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THE LANGUAGE OF MAKING: THE FINE ARTS, CRAFTS, AND BUILDING TRADES by David J. Cocks Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia April 2010 © Copyright by David J. Cocks, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON MAOISM Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-68067-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-68067-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduce, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent §tre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE The undersigned hereby certify that they have read a thesis entitled "The Language of Making: The Fine Arts, Crafts, and Building Trades" by David J. Cocks, and recommend it for acceptance to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture. Date: Catherine Venart, supervisor Emanuel Jannasch, advisor Carol Burns, external examiner II DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY Author: David J. Cocks Title: The Language of Making: The Fine Arts, Crafts, and Building Trades Department: School of Architecture Degree: Master of Architecture Convocation: May 2010 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. Signature of author Date: in CONTENTS Abstract v Acknowledgments vi Introduction 1 Research Question 1 Background 1 Art, Craft, and the Trades 2 Workmanship 4 Proposed Curriculum 7 History and Theory 9 Materials, Working Methods, and Production 10 Exhibition 12 Design 14 Site 14 Selection 16 Industrial History at the Coulee Edge 19 Expansion of the Art District 22 Geometric Legacy 25 Planimetric Context 25 Vertical Datums 29 Material Implications 31 Extension into the Landscape 33 Refinement of Programme Areas 35 Interdisciplinary Programming 44 Public Access and Exhibition 48 Detailing 50 Material Expression and Record of the Trades 50 Building Facades and Student Work 53 Conclusion 58 Notes 61 References 62 iv ABSTRACT This thesis explores the development of an architecture and aesthetic language which recognizes the historical legacy of the labour and industry of a place, and which encourages public interaction with processes of production and the products of the building trades, crafts, and the fine arts. Proposing a post-secondary programme and facility which looks towards the integration and interdisciplinary exploration between the trades, crafts, fine arts, and the public, this thesis aims to promote the value of the conscious act of making. These ideas are developed through the placement of the building on site, the organization of the programme to encourage affinities and interactions, and the development of building details and systems which exhibit the work of the building trades and allow for the exhibition of student work. The proposed facility is located in Lethbridge, Alberta and integrates elements of the University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Fine Arts, and the Lethbridge College, School of Apprenticeship and Trades. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Karla for her continued support and understanding throughout the course of my studies, including her patience through many nights spent home alone with the dog, and a number of birthday dinners ruined by a quick nap gone wrong. I would also like to thank my parents for always encouraging me to continue my education and offer my apologies for all of the family gatherings missed. I would like to thank Catherine and Emanuel for their work with me on the development of this thesis. Their knowledge and expertise has been an invaluable asset. Thank you as well to Steve Parcell and Bev Nightingale for their work behind the scenes to ensure the schedule and high standards of the thesis program are maintained. Finally I would like to thank Art Ferrari for revealing the joy of the business of architecture and the personal relationships it fosters; Dan Westwood for sharing his love of the profession and teaching me the joy of designing and making things for oneself; and Henry Warszawski for sharing his vast knowledge of the technical side of building and the great satisfaction that comes from ensuring that things are done right. VI INTRODUCTION Research Question How can the industrial legacy of place and a focus on methods of production inform an architectural aesthetic and building programme? Can these influences help express and encourage exchange between the trades, crafts, fine arts, and the public? Background In the past half-century the western world has undergone a cultural evolution removing the need for many of its citizens to participate directly in the production of material goods. Industrialization, combined with the reduced costs of labour in the developing world, has allowed for the responsibility for production of a large majority of the goods which define our culture to be exported. While the implementation of wide-spread industrialized production initially offered the potential to supply all of society with low-cost, high-quality goods, this dream has yet to be realized. Most people today have no choice but to consume disposable, low-quality, low- cost goods in order to achieve a quality of life defined by quantity of material possessions rather than quality. Rather than the continuing cycle of consumption and disposal of poorly made goods, the value and longevity of well designed and well made products needs to be understood. A shift is required in our perception of value. While this is ultimately an economic argument, an increased understanding and appreciation of the skill inherent in making can help achieve an increased appreciation of the quality of production. It is my contention that mankind has an inherent desire to understand and consciously participate in the production of his or her material surroundings. Our loss of a culture of production at the hands of a globalised economy has robbed us of an outlet for a basic instinct to make. Therefore, it is by fostering an opportunity to connect the public more directly to a place of production, that the potential for an increased appreciation of the value of the conscious act of making can be developed. Art, Craft, and the Trades Traditionally, the separation between the fine arts, crafts, and trades, though difficult to define, has evolved around distinctions between the idea and the means by which it is expressed. Ever since the first artists were elevated above their fellow craftsmen by the recognition of a spark of genius there has been a separation perceived between the idea - the spark - and the means by which that idea is expressed. Though craft was important, it was the expression of the idea that would separate the artist from the craftsman. While the fine arts have embraced some elements of craft and adapted them to artistic expression, most recognizably painting, other crafts have historically been relegated as more practical and therefore lesser pursuits. Craft is a term which defines a skill in a certain area of work, be it a skill with a specific type of material or in a specific method of working. Craftspersons traditionally included masons and stoneworkers, blacksmiths, spinners and weavers, and ceramicists, to name a few. Each of these labels define a producer who has worked to achieve a mastery of a material and working method, and who is able to apply that skill in the production of goods. The craftsperson is one who typically produces by hand, small and medium-scale goods. Hand crafted goods are valued primarily as an expression of the skill of the craftsperson in the execution of his or her craft rather than as the expression of a critical concept or statement which may exist outside of the work itself. Those crafts which have shown the most potential to the production of highly practical large-scale goods, such as buildings and industrial equipment, have been removed yet again from the arena of craft and given the title of trade.