the new cult of Arsinoë Aphrodite utilised existing traditions, such as: Aphrodite’s role as patron of fleets, the practice of dedications to Aphrodite by admirals, the use of invocations before sailing, and the practice of marine dedications such as shells. In this way the Ptolemies incorporated existing religious traditions into a new form of ruler cult. This study is the first attempt to trace the direct relationship between Ptolemaic ruler cult and existing traditions of the maritime Aphrodite, and deepens our understanding of the strategies of ruler cult adopted in the early Hellenistic period.
    [Show full text]
  • Comments to the Lithic Industry of the Buto-Maadi Culture in Lower Egypt
    ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND HUMAN CULTURE IN THE NILE BASIN AND NORTHERN AFRICA UNTIL THE SECOND MILLENNIUM B.C. Poznari 1993 PL ISSN 0866-9244 ISBN 83-900434-1-6 Klaus Schmidt Comments to the lithic industry of the Buto-Maadi culture in Lower Egypt New investigation of the Predynastic cultures of Lower Egypt - for a long time only known from short preliminary reports of old excavations - now allow a better understanding of the period in this region. The excavations at Merimde- Benisalame (Eiwanger 1984; 1988) and Tell el-Fara'in (von der Way 1986; 1987; 1988; 1989), the historical Buto, as well as re-examination of old excavation finds from el-Omari (Debono and Mortensen 1990), Heliopolis (Debono and Morten- sen 1988) and Maadi (Rizkana and Seeher 1984; 1985; 1987; 1988) have changed the situation. Today the prehistory of Lower Egypt is better known than that of Upper Egypt. In addition to pottery, normally used in “classicaT' comparative studies, now in Lower Egypt exists the possibility for comparisons in lithics. The investigations of Upper Egyptian lithic samples, especially the reassessment of old material are restricted by the absence of good stratigraphic sequences (McHugh 1982: 85; Holmes 1988)). The continuing excavation at Tell el-Fara'in (Buto) present, after Merimde, a chronologically extended stratigraphic sequence of different cultural layers: starting with the period of Maadi (layer I) the stratigraphy at Buto continues into the Early Dynastic Period (layer V) without any visible hiatus (von der Way 1989). Now we are able to recognize that the Maadi culture is not a local phenomenon, but distributed over the whole Delta with some additional smaller sites south of Cairo (Habachi and Kaiser 1985; Kaiser 1985; Mortensen 1985; Junker 1912: 2).
    [Show full text]
  • The Oriental Institute 2013–2014 Annual Report Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu The OrienTal insTiTuTe 2013–2014 annual repOrT oi.uchicago.edu © 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2014. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago ISBN: 978-1-61491-025-1 Editor: Gil J. Stein Production facilitated by Editorial Assistants Muhammad Bah and Jalissa Barnslater-Hauck Cover illustration: Modern cylinder seal impression showing a presentation scene with the goddesses Ninishkun and Inana/Ishtar from cylinder seal OIM A27903. Stone. Akkadian period, ca. 2330–2150 bc. Purchased in New York, 1947. 4.2 × 2.5 cm The pages that divide the sections of this year’s report feature various cylinder and stamp seals and sealings from different places and periods. Printed by King Printing Company, Inc., Winfield, Illinois, U.S.A. Overleaf: Modern cylinder seal impression showing a presentation scene with the goddesses Ninishkun and Inana/Ishtar; and (above) black stone cylinder seal with modern impression. Akkadian period, ca. 2330–2150 bc. Purchased in New York, 1947. 4.2 × 2.5 cm. OIM A27903. D. 000133. Photos by Anna Ressman oi.uchicago.edu contents contents inTrOducTiOn introduction. Gil J. Stein........................................................... 5 research Project rePorts Achemenet. Jack Green and Matthew W. Stolper ............................................... 9 Ambroyi Village. Frina Babayan, Kathryn Franklin, and Tasha Vorderstrasse ....................... 12 Çadır Höyük. Gregory McMahon ........................................................... 22 Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes (CAMEL). Scott Branting ..................... 27 Chicago Demotic Dictionary (CDD). François Gaudard and Janet H. Johnson . 33 Chicago Hittite and Electronic Hittite Dictionary (CHD and eCHD). Theo van den Hout ....... 35 Eastern Badia. Yorke Rowan.............................................................. 37 Epigraphic Survey. W. Raymond Johnson ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Islands in the Nile Sea: the Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City
    ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City Copyright 2012 Veronica Marie Morriss ISLANDS IN THE NILE SEA: THE MARITIME CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THMUIS, AN ANCIENT DELTA CITY A Thesis by VERONICA MARIE MORRISS Submitted to the Office of Graduate studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Nancy Klein Head of Department, Cynthia Werner May 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Islands in the Nile Sea: The Maritime Cultural Landscape of Thmuis, an Ancient Delta City. (May 2012) Veronica Marie Morriss, B.A., The Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley. River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the ‘marsh men’ who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta.
    [Show full text]
  • Naukratis: Greek Diversity in Egypt
    Naukratis: Greek Diversity in Egypt Studies on East Greek Pottery and Exchange in the Eastern Mediterranean Edited by Alexandra Villing and Udo Schlotzhauer The British Museum Research Publication Number 162 Publishers The British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG Series Editor Dr Josephine Turquet Distributors The British Museum Press 46 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3QQ Naukratis: Greek Diversity in Egypt Studies on East Greek Pottery and Exchange in the Eastern Mediterranean Edited by Alexandra Villing and Udo Schlotzhauer Front cover: Fragment of North Ionian black-figure amphora (?) from Naukratis. British Museum GR 1886.4-1.1282 (Vase B 102.33) ISBN-13 978-086159-162-6 ISBN-10 086159-162-3 ISSN 0142 4815 © The Trustees of the British Museum 2006 Note: the British Museum Occasional Papers series is now entitled British Museum Research Publications.The OP series runs from 1 to 150, and the RP series, keeping the same ISSN and ISBN preliminary numbers, begins at number 151. For a complete catalogue of the full range of OPs and RPs see the series website: www/the britishmuseum.ac.uk/researchpublications or write to: Oxbow Books, Park End Place Oxford OX1 1HN, UK Tel:(+44) (0) 1865 241249 e mail [email protected] website www.oxbowbooks.com or The David Brown Book Co PO Box 511, Oakville CT 06779, USA Tel:(+1) 860 945 9329;Toll free 1 800 791 9354 e mail [email protected] Printed and bound in UK by Latimer Trend & Co. Ltd. Contents Contributors v Preface vii Naukratis and the Eastern Mediterranean: Past, Present and
    [Show full text]
  • Ideas Concerning the Historical Identity and the Connections of the City of Phaselis an Eastern Mediterranean Port*
    Mediterranean Journal of Humanities mjh.akdeniz.edu.tr II/1, 2012, 205-212 Ideas Concerning the Historical Identity and the Connections of the City of Phaselis an Eastern Mediterranean Port* Bir Doğu Akdeniz Limanı Olarak Phaselis Kentinin Tarihsel Kimliği ve Bağlantıları Hakkında Düşünceler Nihal TÜNER ÖNEN** Abstract: This article is based upon ancient sources and numismatic and epigraphic evidence and evaluates the historical identity of Phaselis, located on the border of Lycia-Pamphylia, within the framework of its relations with eastern Mediterranean ports. Phaselis and settlements such as: Gagai, Corydalla and Rho- diapolis had a Hellenic identity in early times and this is compatible with Rhodes’ attempts especially in the VII c. to found new colonies in Lycia and Cilicia, reflecting its desire to participate in the ongoing commercial activities in the eastern Mediterranean. When the temporal context of this dominance is investigated, antroponymic data interestingly reveals that Phaselis retained its Hellenic characters until the Roman Period, while other Rhodian colonies on the east Lycian coast lost many elements of their Hellenic identity in the V and IV centuries B.C. The second section deals with the inferences drawn concerning the historical identity of the city in the perspective of its connections within the eastern Mediterranean. This section examines the commercial aspects of this relationship in particular through presenting the spread of Archaic Period coins struck by Phaselis in eastern Mediterranean cities such as: Damanhur, Benha el Asl, Zagazig, in Syria, in the Anti-Lebanon and in Jordan. Thus, through extending the observations of these commercial links within the context of emporion the city possessed in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods, data concerning the network of regional and inter-regional relations formed by Phaselis in the eastern Mediterranean are examined in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Standing Pharaoh
    FRANCK GODDIO UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGIST THE STANDING PHARAOH During the first millennium BC, bronze royal effigies multiplied and apart from their modest size, they often represent true masterpieces. Like this little statue (H. 20.5 cm) of a standing pharaoh found by the IEASM in Thonis-Heracleion. It is practically intact and comes from the level of destruction of the temenos of Amun-Gereb. Subtle modelling with fine details Bare chested, the pharaoh is dressed in the pleated shendjyt loin cloth and bears a high kheprech crown with pointed circles, in a classical striding pose, his clenched fists having formerly held the insignia of power now lost (ce- remonial cane and ankh symbol…). Under the uraeus undulating in a symmetric loop, with big eyes close to the bridge of his nose, his firm oval face becomes fleshier with a plump mouth and a full chin. With harmonious proportions, his long straight body seems to “melt” his muscles due to the subtle modelling, but it preserves fine details, and realis- tic traits like the prominent collarbones, the knees, or the shinbones. Puzzling name on the statue’s belt buckle Conforming to common practice, his pharaoh’s name is incised on his belt buckle, but the incised signs are diffi- cult to decipher. Inside the oval of a cartouche (?), one can distinguish three “hieroglyphs”, which due to their tripartite structure can be adapted to the protocols of seve- ral kings of the Saite dynasty. The most apparent reading would be in favour of Neferibre the throne name of Psamtik II, third pharaoh of the XXVIth dynasty (595-589 BC) who recalls to memory the recently identified “portrait” in the Jacquemart-André Museum (MJAP-S 8733), still without excluding those of Wahibre pointing back at Psamtik II and Apries, Uhemibre at Nekao or Khenemibre at Amasis, well attested on the site of Thonis-Heracleion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Exodus Egypt: Diaspora Politics and Emigration, 1937–1962 by Angelos Dalachanis (Review)
    The Greek Exodus Egypt: Diaspora Politics and Emigration, 1937–1962 by Angelos Dalachanis (review) Laurie A. Brand Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies, Volume 6, Number 2, 2019, (Review) Published by Moise A. Khayrallah Center for Lebanese Diaspora Studies For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/778309/summary [ Access provided at 29 Sep 2021 12:59 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] Mashriq & Mahjar 6, no. 2 (2019) ISSN 2169-4435 ANGELOS DALACHANIS, The Greek Exodus from Egypt: Diaspora Politics and Emigration, 1937-1962 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2017). 288 pages. $97.50 cloth, e-book available. REVIEWED BY LAURIE A. BRAND, Robert Grandford Wright Professor of International Relations and Middle East Studies at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, [email protected] On 12 January 2019, Al-Ahram reported that the Egyptian foreign minister and the Greek deputy foreign minister were meeting to prepare for the third round of the Roots Revival initiative. Bringing together Egypt, Greece, and Cyprus,1 the goal was to honor foreign communities that had lived on Egyptian soil. The initiative had been first announced by Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during a visit to Cyprus in November 2017, and was then launched in April 2018 by inviting delegations of Greeks and Cypriots who had once lived in Egypt to a “homecoming.” Cairo made explicit the underlying “soft power” goals of this initiative: to build or reinforce political, social, cultural, and economic bridges to communities around the Mediterranean; to profile “Egypt as a country of refuge that has opened its arms to foreign communities throughout its history;” and to highlight that these “communities in turn have enriched Egypt’s cultural diversity.”2 It has become increasingly common over the past several decades for states to seek greater involvement in the communities of their nationals abroad for a range of political, economic, and cultural reasons.
    [Show full text]