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From the Frontier to the Front: Imagined Community and the Southwestern Alberta Great War Experience

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From the Frontier to the Front: Imagined Community and the Southwestern Alberta Great War Experience FROM THE FRONTIER TO THE FRONT: IMAGINED COMMUNITY AND THE SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA GREAT WAR EXPERIENCE BRETT CLIFTON Bachelor of Arts, Canadian Studies, University of Lethbridge, 2013 Bachelor of Education, Social Studies Education, University of Lethbridge, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Of the University of Lethbridge In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of History University of Lethbridge, LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA CANADA © Brett Clifton, 2016 FROM THE FRONTIER TO THE FRONT: IMAGINED COMMUNITY AND THE SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA GREAT WAR EXPERIENCE BRETT CLIFTON Date of Defence: December 16, 2016 Dr. Heidi MacDonald Associate Professor Ph.D. Thesis Supervisor Dr. Amy Shaw Associate Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Dr. Jeff Keshen Adjunct Professor Ph.D. Thesis Examination Committee Member Mount Royal University Calgary, Alberta Dr. Christopher Burton Associate Professor Ph.D. Chair, Thesis Examination Committee Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my mother, Carol, without whom none of this would have been possible. Thanks Mom. iii Abstract As Canada joins other nations in observing a succession of First World War centenaries, the public narrative constructed over the past hundred years holds up the Great War, particularly the battle for Vimy Ridge, as a pivotal point in Canadian history that forged our national identity. This thesis sets aside this romanticised and idealised construct, focusing upon the regional and cultural variations specific to Lethbridge and Southwestern Alberta. While much work has been done on the French-English divide, comparatively few microstudies have examined the distinctive experiences and regional nuances of other communities within this vast and diverse nation. This work examines the settlement processes and previous martial and militia experiences of Southwestern Alberta, in an effort to explain the uniqueness of the local Great War experience. Included in this analysis are themes related to propaganda and censorship, recruitment and enlistment, and the construction of memory and meaning through commemoration. iv Acknowledgements As the University of Lethbridge moves ever closer to its fiftieth anniversary, it is important to acknowledge that a comparatively young institution has grown into a vibrant, first-rate centre for liberal education. As one of more than 40,000 University of Lethbridge alumni, I would like to express my gratitude to the administration, faculty, and support staff who do so much to make the experience meaningful and memorable to their students. Having such a positive experience in my undergraduate studies greatly influenced my choice to return as a graduate student. As my graduate studies draw to a close, I would like to express my respect and gratitude to the following: To Dr. Heidi MacDonald, my supervisor, mentor, and friend. Thank you for your encouragement, advice, insistence on excellence, and most of all, for being so generous with your time. To Dr. Amy Shaw, thank you for your work on this thesis, as well as for sharing your own research, both published and unpublished. Your expertise added a great deal to this thesis. To Dr. Jeff Keshen, who kindly agreed to be a part of my committee, despite his busy schedule as Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Mount Royal University. It was a great honour to have one of Canada’s top military historians provide support to me in this endeavour. Finally, thanks to my friends and family, institutions, individuals, and organizations who helped me along the way. I appreciate your time and support and I know that this thesis would not have been possible without you. v Table of Contents: Chapter 1: “Boer War Imaginings”……………………………………………………...16 Chapter 2: “Militia Imaginings”………………………………………………………....56 Chapter 3: “Great War Imaginings: Pride, Prejudice, and Propaganda”………...………85 Chapter 4: “Great War Imaginings: A Place For Everyone”…………………......….....115 Chapter 5: “Great War Imaginings: Everyone in their Place”……………...……….….145 Chapter 6: “Ghostly Imaginings”……………………………………………………….175 Conclusion: ……………………………………………………………………………..202 Works Cited: ……………………………………………………………………………205 vi Introduction This description of the first of many recruiting drives held in Lethbridge and Southwestern Alberta during the years of the First World War demonstrates the volume and diversity of the volunteers who came forward: “The first parade, which was held outside the old Armoury in Lethbridge, revealed a motley crew. All classes were represented; bookkeepers and farmers; cow-punchers and merchants; lumberjacks and miners; from the office, the prairie, the bush and the mine they came; all eager to do their share in the big bid for freedom; for democracy; for very civilization.”1 During the course of the war, the small city of Lethbridge raised three active artillery batteries, a reserve artillery battery, and an infantry battalion, while hundreds of men from the community and surrounding area volunteered for service with numerous other Canadian and British military units. While the contributions of these ‘citizen soldiers’ are well documented, little is known as to who these men were and what motivated them to enlist. Historians examining the greater Canadian First World War experience have theorised that the main motivators for signing up were steady employment, opportunity for travel and adventure, as well as strong notions of patriotism, nationalism, duty, and honour. There were of course regional and cultural variations in the First World War experience. Much work has been done in terms of comparing the French- and English- Canadian perspectives on war-related issues, but comparatively less attention has been given to the examination of regional responses to war.2 This thesis focuses on the unique 1 J.C.K. MacKay, The Diary of the 20th Battery CFA (Lethbridge: 1938), 2. 2 Some examples of works examining regional responses to war include Serge Durflinger’s Fighting From Home: The Second World War in Verdun, Quebec, James Pistula’s For All We Have and Are: Regina and the Experiences of the Great War, and Jim Blanchard’s Winnipeg’s Great War: A City Comes of Age. 1 experience of Southwestern Alberta, specifically, Lethbridge, which had grown to be the economic and social hub of the region. Historian Desmond Morton, who has written extensively on nearly every facet of Canada’s role in the First World War, argues that: “There are few aspects of Canadian society that have not been shaped by the wars, from politics to family, from the role of government to the formation of social policy, from the status of women to French-English relations.”3 In his ground-breaking work, Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson examines the evolution of nationalism over the past three centuries, noting that “nation- ness is the most universally legitimate value in the political life of our time.”4 Generations of Canadians have been convinced that their national identity was forged by the victory at Vimy Ridge. While Vimy Ridge is certainly symbolically important, many aspects of the Canadian First World War experience combined to provide a foundation for the developing ‘nation-ness.’ Anderson posits that nationalism is an ‘imagined community’ and that it is inherently limited and sovereign.5 He further asserts that the act of going to war provides the most unifying force that a nation can experience. In his words, “Ultimately it is this fraternity (nationalism) that makes it possible, over the past two centuries, for so many millions of people, not so much to kill, as willingly die for such limited imaginings. These deaths bring us abruptly face to face with the central problem posed by nationalism: what makes the shrunken imaginings of recent history generate such colossal sacrifices?”6 3 Tim Cook, Clio’s Warriors: Canadian Historians and the Writing of the World Wars (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2006), 3. 4 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 2006), 3. 5 Ibid, 6. 6 Ibid, 7. 2 While many connections can be made between nationalism and war, the notion of imagined community allows us to gain a more nuanced understanding of what might motivate a complex and disparate group of individual citizens to collectively embrace an official identity that was often at odds with their distinct community identities.7 Although the response of the citizens of Lethbridge and area to the First World War reflected the traditional values of Anglo-Eastern and -Central Canada and that of the larger British Empire, the community identities were far more varied and complex. In short, not everyone who volunteered did so for the ‘standard’ reasons, at least not in terms of their personal connectedness to nationalism and nation-ness. What they did share was what Anderson described as a sense of imagined community, every bit as powerful and compelling in its regional ties as it was on the national scale. Anderson identified several unifying elements including capitalism, language, print media, and education; these factors will be used to deconstruct the regional imagined community as it developed in Lethbridge prior to the First World War.8 The conclusions drawn from this deconstruction will then be utilised in reconstructing the imagined community present in the region during the years of the First World War, while recognizing the influence of official identity and various community identities and how each was shaped and reflected by the greater war experience. 7 In the context
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