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Tropical Forest Raptors in Indonesia: Recent Information on Distribution, Status, and Conservation

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Tropical Forest Raptors in Indonesia: Recent Information on Distribution, Status, and Conservation j. RaptorRes. 32(1):56-63 ¸ 1998 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc. TROPICAL FOREST RAPTORS IN INDONESIA: RECENT INFORMATION ON DISTRIBUTION, STATUS, AND CONSERVATION S. (BAs) VAN BALEN BirdLifeInternational-Indonesia Programme, P. 0. Box 31 O, BOGOR 16003, Indonesia;and Departmentof TerrestrialEcology and Nature Conservation,Wageningen Agricultural University, Bornsesteeg69, 6708 PD Wageningen,The Netherlands ABSTPekCT.--InIndonesia (subregionsSumatra, Kalimantan, Java/Bali, Sulawesi,Lesser Sundas, Moluc- cas, and Irian Jaya), 68 speciesof diurnal birds of prey, nine of which are endemic to the region, are known to occur. Ever-growingpressure on natural habitats,in particular the timber-rich, tropical rain- forests,as well as hunting and the use of pesticides,is believedto have major impactson the numbers and distribution of these species.The statusof 20 speciesis a matter of concern sincethree speciesare consideredglobally Threatened and eleven others are Near Threatened. The statusof yet another five speciesis of local concern as they are widespreadand relativelycommon elsewhere. KEYWORDS: statusdiurnal birdsof prey; conservation; distribution; Indonesia. Avesrapaces de bosquestropicales en Indonesia:informaci6n reciente sobresu distribuci6n,estado, y conservaci6n RESUMEN.--EnIndonesia (subregionesde: Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java/Bali, Sulawesi,Lesser Sundas, Moluccas,y Irian Jaya), existen 68 especiesde avesrapaces diurnas, nueve de las cualesson end6micas a la regi6n. La presi6n constantesobre los habitats,en particular sobre los bosquesde 11uviaricos en madera, como tambi6n la cazay el uso de pesticidasran tenido un impacto importante en la poblaci6n y distribuci6n de estasespecies. El estadode 20 especieses un aspectoalarmante debido a que tres especiesson consideradascomo globalmenteamenazadas y otrasonce como cercanamenteamenazadas. El estadode las otras cinco especieses preocupantea nivel local unicamentedebido a que tienen una distribuci6n amplia y son relativamentecomunes en otras areas. [Traducci6n de C6sar Marquez] Straddling the equator over a distance of 4500 sessthe statusof a number of selectedspecies, eval- km, the republic of Indonesia has about 1539 bird uate the current protection system,and give rec- species.Of these, 381 are endemic (Andrew 1992, ommendationsfor future researchand protection 1993) and the country ranks among the five bird- measures.Although only part of the Indonesian richest in the world (Groombridge 1994). There raptor fauna is presumed to be dependent on for- are 68 speciesof birds of prey, and many are forest ests, none can survive without some kind of wood- dwellers,occupying many niches,with >30 species land. Therefore, I have considered both forest and on the largest islands, and at least two or three nonforest raptors. specieson even the smallestoceanic islands (Ap- pendix 1). Many of Indonesia'sspecies are among STUDIES, PAST AND PRESENT the world's least known (Meyburg 1986) because The first written scientific report of raptors in they are restrictedto remote, little known places. Indonesia was made by a merchant, Baron Von Most researchon these specieshas been taxonom- Wurmb (1779-82) who described a hawk and the ic and was carried out in the decades before or Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus). In subsequent around the turn of this century. Our knowledge centuries, most studies of birds in Indonesia fo- on the biology and ecologyon Indonesian raptors cused on collecting specimens;nevertheless, they has been and is still fragmentary. In this paper, I produced a relativelyaccurate distribution map for try to summarizework done so far on raptors in raptors acrossthe archipelago,with standard an- Indonesia and identify gaps in our knowledge,as- notated checklistsdeveloped for Sulawesi,Lesser 56 MA•C• 1998 RAPTORS IN INDONESIA 57 Table 1. Recent raptor studiesconducted in Indonesia. REFERENCES RESEARCHSUBJECT TAXA 1. Ash 1984, 1993 Autumn migration in NW Bali Migratory raptors 2. Thiollay and Meyburg 1988 Forest fragmentation and raptor conservationon Java Falconiformes 3. van Balen et al. 1993 Conservation status on Java Haliastur indus 4. Meyburg and van Balen 1994 Conservation on Sulawesi Falconiformes 5. van Balen and Meyburg 1994; S6zer and Nijman 1995 Conservation,ecology and distribution 5pizaetusbartelsi 6. Thiollay 1996a,b Conservation,ecology and distribution on Sumatra Falconiformes Sundas and Moluccas (White and Bruce 1986), lands. The most developedforest rcserve systemin and Sumatra (van Marle and Voous 1988). Similar Indonesia is located on these islands. However, due checklistsare currently being written for Java, Bali, to extreme population pressure,many reserveses- and Borneo, but locationssuch as Irian Jaya (e.g., tablished in the first half of this century are small western New Guinea) still need to be studied. Dur- and have probably lost most of their speciesdiver- ing the past decade, the studyof raptors in Indo- sity.Because of extreme habitat fragmentation,the nesia has experienced considerable growth and endemic Javan Hawk-eagle is considered to be En- studiesare currentlybeing undertakenon the Gur- dangered (Collar et al. 1994). Development has ney'sEagle (Aquila gurneyi)and JavanHawk-eagle been most concentrated in open woodland areas, (Spizaetusbartelsi) (N. Rov andJ.O. Gjershaugpers. where five raptor species,the Brahminy Kite, Ru- comm.; T. Yamazaki pers. comm.). fous-winged Buzzard (Butastur liventer), Black- NATIONAL OVERVIEW winged Kite (Elanuscaeruleus), Changeable Hawk- eagle (Spizaetuscirrhatus), and Spotted Kestrel (Fal- Indonesia's17 000 islandsshow a greatvariety in comoluccensis), are disappearing(Thiollay and Mey- habitats,influenced by climate, edaphicfactors, to- pography, and human interference. On Java and burg 1988, van Balen et al. 1993, Holmes 1995). most of the LesserSundas, high human population Lesser Sundas. Burning, wood collection, and pressure,dating back from ancient times, has had inefficient subsistenceagriculture have long been destructive forces to the forests of these islands. far-reaching effects on natural ecosystems.In the past few decades, high technology and extensive The countless islands of the Lesser Sundas are cov- exploitation of natural resources have increased ered in a parklike landscape of extensive grass- this pressurefrom people at an alarming rate (Ta- lands, thickets,and wooded river valleys.The most ble 2). extensive forests are on Sumbawa and north Flores Java and Bali. Largely deforested,Java and Bali where there are few people. The conservationarea are essentiallya mosaic of paddy fields, cities, and network in the LesserSundas is insufficient (Sujat- villagesin the low lands,with mostforest fragments nika et al. 1995), but the typical park landscapes covering the numerous volcanoeson the two is- seem to favor a relatively diverse raptor fauna in- Table 2. Land use and the human population in Indonesia (after Sujatnikaet al. 1995). TOTAL AREA FOREST DEVELOPMENT POPULATION DENSITY GROWTH (XI0 6 HA) (%) AREA(%) (X]0 6) (PERkm 2) RATE(%) Kalimantan 53.95 74 23 9.10 17 3.5 Irian Jaya 42.20 85 28 1.65 4 3.5 Sulawesi 18.92 59 40 12.52 66 2.0 Sumatra 47.34 49 45 36.51 77 3.0 Java/Bali 13.77 10 72 110.36 801 1.8 Lesser Sundas 8.29 18 49 7.39 89 2.3 Moluccas 7.45 74 38 1.86 24 2.8 58 VAN BALF.N VoI•. 32, No. 1 cluding Short-toed Eagles (Circaetusgallicus), Bo- am, Buru, and Halmahera (Poulsenpers. comm.). nelli's Eagles (Hieraaetusfasciams), Changeable These areas support Rufous-neckedSparrowhawks Hawk-eagles,Variable Goshawks(Acdpiter novaehol- (Accipiter erythrauchen),Moluccan Goshawks (A. landiae),and Brown Goshawks(A. fasdatus). henicogrammus),and a number of endemic races. Sumatra. The larger part of the Sumatran low- Idan Jaya (Former Dutch New Guinea). Irian land rainforesthas been logged or is under a pro- Jayacomprises the secondlargest and mostpristine duction regime. Mountain forests are relatively se- region in Indonesia. However, developmentfrom cure, though degradation and encroachment on mining, logging, resettlement schemes,and infra- lower slopes is widely reported (Sujatnika et al. structure improvement is proceedingrapidly. Two 1995). Small islandswith distinct races of raptors large forest eagles in this area, the New Guinea are found off west Sumatra, notably Nias Island Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsisnovaeguineae) and Gur- (e.g., Thiollay 1996b). Separatedby mainland Ma- ney's Eagle (Aquila gurneyi),are presumablystill laysia by only a narrow sea strait, Sumatra is an safe,but monitoring is needed to ensurethat they important passageand wintering area for southern continue to do well. bound migratory raptorsfrom northern temperate CONSERVATION OF INDONESIAN RAPTORS regions. Kalimantan (Former Dutch Borneo). Until re- There are 20 speciesof raptorsthat are globally cently, extensiverainforest covered most of the is- Threatened and Near Threatened with extinction land, but conversion into plantations, wasteland (Collar et al. 1994), or may be classifiedas such, (notably alang-alang [Imperata cylindrica]grass- pending further field research. The number of fields), and secondarygrowth is beginning to dom- open woodland and forest edge speciesthat are inate the landscape.The island'sendemic raptors, listed is striking. the Mountain Serpent-eagle (Spilorniskinabaluen- One of the greatestthreats to theseraptors is the sis) and White-fronted Falconet (Microhierax lato- lossof habitat. Large trees for perches,roosts, and frons) are restricted to the northern, non-Indone- nestsare important componentsof
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