Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: the Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia Denise Demetriou Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01944-7 - Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean: The Archaic and Classical Greek Multiethnic Emporia Denise Demetriou Index More information

Index

Abu Simbel, 112n, 149 emporia, importance of in, 91–2, 94, 103 Adjiyska Vodenitza, 159n, 158–60, 160n Epaktia, 93 Adonia, 222 Epilimenia, 91, 92 Adonis, 84, 222 Euploia, 93, 218 Aegean Galenaia, 93 North, 155, 159–60, 168.SeealsoPistiros, Gravisca, worship of in, 77, 83, 86n, 88–90, trade network 102, 103, 139, 235 Sea, 19–21, 106, 130, 178, 188, 199 Hellenion and, 144, 234 Aeolians, 12–13, 110, 146–7, 236 Kition, worship of at, 222, 237 Aeschylus, 101, 167–8 Kos, worship of at, 92–3, 141 Africa, North, 4, 68, 106 kourotrophos, 101–2, 139 Agathe, 22, 24, 29–30, 37–8, 38n Naukratis, worship of in, 81, 89, 114, 138, Agde.SeeAgathe 139–42, 235 Aigina, 64, 80, 91, 92–3, 103, 145n.Seealso navigation, patron of, 91–5, 234 Gravisca Ourania, 93, 220–1 Athens and, 184, 197 Pandemos, 93, 140, 141 Naukratis and, 80, 110, 129, 135, 142, Peiraieus, worship of in, 92, 218–22, 228 237 Pontia, 93, 141 script of, 64, 78, 80 Pontia kai Limenia, 93 temple of Aphaia in, 68 prostitutes and, 140–1 Aiginetan(s), 80–1, 129, 138–9, 237.Seealso sacred prostitution and, 82, 90–1 Sostratos of Aigina traders and, 93–5 Gravisca, 64, 83, 103 Turan and, 90, 97–8, 102, 103–4, 233 Alexander, 119, 155, 216n Apollo, 70, 89.Seealsocity-ethnic, Apollo Amadokos II, 163, 164, 165n, 182, 183, 185 Aigina and, 64, 80, 83, 103, 211, 237 Amasis, Pharaoh, 7, 148, 150–1 archegetes, 57, 59, 87 foundation of Naukratis by, 111n, 112n, Delos and, 58 111–13, 114–15, 121, 122, 125, 129, Delphi and, 7, 59, 107 217–18 Delphinios, 55, 59 philhellene, 106–7, 110, 122n, 127, 149.See Didyma and, 59n also Delphi Gravisca and, 77, 103 stele of, 148–9 healing god, 99 Amnisos, 89, 96 Hellenion and, 144, 234 Amphipolis, 184n, 189 Miletos, worship of in, 59, 80 anchors, votive, 64, 80, 86–8, 89, 91, 138.See Naukratis, worship of in, 113, 130, 135, also Aphrodite 137–9, 142, 146, 151, 235, 237 Andalusia, 20, 24, 38, 107 navigation, god of, 86–7, 91 Aphrodite Apollonia, 163, 182 anatomical offerings to, 99, 101 Apollonians, 36, 162, 171, 174, 182, 184, 186, anchor dedications to, 87, 88, 91, 92, 95, 234 104 Apollonides of Halikarnassos, 79 Astarte and, 115, 222 Apollonides of Sidon, 213 coastal temples of, 92 Apollonios of Rhodes, 87, 167 284

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Index 285

Apries, 113n, 131n, 149.SeealsoAmasis, stele klerouchy, 188 of metronomoi of, 194 Ares, 156n, 170 navy of, 192, 196–7, 202 Arganthonios, 24, 30, 64.SeealsoTartessos Odrysian Dynasts and, 163, 170, 185 Aristarche, 55–6 port of at Phaleron, 196 Aristotle, 25, 34n sitophylakes of, 194 Artaxerxes, 206 Thrace and, 155, 157–8, 168, 183, 188, Artemis, 70 222–7, 238 archegetis, 57, 63 Attica, 15, 105, 181, 188, 189 Bendis and, 156n, 226, 229 Avram, Alexandru, 167, 171, 174, 178–80 Ephesos, of on Black Sea coast, 68n Baal, 209, 217, 229 and Emporitan identity, 63 Babylonians, 6n, 107 and Ionian identity, 28, 57–8, 63, 152 Balearic Islands, 4, 67 and Greek identity, 28 Basigerros, 52 and Massaliote identity, 28, 53, 60, 62 Basped, 43, 52 and Phokaian identity, 28, 63, 80, 83, 211, Belana emporia, 162, 163–4, 166n, 167, 169, 237–8 177–9, 181, 214, 238.SeealsoDeris, worship of, 60–1, 145, 225, 235, 238 Kobrys, Kypasis healing, goddess of, 99 Bendis, 7, 156, 156n Hegemone, 56, 63 Athens, worship of in, 218, 223n, 222–7, Hellenion and, 144, 234 228–9, 234, 235, 238 Leukophryne, 57–8 orgeones of, 224–6, 228, 234 Mounychia, 227 Berisades, 163, 164, 165n, 182, 185 Orthia, 61 Berytos, 210–11, 237 Soteira, 56 Bes, 88, 89–90, 101–2, 107, 117 Thrace, worship of in, 170 Black Sea, 178, 181, 189, 199 Asia Minor, 13, 24, 58–9, 68, 122, 146n, 147, lead letters from, 41n 165, 199, 237 settlements along, 3, 4, 19, 101, 155 Asklepios, 54, 99, 99n Bleruas, 43, 52 Astarte, 93n, 100n, 101, 115, 222 boat-owner, 79, 93, 94, 199, 202, 210–12, 213, asylia, 57, 172 215–16.Seealsonaukleros Athena, 87, 101n, 168 Boiai, 56–7, 58 Hellenia, 145n Braudel, Fernand, 2, 2n, 3n Lindia, 107, 125, 127 Bravo, Benedetto, 175–7 Athenaios, 111, 119, 124, 141 Bresson, Alain, 18n, 18–19, 119–20, 122, Athenians, 147, 181, 184, 191, 196, 198, 200, 146 203, 210, 212, 215–16 Bulgaria, 153, 155, 158 Athens agora of, 68, 193, 198, 202, 204–5, 232 cadastral studies, 37–9 agoranomoi of, 193, 194 Campania, 37, 99 Aphrodite, worship of in, 89, 101, 140 Canaanites, 10.SeealsoPhoenicians astynomoi of, 194 Caria, 106, 173 currency of, 134, 189, 230 Carians, 82–3, 130, 148, 150, 151 dokimastes of, 195 Carthage, 26, 68, 76, 107 emporikai dikai of, 172, 194, 198, 201n, Carthaginian(s), 7, 68 204–5, 233 Catalonia, 26, 29, 31, 62 emporion of, 19–21, 92, 188, 190–2, 194–6. Charaxos, 157.SeealsoSappho, Rhodopis See also Peiraieus Chersonese, 155, 166, 170, 181, 188n foreign residents of, 4–5, 106, 190, 198–9, Chians, 81, 129, 137–9, 140 220, 232 Chios, 89, 110, 123, 129, 131, 213 foreigners, rewards to granted by, 211–17, city-ethnic, 36, 36n, 78, 81, 120, 134, 137, 139, 233 150, 203, 212, 221, 236

286 Index

city-state culture, 6, 67, 90, 105, 230, 239 perceptions of Greeks in, 147–51, 158, 174, colonization, 4, 13, 26–7, 33, 39, 57–8, 63, 100, 236 135, 156, 188 Persian period of, 112, 123 Copenhagen Polis Centre, 6n, 17, 33, 120 popularity of art of, 8, 89, 95, 107–8 Corinth, 19, 91n, 93, 196 religion of, 101, 105. See also individual gods Corinthian(s), 107, 144, 196 Ehrhardt, Norbert, 77, 82 Corsica, 4, 56n, 67–8, 70, 238 eisphora, 202, 208, 215, 232 Coulson, William D. E., 114, 144 Elephantine, 122, 148, 150 Crete, 4, 89, 96, 196 emporion/emporia Croesus, 7, 58, 82–3, 147 agrarian vs. commercial colonies/apoikia vs. Cyprus, 8, 68, 92, 94, 99, 133, 199, 212–13 emporion, 21–2, 33–9, 118 Aphrodite in Paphos, temple of in, 94, 142 archaeology of, 21–3 Aphrodite, worship of in, 92n, 94n, 101 communities that were emporia vs. island identity of, 134 communities that had an emporion, 18 mercenary soldiers and, 106 deﬁnition of, 14, 18–19, 33, 74 Naukratis and, 130, 138 dependent, 19, 23 Phoenicians on, 4, 133n inland, 19n, 158 Cypriot(s), 133n, 132–4, 145, 222n multiethnic nature of, 15, 20, 22–3, 44, 139 Damoxenos, 124–7, 129, 214 name of settlement, 39n.SeealsoEmporion Daphnai, 122, 131 non-Greek, 20, 28 Delos, 58, 79, 87, 89, 93, 106n port-of-trade as, 17–18 koina on, 210–11, 222, 224, 237 trading post as, 17, 140 Delphi, 7, 13 Emporion.SeealsoEmporitai, Iberia, Iberians, Amasis and, 107 Indiketans, Neapolis, Palaiapolis oracle of, 56, 56n, 59n, 191 civic identity of, 49, 52, 63, 236 proxenoi at, 145, 235 commercial vs. agrarian colony, 37–9, 118 Rhodopis and, 157 common constitution of, 50, 63 treasuries at, Etruscan, 68 dipolis,as,45–7, 49, 63 Demeter, 7n, 77, 84–6, 101n, 102–3 distinct political identities in, 49–52 Kore and, 38, 86 foundation of, 29 Demosthenes, 79, 124, 163, 166, 169, 171–2, Iberians in, 46–9 180–1, 194 Ionian identity in, 28, 50, 63 Deris, 166, 178.SeealsoKobrys, Kypasis, Hellenic identity in, 28, 50 Belana emporia lead letters of, 35–6, 40–4, 52, 227, 231 Dexikreon, 94 Massalia and, 23, 30, 31, 50 Dionysus, 67, 97, 156n, 162, 170n, 169–71, Massaliote identity in, 31, 53 186, 234, 238 mixed Greek pottery in, 40 Diopeithes, 209–11, 237.SeealsoShama-baal Phokaian identity in, 31, 50, 63 Dioskouroi, 77, 84, 103, 139, 144, 234 worship of Artemis of Ephesos in, 53–4, Dorians, 50, 59 59–61, 225, 234 Hellenion and, 110, 146–7, 236 Emporitai, 35, 40, 53 identity of, 12–13, 146 emporitai, 36, 162, 167, 171, 173–6, 177, 179, Domaradzka, Lidia, 168, 174 181–2, 183, 184 Doricho.SeeRhodopis enktesis, 202, 204, 213, 215, 216, 218–20, 222–5, 226, 233 Egypt/Egyptians, 15.SeealsoNaukratis epaulistai, 162, 167–8, 169, 175, 176 Athens and, 5, 199, 220 Ephesos, 55, 57–8, 61, 82, 238 foreigners in, 106, 125–7, 214 Epimeletes/epimeletai. See also Peiraieus, Greek perceptions of, 108–9 epimeletai identity of, 105, 109, 117, 151 orgeones of, 224 Mediterranean, connections with, 4, 105–7 thiasos of, 222 foreign mercenaries in, 5, 106, 120, 122, Eros, 97, 102 148–51, 157 ethnicity, 1, 9, 11, 133, 144

Index 287

Etruria, 4, 15, 64–7. See also individual cities Hellenes, 10, 13–14, 151, 211 city-state culture of, 6, 67 Hellenicity, 13–14, 145, 238 Delphi and, 7, 68 Hellenion, 105, 109, 142, 174.Seealsoprostatai Greeks in, 66.SeealsoGravisca of emporia popularity of Attic pottery in, 78, 189 foundation date of, 112, 144 religion of, 70, 97. See also individual gods founding poleis of, 110, 112, 124, 129 thalassocracy, as, 67 gods of the Greeks worshipped in, 144–5, trade connections of, 68 174 Etruscans.SeealsoGravisca Hellenicity of, 145, 146–7, 151–2, 211, 217, alphabet of, 43, 70 220, 234, 238 communities of abroad, 4, 67–70, 188.See individual Greek gods worshipped in, 140, also Lemnos, Iberia, Sardinia 144 maritime, 67–70 Rhodes and, 124–8, 214 name of, 10 hellenisti, 60–1 Euarchos, 78, 80, 86 Hellespont, 199, 212 euergesia, 216 Hemeroskopeion, 29, 55n euergetes/euergetai, 213, 214, 216, 233 Hera.SeealsoHera-cups Gravisca, worshipped in, 77, 80, 82, 83, France, 4, 22, 26, 29, 67–8, 238 86–8, 103, 137, 235 Kroton, worshipped in, 87–8 Galepsos, 19, 170 Naukratis, worshipped in, 23, 79, 110, Garland, Robert, 210, 217–18, 220–1, 227 135–7, 142, 146, 151, 235, 237 Gaul, 28, 30, 39, 60 navigation, patron of, 87–8, 91 Golo.biur, 43, 52 Samian identity, symbol of, 79–80, 83, 103, Gravisca.SeealsoAphrodite, Hera, Sostratos, 137, 211, 237 Tarquinia Samos, worshipped on, 67, 77, 83, 87, Aiginetan identity in, 80, 83, 237 89–90, 96, 135 Etruscans in, 90, 96, 103, 115n Uni, and, 100 foundation of, 77 Hera-cups, 80, 135 Hellenic identity in, 73, 95, 103, 152, 186, Herakleides, 213, 215–16, 216n 238 Heracles, 70, 170 mixed material culture of, 76, 86, 88, Hellenion and, 144, 145, 234 97 Iberia and, 156 Naukratis and, 79–81 labors of, 25 non-Greeks in, 81–2 pillars of, 3 sacred prostitution in, 82, 90, 95 progenitor of Scythians, 25n Samian identity in, 80, 83, 86, 237 Tartessos and, 25 status of as emporion, 21, 23, 74–6 Hercle, 70, 100n Gulf of Lion, 24, 30 Hermeias, 119 Herodotus, 4, 40, 40n, 82, 120n, 146n, 148–9, Haack, Marie-Laurence, 77, 80 150, 160, 177, 184, 221, 236 Halikarnassian(s), 129.SeealsoApollonides of Naukratis discussed by, 80, 105, 109–13, Halikarnassos 118–20, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 135, Halikarnassos, 76, 93, 110, 123, 129, 172 141, 142, 144, 146–7, 151 Hall, Jonathan, 12n, 12–14, 16, 146 Phokaians mentioned by, 24–5, 29, 56, 64 Hansen, Mogens Herman, 6, 17, 18, 22, 33, religion in, 7, 91n, 156n, 170 118, 120–1, 122, 184 Rhodopis mentioned by, 157 Harpagos, 29, 56 Sostratos of Aigina mentioned by, 64, 80 Hathor, 101 Herostratos, 94, 141–2 Hebrew, 44, 148 Hesiod, 40, 70 Hebros River, 160n, 164n, 180 Hestia, 101n, 119 Hegesipyle, 157, 188n.SeealsoKimon Hesychios, 36, 167, 192, 201 Hekataios, 4, 26, 40n, 116 Hippodamos of Miletos, 192 Hellas, 13–14, 197 Hogarth, David, G., 114, 144

288 Index

Homer, 4, 183 Johnston, Alan W., 81–2 epics, 25, 40, 107 Johnston, Jennifer E., 166, 171, 178 Horden, Peregrine 2, 3n, 5.SeealsoPurcell, judges, foreign, 172–3, 186, 233.Seealso Nicholas syngeneia Horus, 88, 117, 131 Hyblesios, 79–80, 83, 86, 103, 136, 211 Kameiros, 127–8 hybridity, 7, 11, 28, 44, 51, 55, 62, 131, Kanobos, 110, 123, 141 156 Kardia, 166 Kersobleptes, 163, 164, 164n, 166, 169, 181, Iberia, 15, 24, 25.SeealsoEmporion, Ullastret 185 scripts of, 24, 51, 70 Kimon, 157, 188n Phoenicians in, 4, 8, 26, 30, 38 Kitian(s), 218–23, 228, 232, 237 colonial encounters in, 27–8, 38 identity of, 222, 237 Etruscans in, 26, 31, 44 Kition, 133, 215n, 220, 221, 222, 237 Greeks in, 28, 31, 39, 60, 64, 238 Klazomenai, 110, 123, 129 Iberians, 25.SeealsoEmporion, Indiketans, Klazomeneans, 129 oppida Knidian(s), 129, 137, 139 trade partners, as, 43, 44, 52, 79, 231 Knidos, 45, 93, 110, 123, 129 presence of abroad, 26–7 Kobrys, 166, 178.SeealsoDeris, Kypasis, and identity of, 28, 63 Belana emporia worship of Artemis of Ephesos by, 60–1, 62, koina, 222, 224, 237.SeealsoDelos, Rhodes 235 Adoniastes, 211 Ialysos, 127–8 Herakleistes, 211, 222 identity. See also speciﬁc groups Poseidoniastes, 210–11 archaeology and, 8, 16 Sidonians, 209–11, 218, 220, 221, 228 civic, 1, 6, 9, 12, 14, 73, 78, 103, 109, 129, Syrians, 211 139, 142, 151, 173, 228, 236–7 Kolophon, 21, 21n ethnic, 1, 9, 11–12, 14, 16, 129, 238.Seealso Kos, 92–3, 141, 213 ethnicity Kotys I, 153, 162–6, 168–9, 170, 175, 176, 177, etic and emic 9–10 179n, 180, 181–2, 185 Hellenic, 12, 109, 142, 147, 238.Seealso Kourion, 133, 222n Hellenicity kourotrophos, 89, 100, 101–2 linguistic, 1, 9, 14, 117, 150, 151 Kyliphake, 82, 82n, 90 modern construct, as, 9–10, 63 Kypasis, 166, 178.SeealsoDeris, Kobrys, and political, 6, 49–52 Belana emporia regional, 12, 134, 238 Kyzikos, 87, 93, 213 religious, 1, 9, 12, 14, 52, 142, 237 social, 1, 8n, 12, 14, 49, 70, 176 Lemnos, 4, 45n, 67, 68, 68n, 70 sub-Hellenic, 13, 146, 236 Leonard, Albert, 114, 144 Inaros, 111, 112, 112n Lethaios, 81–2, 83 Inatos, 89, 96 Libya, 3, 106, 199 Indiketan(s), 28, 45, 49, 52, 63, 231, 236 Libyans, 112.SeealsoInaros identity of, 28, 63 Liguria, 28, 30, 39, 60 Ionia, 21, 24, 53, 57–8, 63, 77, 99, 113, Lindos, 122n, 124, 126–8, 129 130 liturgies, 202, 203, 232 Ionians, 50, 55, 58, 103, 120, 144, 171 Loukopoulou, Louisa, 176, 178, 180 Egypt, presence of in, 106, 148, 150 Lydia, 111n Hellenion and, 110, 146–7, 236 Lydian(s), 13, 28, 57–8, 62.Seealso identity of, 12–13, 28, 146 Croesus script of, 41–2, 51, 78, 80, 82, 138 Isis, 7n, 131, 218, 220, 229 Macedonia, 155, 199.SeealsoPhilip isoteleia, 202, 204, 213, 228, 233 Macedonian(s), 153, 155 Italy, 4, 8, 28, 68, 88, 99, 100, 189 Magnesia, 57, 58, 63, 172, 238

Index 289

Malkin, Irad, 13, 58, 59n, 145, 147, 149 Neapolis, 33, 33n, 36, 41, 46, 47, 51, 54.See Maroneia, 162, 163, 164, 165n, 169, 170, also Emporion 177–81, 182–3, 184, 185, 186, Nektanebis I, stele of, 115n, 116, 117, 121–2, 214 149 Maroneians, 36, 162, 164, 171, 174, 182, 184, Nergal, 208–9, 217 234 Nestos River, 160n, 182 Marseille.SeeMassalia Nile River, 110, 116, 123, 141, 148 Massalia, 37, 44, 76.SeealsoPhokaia, nomima, 50, 54, 63, 74n, 113, 145, 195, 231, Emporion 236 foundation of, 29, 53, 56 Ionian identity of, 59 Odysseus, 25n, 71n, 70–3, 156 Phokaian colony, as, 24, 58 Odrysian kingdom, 153, 163, 176 mother-city as, 23, 25, 29 dynasts of, 156, 159n, 165, 175, 183.Seealso Massaliote identity (civic identity) of, 28, 59, Amadokos II, Berisades, Kotys I, 80 Kersobleptes, Sitalkes Artemis of Ephesos worshipped in, 55, 58, Olbia (France), 22, 24, 29–30, 37–8 61, 145, 225 Olympia, 145–6, 235 Mediterranean Studies, 1–3 Ombrikos, 82, 83 Melas Gulf, 163, 164, 166, 169, 178, 181, 185, oppidum/oppida, 38n, 37–9, 51 232 Memphis, 117, 121, 123, 125n, 129, 148 Paktyes, 77, 82, 83 Messina, 93, 97 Palaiapolis, 31–3, 39, 41, 46, 54.Seealso metic(s), 190, 197–205, 211, 216, 220, 221–2, Emporion 226, 228, 232, 233, 234, 238 Panathenaia, 203, 216 metoikion, 201, 204, 208, 211, 213, 232 Paphos, 94, 133, 142, 222n metoikos, 201.Seealsometic Pausanias, 26, 56–7, 92 Metokos, 183.SeealsoAmadokos Pech-Maho inscription, 35–6, 40–1, 43–4, 52, Milesians, 77, 111, 112n, 113, 137–9, 213 133, 227, 231 temple of Apollo at Naukratis established by, Peiraieus.SeealsoAthens, Athenians in 80, 110, 129, 135, 142, 235, 237 Peiraieus Miletos, 57, 77, 82, 111n, 113, 144, 172 agora of, 193 Miltiades, 157, 188n.SeealsoKimon and agoranomoi of, 123, 193, 194 Hegesipyle Akte, 198 Moller,¨ Astrid, 114, 133, 138 astynomoi of, 123, 194 Moretti, Luigi, 81, 82n bouleuterion of, 193 Mytileneans, 129, 140, 145, 157 demarch of, 195 Mytilene, 110, 123, 129, 146, 157 deme, as, 21, 75, 190, 193–6, 197–8, 231 dokimastes of, 195 naukleros/oi, 41, 198–200, 206, 212, 214.See epimeletai of, 123, 231 also boat-owner foreign gods worshipped at, 209, 217 Naukratis.SeealsoHellenion, Rhodes foundation of, 190–3 civic identity in, 127, 140 horoi of, 192, 193 Egyptian town, as, 113–16 metronomoi of, 194 Egyptians in, 116–18 Mounychia and, 194, 198, 224 Hellenic identity in, 142, 145, 146, 147, pentekostologoi of, 195, 232 151–2, 186, 238 Phreatto (courts) of, 194 mixed material culture of, 130, 139 sitophylakes of, 194 mixed-style local products of, 130–3 strategeion, 193 Phoenicians in, 115, 133 theater of Dionysus at, 194 prostitution in, 105, 141, 157 tomb of Themistokles at, 191–2 Samian identity in, 83, 237 Zea harbor, 194 Naukratite stele.SeeNektanebis I, stele of Peirinthos, 168, 175–6 Neith, 89, 121–2, 122n, 234 Peloponnese, 146n, 199

290 Index

Peloponnesian War, 147, 202, 236 Plato, philosopher, 3, 225 Persian Empire, 122, 123, 237.Seealso Plutarch, 68, 94, 172 Artaxerxes, Xerxes polemarch, 201, 204.Seealsometic and xenos Persian Wars, 12–13, 53, 57–8, 62, 147, 191 Polybius, 167, 172 Persians, 12–13, 24, 28, 147, 165, 206 Polycharmos, 94, 111 Petrie,W.M.Flinders,114, 142 polichnion, 73–4 Phaselis, 79, 110, 123, 129 Poseidon, 87, 91, 144, 234 Phasis, polis, 3, 87 Potasimto, 150 Phasis, River, 184 Prasenoi, 162, 177–9 Philip II, 155, 164, 181 Priene, 21, 120 Phoenicians.SeealsoCanaanites, Tartessos, Propontis, 87, 155, 160, 199 Iberia, Thasos prostatai of emporia, 110, 123–4, 129–30, 195, Athens presence of in, 199, 220 231 civic identities of, 10, 236 prostates of metics, 201 communities of abroad, 4, 30, 70, 107, 155, proxenia, 126–7, 206, 213, 216, 235 188 proxenos/oi, 124–7, 145–6, 201, 202–3, 204–5, Cypriots and, 215, 215n, 221, 222, 232, 213–16, 233, 235 237 ps.-Aristotle, 165–7, 168–9, 176 city-states of, 6. See also individual cities ps.-Skylax, 31, 34, 40n, 45, 166 language of, 44, 51, 52, 70 Psammetichos I, 107, 111–12, 112n, 120, 148, mercenaries of in Egypt, 106, 148, 150, 150 151 Psammetichos II, 149 name of, 9 Purcell, Nicholas, 2, 5.SeealsoHorden, popularity of products of, 8 Peregrine Phokaia, 61, 64.SeealsoPersia, Artemis of Pytheas, 126–7, 214 Ephesos, Apollo Delphinios, Massalia, religion. See also individual gods Emporion construction of identity through, 28, 63, 78, civic identity of, 28, 59, 62, 80, 238 83, 96, 109, 128, 135, 142, 146, 220, forced migration from, 29, 56, 57, 58 229, 236, 237, 238 Hellenion and, 110, 123, 129 mediation among ethnic groups 73, 95, 96, Ionian identity in, 59, 62 103–4, 109, 171, 220, 234, 236 trade network of, 24, 29–30, 37, 59, 77, 145, Mediterranean, 5, 6–7, 38, 62, 73, 84, 102, 238 230, 239 Phokaians, 24, 64, 77.SeealsoArtemis of multiethnic emporia, 96, 103, 140, 142, 145, Ephesos 203, 233, 235 adoption of Artemis of Ephesos, 53–8, 61, translatability of, 70, 89–90, 96, 135, 186, 211, 237 227, 229, 233, 238 Naukratis, presence of in, 129 Rhea, 87, 91, 101n Tartessos and, 24, 25, 30, 64 Rhode, 24, 29, 31, 38, 53–4, 60, 63 Pistirenoi, 162, 175–6, 186 Rhodes/Rhodians.SeealsoDamoxenos, Pistiros.SeealsoVetren, Adjiyska Vodenitza Hellenion, Ialysos, Kameiros, Lindos, autonomy of, 175–6, 185, 196, 231 Pythias and Apollonios of Rhodes civic identity of, 176, 186.SeePistirenoi Akragas and, 128 Hellenic identity of, 173, 186 faience and scarab production at, 8, 108 location of, 19n, 158, 160 identity of, 128 resident traders of, 36, 171, 182–3, 236 koina of, 210, 224, 237 Thracian perceptions of Greeks at, 174, 183, Naukratis and, 110, 123, 127, 129, 146, 214, 186 232 Thracians in, 184 synoikism of, 127–8 trade network of, 164, 177–8, 181, 185, 214, Rhodopis, 105, 124, 141, 156–7 232, 238 Pistyros, 160.SeealsoPistiros Sabazios, 170, 218 Pithekoussai, 4, 6, 22n, 70 Saint-Blaise, 26, 30

Index 291

Salamis, Athenian deme, 133 Teian(s), 129, 137–9, 140, 150 Salamis on Cyprus, 133, 133n, 212–13, 212n, Teleson, 128, 145n 215, 222 Tell Defenneh.SeeDaphnai Samians, 64, 77, 80, 83, 103, 157, 237.Seealso Teos, 110, 123, 129, 173, 238 Hyblesios, Dexikreon Thasians, 36, 162, 164, 171, 174, 182, 184, 186, Samos, 103, 107, 157, 172.SeealsoHera 234 civic identity in, 80, 83, 86, 136 Thasos, 87, 160, 170 onomastics of, 79, 81, 137 emporia of, 19 relation of to temple of Hera on Naukratis, peraia of, 160, 170, 186 80, 110, 129, 135, 142, 235, 237 Phoenicians and, 155 Samothrace, 156, 157 Thracians and, 155 sanctuaries, open-access, 90, 96, 140, 145, 203, Vetren text and, 163–4, 169 234–5, 238 Themistokles, 157, 190, 197.SeealsoAthens, Sappho, 105, 124, 141, 157 tomb of Themistokles Sardinia, 4, 8, 26, 67–8, 70 Thessaly, 10n, 13, 199 nuraghic culture in, 87–8, 90 thiasos, 222, 224, 237 Scholtz, Andrew, 7n, 89n, 140 thiasotai, 221–2, 228 Sedegon, 43, 52 Thrace, 15.SeealsoOdrysian kingdom, Athens Serapis, 53, 217 and Thrace Seuthopolis, 159, 171 Greek settlements in, 155, 163, 165, 167, Shama-baal, 209–11, 217, 237.Seealso 168, 169–70, 183, 185 Diopeithes Macedon and, 155, 164 Sicily, 4, 26, 67–8, 93, 199, 212 religion of, 156, 170–1.SeealsoBendis, Sidon, 206–8, 210, 237 Sabazios King Philokles of, 172 sub-ethnic groups, 156, 156n, 170, 186 King Straton of, 206, 211 Thracians Sidonian(s), 93n, 216, 221, 227, 231.Seealso Greek stereotypes of, 157–8 Apollonides of Sidon presence of abroad, 156–7, 199, 222–6 identity of, 209, 217 slaves, 226, 226n, 238.SeealsoRhodopis traders in Athens, 206–8, 209, 210–11 Thucydides, 26, 58–9, 167, 184, 190, Sikanoi, 26 196–7 Sikon, 134, 145 Torelli, Mario, 77, 79, 81–2, 86, 90–1, 102 Sitalkes, King, 226 transnationalism, 2n Socrates, 3, 5, 225 Turan, 88, 90, 100n, 97–102, 103, 233.Seealso Sostratos of Aigina, 64, 80–1, 86–7, 91, 103, Aphrodite and Turan 105, 138, 211 Tyre, 148, 213, 222, 237 Spain, 20, 24, 25–6, 29, 38, 67–8.SeealsoIberia Tyrians, 213–16 Sparta, 61, 144, 155 Spartans, 144, 147, 181 Ullastret, 39, 51, 61 Strabo, 18, 24, 29, 31, 45–7, 49–50, 52, 53–6, Uni, 99–100, 100n 58–9, 60–1, 73–4, 110–13, 118, 124, Utuse, 70–1 236 Straits of Gibraltar.SeeHeracles, pillars of Vei, 102 Stratopeda, 122, 148, 150, 174 Vetren, 153, 158–9 Strymon, 155, 167, 182 inscription of, 160 syngeneia, 162, 171–3, 233.Seealsojudges, date of, 162–3 foreign authorship of, 163–9 Syracuse, 54, 76, 97 comprises multilateral treaty, 160, 164–5, 181 Tarquinia, 23, 74–5, 76, 83, 196 Von Reden, Sitta, 197, 217 Tartessos, 24–5, 30, 64, 80.Seealso votives, anatomical, 98–102, 104 Arganthonios Taweret, 101 Whitehead, David, 74, 213–14

292 Index

xenika tele, 202, 204–5, 208, 232 Atabyrios, 128 Xenophon, 202, 205, 224 Gravisca, worship of at, 77, 84 xenos/xenoi, 127, 190, 197–200, 203–6, 216, Hellenios, 145n 221–2, 226, 228, 232 Meilichios, 87, 91 Xerxes, 112, 160 Naukratis, worship of at, 80, 110, 135, 142, 151 Zeus, 91, 99, 209, 229, 237 Zoilos, 81, 83 Ammon, 7n, 218