Resumo Dos V´Ideos Propostos De F740

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Resumo Dos V´Ideos Propostos De F740 Resumo dos V´ıdeosPropostos de F740 - Grupo 2 Gabriel Martins (197328), Ian Barboza (174822), Anderson Pitoli (166188) Junho 2020 1 Atom: Clash of Titans - Ep. 1 Neste epis´odio,´ediscorrida a hist´oriada teoria at^omicano s´eculo20, desde seus prim´ordios at´esuas considera¸c~oesatuais. No final do s´eculo19, tal teoria n~aoera de interesse da comunidade cient´ıfica,visto que ate ent~aon~aoparecia ter utilidade pr´atica;foi com o surgimento de motores `avapor que as aten¸c~oes se voltaram a esse campo de estudo, buscando uma maior efici^enciados gases utilizados. A prova de exist^enciado ´atomoveio atrav´esde Einstein em 1907, visando explicar a vibra¸c~aodas part´ıculasde p´olenem ´agua,e a partir da´ı, come¸cou-sea especula¸c~aode como tais ´atomosseriam e como se comportariam. O primeiro modelo que aparece no document´ariofoi o de Rutherford, que afirmava que toda a carga positiva do ´atomo,e portanto toda sua massa, est´a concentrada em seu centro, numa regi~aochamada de n´ucleo,que era cerca de 100.000 vezes menor que a elestrosfera que o cobria. O modelo resultou dos experimentos com a radia¸c~ao,particularmente a radia¸c~aoalfa, e sua reflex˜ao em uma folha de ouro. Por´em,havia um fen^omenoque n~aopodia ser explicado pelo modelo de Rutherford, as linhas espectrais observadas ao energizar gases. Niels Bohr cria ent~aoseu modelo, junto com a ´areade estudo que ficou conhecida como mec^anicaqu^antica, ele utilizava a teoria de saltos qu^anticos, que dizia que as linhas espectrais aconteciam devido `alibera¸c~aode energia na forma de radia¸c~aoem saltos que os el´etronsrealizavam entre suas poss´ıveis ´orbitas. Tal teoria n~aofoi bem aceita pela comunidade cient´ıficada ´epoca, e contra-argumentos para ela surgiram em seguida. Um desses argumentos foi propostos por Erwin Schr¨ondinger, com sua famosa equa¸c~ao,que dizia que o el´etronse comportava como uma onda na eletros- fera, e sua vibra¸c~aodava a impress~aode "nuvens", chamadas de orbitais. Essa afirma¸c~aoproporcionava uma vis~aosimplista do ´atomo,o que agradava `acomu- nidade cient´ıfica,e ia de frente com as teorias de Bohr e de outro important´ıssimo f´ısico,Werner Heisenberg. Para Heisenberg, a dificuldade de estudar os ´atomosestava na sua im- possibilidade de ser descrito de maneira simples, o que o leva `auma abor- dagem matem´aticado assunto, gerando assim a Matem´aticade Matrizes, que novamente n~aofoi bem aceita pela comunidade cient´ıfica, principalmente por Schr¨ondinger.Mais tarde, Heisenberg e Bohr tamb´emdesenvolveriam o Princ´ıpio 1 de Incerteza, que afirmava que n~ao´eposs´ıvel saber com exatid~aoo momento e a posi¸c~aode uma part´ıcula ao mesmo tempo. Quando apresentada na con- fer^enciade Solvay, em 1927, as afirma¸c~oespropostas por Heisenebrg e Bohr foram fortemente criticadas por f´ısicosmais velhos, dentre eles at´eo pr´oprio Einstein, mas saiu como a teoria "vitoriosa" entre os cientistas, e surgiu assim a Interpreta¸c~aode Copenhagen, que afirma que o el´etronse propaga como uma onda mas interage como uma part´ıcula,respeitando a equa¸c~aode Schr¨ondinger e o princ´ıpiode incerteza, sendo aceita at´ehoje como o melhor modelo at^omico desenvolvido pela humanidade. 2 Atom: The Key To The Cosmos - Ep. 2 Nesse document´arioJim Al-Khalili's introduz a discuss~aoabordando a primeira descoberta sobre o ´atomo,o seu tamanho. As compara¸c~oesfeitas nos d~aouma ideia da dimens~aoat^omicaa ser abordada constantemente durante todo o doc- ument´ario,e ent~aouma discuss~aosobre as diferentes formas que os ´atomos se apresentam ´einiciada e por fim a discuss~aose volta para a cria¸c~aodos mesmos, que vem a ser elaborada durante toda a extens~aodo document´ario O primeiro passo do estudo dos ´atomosse d´acom a cientista Marie Curie e sua pesquisa sobre um material que ela descobriu e nomeou como R´adioe sobre sua incr´ıvel capacidade de armazenar energia. Com a radioatividade provinda do R´adio,os cientistas foram capazes de observar a primeira transforma¸c~aoda mat´eria,com a intera¸c~aoda radia¸c~aodo R´adiocom os gases que formam o ar, diante aos olhos de Ernest Rutherford. O cientista ent~aodesenvolveu uma teoria sobre a estrutura dos ´atomosdos gases contidos no ar. Rutheford detalhou a teoria dos n´ucleosque acabara de elaborar: con- stitu´ıdos de esferas indestrut´ıveis, os pr´otonss~aoos objetos que formam os n´ucleosdos ´atomos,e tamb´em,que com a jun¸c~aode diferentes n´umerosde pr´otonsera poss´ıvel se obter os diferentes elementos da tabela, mas a diferen¸ca de peso dos n´ucleosobservadas pelo Francis W. Aston com seu espectr^ometrode massa intrigaram a comunidade cient´ıficasobre a teoria do n´ucleode Rutherford. Sendo assim, os N^eutrons foram finalmente analisados por James Chadwick na estrutura dos ´atomos. Uma quest~aoestudada foi sobre a carga dos constituintes do n´ucleoat^omico. Os cientistas da ´epoca ent~aoforam surpreendidos com uma nova for¸canatural: a for¸canuclear forte, que mant´em todos os pr´otons e n^eutronscondensados no n´ucleo.Uma for¸cat~aointensa ´ecapaz de gerar toda a energia solar que o planeta terra precisa. A for¸caeletromagn´eticaainda h´ade ser analisada para o equil´ıbrio,j´aque essa for¸catamb´emse faz valer para que o ´atomoseja est´avel. Em 1940, fora identificado a estabilidade incr´ıvel que o ´atomode ferro possui, e como os ´atomosmais leves tentam se fundir em elementos mais densos para que se aproximem da estabilidade do ferro, e elementos mais densos tendem a efetuar uma fiss˜aopara que se tornem mais leves e novamente mais pr´oximos do ferro buscando a estabilidade at^omica. Fred Hoyle buscava entender onde press~oese temperaturas t~aoaltas pode- 2 riam ser encontradas para que fosse poss´ıvel acontecer a fus~aode elementos pesados, e sua resposta se daria nas estrelas bem maiores que nosso sol, e, principalmente, em supernovas espalhadas pelo universo. Mas al´emdisso, al- gumas quest~oesainda estavam a ser explicadas: De onde surgiu todo o H´elioe o Hidrog^enioque est´acontido em nosso Sol? E do resto em nossa gal´axia?A teoria que surgira na ´epoca sobre uma imensa explos~aoque teria dado origem ao universo fora teoricamente comprovada com a observa¸c~aodos ru´ıdosresiduais do radiotelesc´opiolocalizado em Nova Jersey. Ent~ao,a teoria de George Gamow sobre o Big Bang ter tido energia suficiente para se criar todo o hidrog^enioe h´elioexistente no universo, em jun¸c~aocom a teoria de Fred Hpyle, fora o su- ficiente para estabilizar o nosso conhecimento b´asicosobre o Cosmos, partindo de um ´atomode Hidrog^enio. 3 Atom: Ilusion of Reality - Ep. 3 Nesse terceiro e ´ultimoepis´odio,´eapresentado e discutido os impactos das descobertas mais recentes a respeito dos ´atomos,come¸candopela apresenta¸c~ao dos dois maiores precedentes para as grandes revolu¸c~oescient´ıficasdo s´eculo XX: o estudo dos raios de alta energia, por Victor Francis Hess, que provou que esses raios n~aovinham apenas da Terra, mas tamb´emdo espa¸co,nomeados ent~aode raios c´osmicos; e tamb´emo estudo sobre a energia emitida por ´atomos, a radioatividade, com colabora¸c~aode grandes cientistas como Curie, Einstein e Rutherford. Em 1925, Paul Dirac decide adotar como objetivo a unifica¸c~aoda ci^enciae juntar todos seus ramos isolados em uma grande entidade. Isso significava jun- tar as equa¸c~oesda mec^anicaqu^antica com a teoria da Relatividade de Einstein, que aparentava n~aoestar relacionada aos ´atomosem si, mas sim na descri¸c~aodo espa¸co-tempo e como o comportamento de objetos pr´oximosda velocidade da luz ´ebem diferente do esperado. Depois de 3 anos, ele chega em uma equa¸c~ao que descreve o movimento de qualquer part´ıculaat^omicaem qualquer veloci- dade (equa¸c~aode Dirac), algo em que ele j´aesperava chegar. Por´em,analisando sua pr´opriaequa¸c~ao,ele percebeu que ela n~aopossu´ıauma, mas duas respostas. A equa¸c~aodescrevia algo revolucion´ario:a exist^enciade "part´ıculasreversas" para cada part´ıcula,ou seja, a exist^enciade anti-mat´eria;e que mat´eria e anti- mat´eria,ao entrarem em contato, se aniquilam e geram uma explos~aode energia pura equivalente `assuas massas (E = mc2). O pr´oprioDirac teve dificuldades em aceitar o que sua pr´opriaequa¸c~aoestava dizendo, mas em 1932, o f´ısico Carl Anderson descobriu evid^enciade part´ıculasid^enticas aos el´etronsenquanto estudava raios c´osmicos,mas elas possu´ıamcargas opostas. Essas part´ıculas de- scobertas por ele ficaram conhecidas como p´ositrons, a anti-mat´eriado el´etron. A equa¸c~aode Dirac possu´ıaum problema por´em,que era o fato de que ela descrevia apenas um el´etronsozinho. Anos depois, Richard Feynman usa essa teoria para descrever como os el´etronsfuncionam em um todo atrav´esdo campo eletromagn´etico,e deu origem ao campo da Eletrodin^amicaQu^antica. Uma das principais consequ^encias,al´emde uma enorme precis~aoem obter resultados com 3 os el´etrons,´eo fato de que seria necess´arioretrabalhar como vemos o v´acuo. O v´acuon~ao´eapenas um determinado espa¸coconfinado com absolutamente nada dentro. H´aatividades que ocorrem no v´acuo,como a constante cria¸c~ao e aniquila¸c~aode part´ıculas,mesmo que seja t~aor´apido ao ponto de ser prati- camente impercept´ıvel. A teoria da Eletrodin^amicaQu^antica por´emenfrentou muita resist^enciaem ser aceita pelos f´ısicosna ´epoca que foi proposta.
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