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j. RaptorRes. 32(1):56-63 ¸ 1998 The Raptor ResearchFoundation, Inc.

TROPICAL FOREST RAPTORS IN : RECENT INFORMATION ON DISTRIBUTION, STATUS, AND CONSERVATION

S. (BAs) VAN BALEN BirdLifeInternational-Indonesia Programme, P. 0. Box 31 O, 16003, Indonesia;and Departmentof TerrestrialEcology and Nature Conservation,Wageningen Agricultural University, Bornsesteeg69, 6708 PD Wageningen,The

ABSTPekCT.--InIndonesia (subregionsSumatra, , /, ,Lesser Sundas, Moluc- cas, and Irian Jaya), 68 speciesof diurnal of prey, nine of which are endemic to the region, are known to occur. Ever-growingpressure on natural habitats,in particular the timber-rich, tropical rain- forests,as well as hunting and the use of pesticides,is believedto have major impactson the numbers and distribution of these .The statusof 20 speciesis a matter of concern sincethree speciesare consideredglobally Threatened and eleven others are Near Threatened. The statusof yet another five speciesis of local concern as they are widespreadand relativelycommon elsewhere. KEYWORDS: statusdiurnal birdsof prey; conservation; distribution; Indonesia.

Avesrapaces de bosquestropicales en Indonesia:informaci6n reciente sobresu distribuci6n,estado, y conservaci6n

RESUMEN.--EnIndonesia (subregionesde: , Kalimantan, Java/Bali, Sulawesi,Lesser Sundas, Moluccas,y Irian Jaya), existen 68 especiesde avesrapaces diurnas, nueve de las cualesson end6micas a la regi6n. La presi6n constantesobre los habitats,en particular sobre los bosquesde 11uviaricos en madera, como tambi6n la cazay el uso de pesticidasran tenido un impacto importante en la poblaci6n y distribuci6n de estasespecies. El estadode 20 especieses un aspectoalarmante debido a que tres especiesson consideradascomo globalmenteamenazadas y otrasonce como cercanamenteamenazadas. El estadode las otras cinco especieses preocupantea nivel local unicamentedebido a que tienen una distribuci6n amplia y son relativamentecomunes en otras areas. [Traducci6n de C6sar Marquez]

Straddling the over a distance of 4500 sessthe statusof a number of selectedspecies, eval- km, the republic of Indonesia has about 1539 uate the current protection system,and give rec- species.Of these, 381 are endemic (Andrew 1992, ommendationsfor future researchand protection 1993) and the country ranks among the five bird- measures.Although only part of the Indonesian richest in the world (Groombridge 1994). There raptor fauna is presumed to be dependent on for- are 68 speciesof birds of prey, and many are forest ests, none can survive without some kind of wood- dwellers,occupying many niches,with >30 species land. Therefore, I have considered both forest and on the largest , and at least two or three nonforest raptors. specieson even the smallestoceanic islands (Ap- pendix 1). Many of Indonesia'sspecies are among STUDIES, PAST AND PRESENT the world's least known (Meyburg 1986) because The first written scientific report of raptors in they are restrictedto remote, little known places. Indonesia was made by a merchant, Baron Von Most researchon these specieshas been taxonom- Wurmb (1779-82) who described a and the ic and was carried out in the decades before or Brahminy ( indus). In subsequent around the turn of this century. Our knowledge centuries, most studies of birds in Indonesia fo- on the biology and ecologyon Indonesian raptors cused on collecting specimens;nevertheless, they has been and is still fragmentary. In this paper, I produced a relativelyaccurate distribution map for try to summarizework done so far on raptors in raptors acrossthe archipelago,with standard an- Indonesia and identify gaps in our knowledge,as- notated checklistsdeveloped for Sulawesi,Lesser

56 MA•C• 1998 RAPTORS IN INDONESIA 57

Table 1. Recent raptor studiesconducted in Indonesia.

REFERENCES RESEARCHSUBJECT TAXA 1. Ash 1984, 1993 Autumn migration in NW Bali Migratory raptors 2. Thiollay and Meyburg 1988 Forest fragmentation and raptor conservationon Java 3. van Balen et al. 1993 Conservation status on Java Haliastur indus 4. Meyburg and van Balen 1994 Conservation on Sulawesi Falconiformes 5. van Balen and Meyburg 1994; S6zer and Nijman 1995 Conservation,ecology and distribution 5pizaetusbartelsi 6. Thiollay 1996a,b Conservation,ecology and distribution on Sumatra Falconiformes

Sundas and Moluccas (White and Bruce 1986), lands. The most developedforest rcserve systemin and Sumatra (van Marle and Voous 1988). Similar Indonesia is located on these islands. However, due checklistsare currently being written for Java, Bali, to extreme population pressure,many reserveses- and , but locationssuch as Irian Jaya (e.g., tablished in the first half of this century are small western ) still need to be studied. Dur- and have probably lost most of their speciesdiver- ing the past decade, the studyof raptors in Indo- sity.Because of extreme habitat fragmentation,the nesia has experienced considerable growth and endemic Javan Hawk- is considered to be En- studiesare currentlybeing undertakenon the Gur- dangered (Collar et al. 1994). Development has ney'sEagle (Aquila gurneyi)and JavanHawk-eagle been most concentrated in open woodland areas, (Spizaetusbartelsi) (N. Rov andJ.O. Gjershaugpers. where five raptor species,the , Ru- comm.; T. Yamazaki pers. comm.). fous-winged Buzzard (Butastur liventer), Black- NATIONAL OVERVIEW winged Kite (Elanuscaeruleus), Changeable Hawk- eagle (Spizaetuscirrhatus), and Spotted Kestrel (Fal- Indonesia's17 000 islandsshow a greatvariety in comoluccensis), are disappearing(Thiollay and Mey- habitats,influenced by climate, edaphicfactors, to- pography, and interference. On Java and burg 1988, van Balen et al. 1993, Holmes 1995). most of the LesserSundas, high human population Lesser Sundas. Burning, wood collection, and pressure,dating back from ancient times, has had inefficient subsistenceagriculture have long been destructive forces to the forests of these islands. far-reaching effects on natural ecosystems.In the past few decades, high technology and extensive The countless islands of the Lesser Sundas are cov- exploitation of natural resources have increased ered in a parklike landscape of extensive grass- this pressurefrom people at an alarming rate (Ta- lands, thickets,and wooded river valleys.The most ble 2). extensive forests are on and north Java and Bali. Largely deforested,Java and Bali where there are few people. The conservationarea are essentiallya mosaic of paddy fields, cities, and network in the LesserSundas is insufficient (Sujat- villagesin the low lands,with mostforest fragments nika et al. 1995), but the typical park landscapes covering the numerous volcanoeson the two is- seem to favor a relatively diverse raptor fauna in-

Table 2. Land use and the human population in Indonesia (after Sujatnikaet al. 1995).

TOTAL AREA FOREST DEVELOPMENT POPULATION DENSITY GROWTH (XI0 6 HA) (%) AREA(%) (X]0 6) (PERkm 2) RATE(%)

Kalimantan 53.95 74 23 9.10 17 3.5 Irian Jaya 42.20 85 28 1.65 4 3.5 Sulawesi 18.92 59 40 12.52 66 2.0 Sumatra 47.34 49 45 36.51 77 3.0 Java/Bali 13.77 10 72 110.36 801 1.8 Lesser Sundas 8.29 18 49 7.39 89 2.3 Moluccas 7.45 74 38 1.86 24 2.8 58 VAN BALF.N VoI•. 32, No. 1 cluding Short-toed (Circaetusgallicus), Bo- am, , and (Poulsenpers. comm.). nelli's Eagles (Hieraaetusfasciams), Changeable These areas support Rufous-neckedSparrowhawks Hawk-eagles,Variable Goshawks(Acdpiter novaehol- ( erythrauchen),Moluccan Goshawks (A. landiae),and Brown Goshawks(A. fasdatus). henicogrammus),and a number of endemic races. Sumatra. The larger part of the Sumatran low- Idan Jaya (Former Dutch New Guinea). Irian land rainforesthas been logged or is under a pro- Jayacomprises the secondlargest and mostpristine duction regime. Mountain forests are relatively se- region in Indonesia. However, developmentfrom cure, though degradation and encroachment on mining, logging, resettlement schemes,and infra- lower slopes is widely reported (Sujatnika et al. structure improvement is proceedingrapidly. Two 1995). Small islandswith distinct races of raptors large forest eagles in this area, the New Guinea are found off , notably Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsisnovaeguineae) and Gur- (e.g., Thiollay 1996b). Separatedby mainland Ma- ney's Eagle (Aquila gurneyi),are presumablystill laysia by only a narrow sea strait, Sumatra is an safe,but monitoring is needed to ensurethat they important passageand wintering area for southern continue to do well. bound migratory raptorsfrom northern temperate CONSERVATION OF INDONESIAN RAPTORS regions. Kalimantan (Former Dutch Borneo). Until re- There are 20 speciesof raptorsthat are globally cently, extensiverainforest covered most of the is- Threatened and Near Threatened with extinction land, but conversion into plantations, wasteland (Collar et al. 1994), or may be classifiedas such, (notably alang-alang [Imperata cylindrica]grass- pending further field research. The number of fields), and secondarygrowth is beginning to dom- open woodland and forest edge speciesthat are inate the landscape.The island'sendemic raptors, listed is striking. the Mountain Serpent-eagle (Spilorniskinabaluen- One of the greatestthreats to theseraptors is the sis) and White-fronted Falconet (Microhierax lato- lossof habitat. Large trees for perches,roosts, and frons) are restricted to the northern, non-Indone- nestsare important componentsof raptor habitat sian part of the island. (Janes 1985). Huge islands like Kalimantan and Sulawesi (Former Gelebes). Extensive lowland Irian Jaya seemwell-forested and secure(Table 2), still coversSulawesi, although mainly at but present human population growth and habitat moderate altitudes. In southwest Sulawesi, the conversionmay soon alter this. Therefore, man- sparseforest is only on high mountain tops,where- agement of the existing forest reserve systems as extensive lowlands and hill forests still cover cen- needs to be improved without delay. tral Sulawesi.Agriculture, transmigration,and log- Hunting alsoposes a seriousthreat to raptorson ging continue to absorblarge areasof lowland for- Javaand most other regionsin Indonesia.With the est. Montane forest is relatively untouched, al- immensely increased number of air rifles accom- though some encroachment occurs on the lower panying the nation's overall improved standard of slopes (Sujatnika et al. 1995). Despite harsh cli- life, raptors, like many other birds, have been dec- matic conditions and , Coomans de imated, especiallynear settlements. Ruiter (1947) reported more raptorsin southwest With more people that can afford the high price Sulawesithan anywhereelse. Nevertheless,the for- and care of pet eaglesand ,the demand for merly common ( migrans)has de- wild birds is high, despite legal protection of all creased in numbers (Meyburg and van Balen diurnal raptors. 1994). The statusof the three endemic Accipitersis It is not clear if pesticideshave played a major largely unknown, partly becauseof identification role in the decline of BrahminyKites on Java.Nev- problems. ertheless,a recent decline in the speciesreported Moluccas. Originally, the numerous islands of from Laos indicates that the speciesmay be un- Moluccaswere coveredin .High dergoing a widespread decline in SoutheastAsia quality timber, and local climatic and edaphic con- (Thewlis et al. 1995). A coincident increase in use ditions attracted loggersand led to the develop- of pesticideson Java and Bali in the 1970s (van ment of plantations of and cloves.As a Balen et al. 1993) and the overall decline of Pond result, lowland forests have rapidly disappeared, Herons (Ardeolaspeciosa) and egrets (Egrettaspp., and little virgin forest remains.The largeststretch- van Helvoort 1981) is striking.The ban on 57 va- es of remaining original forest are found on Ser- rieties of organophosphatechemicals since 1986 MARCH 1998 RAPTORS IN INDONESIA 59

Table 3. Indonesian raptors of conservation concern, threats to their survival, and research needs.

END- RDB RESEARCH EMIC SPECIES THREATS1 TREND STATUS NEEDS TAXA REFS.

Avicedajerdoni 1, 2 ?< ?NT monitoring 2 2 Pernisptilorhynchus 1, 2, 3 ?= - 1 3 Macheiramphusalcinus 1, 4, 7 ?<(B) - monitoring - 4 Elanuscaerulaeus 4, 5 <<(J,S) - monitoring 1 4, 5 Haliasturindus 71, ?4, 5, 6 <<(J) - monitoring - 1 Ichthyophagahumilis 1, 2 < ?NT monitoring - 2 Ichthyophagaichthyaetus 1, ?4, ?5 ?< ?NT monitoring - 2 Accipiterhenicogrammus 1, ?3 < ? ecology 1 6 Accipitererythrauchen 1, 2, 3 ?< ? ecology 2 6 Accipiternanus ?3 ?< NT ecology 1 2 Accipiterbuergersi 7 ?-- DD ecology - 2 Accipiterdoriae 1, 2, 3 ?= NT ecology - 2 Butasturliventer 1, ?3, ?4 <(J) NT monitoring - 2 Harpyopsisnovaeguineae ?3, 4, 7 ?= V ecology - 2 Aquila gurneyi 1 ?= NT ecology - 2 Spizaetuscirrhatus 1, 4, ?5 <(J) - monitoring 2 4 Spizaetusbartelsi 1, 3, 4, 7 ?<< E ecology 1 2 Spizaetusnanus 1, 3 ?< V ecology 1 2 Spizaetuslanceolatus 1, 2 ?= NT ecology 1 2 Falcomoluccensis 4, ?5 < (J,S) - monitoring 2 5 • Threats:1--habitat loss;2--habitat degradation;3--forest fragmentation;4•hunting; 5--pesticides;6•improved sanitation;7-- low density/smallpopulation. Trend: <--decrease; <<--dramatic decrease;= -- (presumably)stable; J--Java; S--Sulawesi;B• Borneo. RDB Statusor Global ConservationStatus (after Collar et al. 1994): E--Endangered; V--Vulnerable; DD---data-deficient; NT--Near Threatened; ?--possiblecandidate. Refs.: 1--Van Balen et al. 1993; 2--Collar et al. 1994; 3--del Hoyo et al. 1994; 4•van Balen 1994; 5---Holmes 1995; 6---M. Poulsenand D. Permiasapers. comm.

(Whitten et al. 1996) has not yet resulted in an of Bacan and Halmahera Islands,and A. n. mortyz increasein either of thesespecies. of Morotai Island (White and Bruce 1986); Spizae- Decreased availability associatedwith the tus cirrhatusfloris of Sumbawa and Flores Islands, growing human population and increased sanita- Spizaetusnanus stresemanniof Nias Island, and Per- tion have perhaps affected only a few, scavenging nis p. ptilorhynchusof Java and P. p. torquatusof Su- raptors (e.g., Brahminy Kite in large cities on Java matra, Borneo, and peninsular (del Hoyo [van Balen et al. 1993]). et al. 1994). Only fragmentaryinformation is avail- able on migration routes of northern migratory RESEARCH raptors. (Ash 1984, 1993), the eastern There are severalspecific areas where further re- part of the (J.H. Becking pers. comm.), search is necessaryon Indonesian raptors (Table and the Puncakpass in westJava are known as pas- 3). It is not yet known what the long-term impact sagepoints, but huge stretchesin between and be- of logging will be on raptor populationsin Indo- yond need to be investigated. nesia. Selectivelogging leavesa relative high forest RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS cover which supports widespread populations of raptors.Several species of raptorsin Indonesiaare Future raptor studiesin Indonesia should focus so poorly studied that their taxonomic statusmay on the causesof declines of formerly common change as information on them increases(Sujat- open woodland species,habitat use and measure- nika et al. 1995). A number of island races, some ment of home ranges of raptors, effects of habitat vulnerable to extinction, may prove to be full spe- degradation and forest fragmentation, and migra- cies,such as Accipitergriseogularis comprising A. n0- tion routes of raptors over Indonesia. vaehollandiaeobiensis of Obi Island,A. n. griseogularis Large areas of Sulawesi,the Moluccas,Kaliman- 60 V•N BALEN VOL. 32, NO. 1 tan, and other areasvirtually are unexplored. The LITERATURE CITED possibleaddition of additional natural areas that ANDPEW, P. 1992. The birds of Indonesia. A checklist might be added to the current network is urgent. (Peters' Sequence). Indonesian Ornithological Soci- Raptors are either persecutedbecause they are ety,, Indonesia. suspectedof killing domesticfowl or becausethey 1993. The birds of Indonesia, Kukila checklist are sought as pets, especiallythe rarer ones. Public No. 1. Additions, corrections and notes--1. Kukila 6: education needs to be undertaken at all levels 47-52. through the use of posters,television spots, and ASH,J.S. 1984. Bird observations on Bali. Bull. Br. Orni- newspaperarticles to increaseawareness of the im- thol. Club 104:24-35. portance of raptors. Local bird-watching clubs 1993. Raptor migration on Bali. Forktail9:3-11. shouldbe supportedin monitoringthe passageof COLL•, NJ., MJ. CROSBY•N•) AJ. STATTERSFIELD.1994. Birds to watch: the world list of threatened birds. migratory raptors as well resident raptors. BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K. Captive breeding has become a popular issue, COOM•NS•)E RUITER,L. 1947. Roofvogelwaarnemingen and often too quickly consideredthe most impor- in Zuid-Celebes. Limosa 20:213-229. tant solution to preservea particular rare species. •)EL HoYo, J., A. ELLIOTTAND J. S•mt;^T^I•.1994. Hand- The Javan Hawk-eaglehas recently been indicated book of the birds of the world. Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, as a candidatefor sucha program. Before stepsare Barcelona, Spain. taken towards establishinga captive population, GROOMBPd•)GE,B. [E•).]. 1994. Biodiversitydata source- further considerationshould be given to the con- book. World ConservationMonitoring Centre. World tribution of sucha program to conservationof the ConservationPress, Cambridge, U.K. species,its effect on the wild population, and the HOLMES, D.A. 1995. Editorial. Kukila 7:85-90. availabilityof securehabitat for reintroducedbirds. JANES,S.W. 1985. Habitat selection in raptorial birds. A steering committee of local and international Pages159-188 in M.L. Cody [E•).], Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press, Orlando, FL U.S.A. experts in the field of raptor ecologyand conser- M_•CKINNON,J. AN•)J. WIN•). 1980. Birds of Indonesia. vation should superviseany future conservationac- FAO, Bogor, Indonesia. tion. Major steps have already been made by the MEYBURG,B.-U. 1986. Threatened and near-threatened adoption of an Action Plan by the "Focus Group diurnal birds of prey of the world. Birdsof PreyBull. for JavanHawk-eagle Conservation" and the estab- 3:1-12. lishment by the State Minister of Environment in -- AN•)S. vANBe•LEN. 1994. Raptorson Sulawesi(In- January 1997 of the "Working Group for Manage- donesia): the influence of rainforest destruction and ment of Indonesian Raptor Areas." Both initiatives human densityon their populations.Pages 269-276 are cooperative activities of the State Ministry of in B.-U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor [E•)s.], Raptor Environment, the Directorate General of Forest conservationtoday. World Working Group for Birds Protection and Nature Conservation (PHPA) and of Prey and Owls, London, U.K. the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) involv- SOZER,R. ANDV. NIJMAN.1995. Behavioralecology, dis- tribution and conservationof the Javan Hawk-eagle ing various national and international organiza- Spizaetusbartelsi Stresemann, 1924. Verslagen en tions, including BirdLife International-Indonesian TechnischeGegevens No. 20. Institute of Systematics Programme. and Population Biology,Univ. Amsterdam,The Neth- The commitment of Indonesia's Government to erlands. preserveits local wildlife is attestedto by the adop- SUJATNIKA,P., P.R. JEPSON,T. SOEHARTONO,MJ. CROSBY tion of two of its birds of prey as the mascot of AND A. MARDIASTUTI.1995. Conserving Indonesian Jakarta (Brahminy Kite) and as a national symbol biodiversity:the endemic bird area approach. PHPA (Javan Hawk-eagle). The former is Indonesia's and BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme,Ja- most ubiquitous raptor and the second is one of karta, Indonesia. its rarest birds of prey. THEWLIS,R.M., J.W. DUCKWORTHAND G.Q.A. ANDERSON. 1995. Ornithological records from Laos. Forktail 11: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 47-100. THIOLLAY,J.-M. 1996a. Rainforestraptor communitiesin I would like to thank the Peregrine Fund and Dr. Rick Watson in particular for financial support to attend the Sumatra: the conservationvalue of traditional agro- symposium.Paul Jepson, Michael Poulsen, Prof. C.M. forests.Pages 245-260 in D.M. Bird, D.E. Varland and White and an anonymousreviewer gave useful comments J.J. Negro [E•)s.], Raptor adaptationsto human influ- on drafts of the paper,for which I am very grateful. enced environments. Academic Press, London, U.K. M•CH 1998 R•TO•,S IN INDONESIA 61

1996b. The raptor community of Nias Island, VANHELVOORT, B. 1981. Bird populationsin the rural Sumatra: surveyand conservation.Kukila 8:113-116. ecosystemsof WestJava. Student Report No. 560. Ag- • ^Nr>B.-U. ME•mUV,C,. 1988. Forest fragmentation ricultural Univ., Wageningen,The Netherlands. and the conservationof raptors: a surveyon the is- vAN M^RLE,J.G. AND K.H. Voous. 1988. The birds of land of Java. Biol. Conserv.44:229-250. Sumatra. B.O.U. Check-list10. British Ornithologists' V^N B^LEN, S. 1994. The status and conservation of birds Union, London, U.K. of prey in the Sondaicand Wallaceanregions of In- YONWURMB, E 1779-1782. Verhandelingenvan het Ba- donesia. Pages 245-254 in B.-U. Meyburg and R.D. taviaascheGenootschap van Kunstenen Wetenschap- Chancellor [EDS.], Raptor conservationtoday. World pen. Vol. 1-4. Working Group for Birds of Prey and Owls,London, WHITE, C.M.N. AND M.D. BRUCE. 1986. The birds of Wal- U.K. lacea (Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Is- -- ^•r) B.-U. M•YBuv,c. 1994. The Java Hawk-eagle lands, Indonesia): an annotated check-list. B.O.U Spizaetusbartelsi: results of recent researchon distri- Check-list7. British Ornithologists' Union, London, bution statusand ecology.Pages 89-92 in B.-U. Mey- U.K. burg and R.D. Chancellor [Er)s.], Raptor conserva- WHITTEN, T., R.E. SOERIAATMADJ^AND S.A. AFIFF. 1996 tion today.World Working Group for Birds of Prey and Owls, London, U.K. The ecologyof Java and Bali. Periplus,. •, I.S. SuwE•.o 2•Nr) D.S. H•d)I. 1993. The decline of the Brahminy Kite Haliastur induson Java. Forktail 8:83-88. Received16 October1996; accepted 11 November1997 62 v• B•d•E•q VoL. 32, No. 1

Appendix 1. Distribution of raptors in Indonesia. Sequence, nomenclature, and subregionalboundaries follow Andrew (1992).

R 1 S DISTRIBUTION HABITAT

Osprey (Pandionhaliaetus) <> R/M JB T S K C M I C Jerdon's B•a (Avicedajerdoni) < R - - S K C M - LR/SR/SS Pacific Baza ( subcristata) > R - T C M I LM/R/SR/SS Black Baza (Avicedaleuphotes) < M J - S SS/A Long-tailed Buzzard ( Henicopernislongicauda) P R - I LR/SR Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernisptilorhynchus) < R/M JB T S K C M -LR/FE/SS Barred Honey-buzzard (Perniscelebensis) < R - C LR/FE Bat Hawk (Macheiramphusalcinus)

R/M - T S - C M I LM/FE/G/SS ( Haliastursphenurus) > R - I F/G/SS Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) <> R JB T S K C M I F/C/G/SS White-bellied Sea-eagle(Haliaeetus leucogaster) <> R JB T S K C M I F/C LesserFish-eagle (Ichthyophaga humills) < R - - S K C F/C Grey-headed Fish-eagle( Ichthyophagaichthyaetus) < R J - S K C F Short-toed Eagle (Circaetusgallicus) < R JB T LM/FE/G/SS Crested Serpent-eagle($pilornis cheela) < R JB - S K LR/SR/SS SulawesiSerpent-eagle ( Spilornisrufipectus) E R - C LR/SR/G/SS Spotted (Circusassimilis) > R/M - T C G/SS P•ed Harrier (Circus melanoleucos) < V - K F/G/SS Western Marsh-harrier (Circusaeruginosus) < V - - S F/G Eastern Marsh-harrier (Circusspilonotus)

M - i F/s Crested Goshawk(Accipiter t•ivirgatus) < R J - S K LR SulawesiGoshawk (Accipiter griseiceps) E R - C LR Sh•kra (Accipiterbadius) < M - - S LR Chinese Goshawk (Accipitersoloensis) < M JB T S K C M I LM/FE/LR Spot-tailedGoshawk ( A ccipitertrinotatus) E R - C LR/SR Brown Goshawk (A ccipiterJhsciatus) > R - T C M I LR/SR Grey Goshawk( Accipiternovaehollandiae) > R - T M I F/LR/G/FE/SS Black-mantledGoshawk (Accipiter melanochlamys) P R - I MR Moluccan Goshawk(Accipiter henicogrammus) E R - M - LR Grey-headedGoshawk (A ccipiterpoliocephalus) P R - I LR/FE/SS JapaneseSparrowhawk (Accipitergularis) < M JB T S K C LM/LR/FE/SS Besra (Accipitervirgatus) < R JB T S K LR/SR/MR Small Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nanus) E R - C LR/SR/MR Collared Sparrowhawk(Accipiter cirrocephalus) > R - I LR Rufbus-neckedSparrowhawk (Accipiter erythrauchen) E R - M - LR Vinous-breastedSparrowhawk (Accipiter rhodogaster) E R - C LR Meyer's Goshawk (Accipitermeyerianus) > R - M I LR Chestnut-shoulderedGoshawk (Accipiterbuergersi) P R - I SR Doria's Hawk (Accipiterdoriae) P R - I LR/SR Rufous-wingedBuzzard ( Butasturliventer) < R J C LM/LR/SR/G/SS Grey4hced Buzzard ( Butasturindicus) < M J ? S - C M I FE/LM/LR/G/SS Common Buzzard (Buteobuteo) < M JB FE/G/SS New Guinea Eagle ( Harpyopsisnovaeguineae) P R - 1 LR/SR/MR/FE Black Eagle (Ictinaetusmalayensis) < R JB - S K C M - LR/SR Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) < V - - S C Gurney's Eagle (Aquilagurneyi) P R - M I C/F/LR/G Wedge-tailed Eagle (Aquila audax) > R - I F/G Bonelli's Eagle ( Hieraaetusfasciatus) < R - T LM/FE Booted Eagle ( Hieraaetuspennatus) < V J LR MARCH 1998 RAPTORS IN INDONESIA 63

Appendix 1. Continued.

R • S DISTRIBUTION HABITAT

Little Eagle ( Hieraaetusmorphnoides) • R - M I LR/SR Rufous-belliedEagle (Hieraaetuskienerii) ( R JB T S K C M - LR ChangeableHawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus) ( R JB T S K LM/LR/FE/G/SS Javan Hawk-eagle( Spizaetusbartelsi) E R J LR/SR SulawesiHawk-eagle ( Spizaetuslanceolatus) E R - C LR/SR Blyth'sHawk-eagle ( Spizaetusalboniger) • R - - S K SR/MR Wallace'sHawk-eagle ( Spizaetusnanus) • R - - S K LR Black-thighedFalconet (Microhieraxfringillarius) ( R JB - S K LR/FE/SS Brown (Falcoberigora) • R - I LR/SR/MR/G/SS Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) • M - - S G/SS Spotted Kestrel (Falcomoluccensis) E R JB T - K C M I G/SS Australian Kestrel (Falcocenchroides) • V J T M I G Eurasian Hobby (Falcosubbuteo) • V J T FE/G/SS Oriental Hobby (Falcoseverus) () R JB T S K C M I LR AustralianHobby (Falcolongipennis) ) R/M - T C M I FE Peregrine Falcon (Falcoperegrinus) () R/M JB T S K C M I FE/G • R (Range): (--western extension;)--eastern extension;E-•endemic Indonesia;P--found in PNG. (S) Status:R--resident; M-- migrant;V--vagrant. Distribution:JB--Java/Bali; T--Lesser Sundas;S•Sumatra; K--Kalimantan; C•Sulawesi; M---Moluccas;I--Ir•an Jaya (after Andrew 1992, 1993). Habitat: LM--lowland forest; LR-•lowland rainforest; SR--submontanc rainforest; MR-- montanerainforest; C--coastal and mangroveforest; F--freshwater bodies; S--swamp forest; FE--forest edge;SS---secondary forest/ scrub;G•grass and open woodland;A agriculturalland (after MacKinnon and Wind 1980, own observations).