A POCKET GUIDE T O AUSTRALI A prepared by

SPECIAL SERVICE DIVISION, SERVICES OF SUPPL Y

UNITED STATES ARMY

WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENT S

WASHINGTON, D . C .

INFANTRY JOURNAL Library

CONTENT S

The Other Side of the World r A Pioneer Land 3 The Empty Heart of Australia zo

The People "Down Under " 1 2 Waltzing Matilda 20

The Australian Commonwealth 33 The States 37 Miscellaneous Information 42 Australia at War 43 Cobbers 45 Australian Slang J&UMd,Oc 3 Aiwa ro'~ iM ~no~amcl aQQ . 46 YOU and your outfit have been ordered to Australia a s a part of a world-wide offensive against Hitler and th e Australia is about th e Japs-a drive that will end in Tokyo and Berlin . same size as the Unite d You're going to meet a people who like Americans an d States . It measures ap- whom you will like . The Australians have much i n proximately 2,400 mile s East to West and 2,00 0 common with us-they're a pioneer people ; they believe miles North to South, in personal freedom ; they love sports ; and they're out to lick the Axis all the way . But there are a lot of differences too-their ways of living and thinking on al l sorts of things-like tea, central heating, the best way to spend Sunday, or saluting officers and such . You'll fin d out about all those, but the main point is they like us, and we like them. Since American troops first landed in Australia, th e Australians have gone out of their way to welcome the m and make them feel at home . Australian newspapers have used up newsprint (and it's scarce) to print baseball scores and major league standings and home town news-an d But this isn't supposed to be an Emily Post on how to even American cooking recipes for housewives. The Gov- get along in Australia . It's simply a short guide book to ernment has made American money legal tender in the give you a quick picture of what the Australians and thei r country and set up special exchange rates for America n country are like, and what you may meet there . soldiers . And Australian audiences, at theatres and con- A PIONEER LAN D certs, honor our national anthem by rising when the Sta r Spangled Banner is played . AUSTRALIA is one of the newest countries in the No people on earth could have given us a better, warmer world-yet the continent itself is one of the oldest. A hun- welcome and we'll have to live up to it . dred and fifty years ago, it was an empty land about th e There is one thing to get straight, right off the bat . You size of the United States, inhabited by only a few hundre d aren't in Australia to save a helpless people from th e thousand natives-the Australians call them "Abos" (fo r savage Jap . Maybe there are fewer people in Australia Aborigines)-living about the same way they did in the than there are in New York City, but their soldiers, i n Stone Age . this war and the last, have built up a great fighting record . In a century and a half it has become a land of fine , For three years now, they've fought on nearly every battl e modern cities, booming factories turning out war material , front of the war ; they've suffered heavy losses in Crete , and fighting men, famous everywhere. It's a land of great Libya, Greece, and Malaya ; and they're still in there pitch- plains, millions of sheep and cattle, of gold mines and ing . The Australians need our help in winning this war, of deserts and funny animals . And it's one of the world' s course, but we need theirs just as much . You might remem- greatest democracies . ber this story when you get into an argument about "who' s going to win the war " : Not so long ago in a bar, an American soldier turned to an Australian next to hi m and said : "Well, Aussie, you can go home now . We've come over to save you." The Aussie cracked back : "Have you? I thought you were a refugee from Pearl Harbor ." 2 3

NFANTRY JOURNAL JUbrary

LONDON CAIRO BOMBAY HONOLULU SAN FRANCISCO NEW YORK ] A . M . 4 A . M . ]130 A . M . 3130 P . M . 6 P . M . 9P.M . TODAY TODAY TODAY YESTERDAY YESTERDAY YESTERDAY

N MOST maps, Australia i s tralia lies below the equator where - it is today on the left-hand page , time between Australia and th e O shown away down in the left - as the United States lies above it . it is yesterday for places on the West Coast of the United State s hand corner by itself, a fact tha t As a result the seasons are reversed . right-hand page . When you are i n is 3 to 4 weeks . Because o f makes Americans think it's a long When it is winter in the Unite d Sydney, you are x8 hours ahead of the war, sea transport now take s way from nowhere . This map give s States it is summer in Australi a San Francisco time . For instance even longer . But aviation ha s a truer picture of Australia in rela- and vice versa . The Internationa l when it is noon on Wednesday i n brought the two countries clos e tion to the rest of the world an d Date Line runs north and sout h Sydney, it is 6 p . m . on Tuesday together . The regular clipper used clearly indicates its strategic impor- through the Pacific-just about at in San Francisco and 9 p . M . i n to take 5 days and a special plan e tance . You will notice that Aus - the fold of these two pages . When New York . The normal shipping has made the trip in 36 hours . or tangled with the harsh laws of the time in some othe r KOALA BEARS way. All told, in the first 40 or 50 years of the settlement of Australia, England shipped over about 16o,ooo so-calle d convicts, but the traffic was stopped by 1868 . For 50 years, the colonists of New South Wales (th e e Opening Up a New Continent . The year the Constitutio n first settlement, around Sydney) stayed close to th of the United States was ratified, 11 ships sailed from coastal area, except for a few expeditions by boat alon g t England under the command of Capt . Arthur Phillip of the coast line . The Blue Mountains, behind Sydney, kep the settler from penetrating into the interior of the conti- the Royal Navy. They carried about a thousand passengers , bound for the other side of the world to settle a new land . nent, until in 1813, three pioneers, seeking new pasture Eight months later, after a voyage of 16,ooo miles (there for their growing herds, found a pass over the range an d weren't any Suez or Panama Canals in those days) the y discovered the great grasslands on the other side . put in at Botany Bay in southeast Australia . It wasn't a Gradually, in the next 6o years, a small group of in- good spot for a permanent settlement so they moved on quisitive courageous men, explored the vast continent- along the coast, finally stopping at the site of what is no w men like our own Lewis and Clark who helped open up Australia's largest city, Sydney . the West. a In a left-handed way, the United States had somethin g The population grew slowly in the early years, until to do with the settlement of Australia . You see, Englan d big gold strike was made in the Bathurst District of Ne w in the early days used to send its surplus convicts to Amer- South Wales. Not long after other gold fields wer e e ica. But after the colonies had declared their independence , found-in Ballarat, once the richest gold mine in th the British had to find some other place to send convict s world; and at the famous "Golden Mile" in Kalgoorlie i n from their over-crowded jails . Nearly half of the first grou p western Australia where miners could pick chunks of to land on the new continent were prisoners-men wh o gold the size of your fist off the side of a hill . These suc- were on the wrong side in politics, or had got into debt, cessive gold rushes brought thousands to the continen t and the population doubled in about 7 years . 6 7

JANUARY 26, 1788 I5 .-.' REALLY AUSTRALIA'S S' THE 'TRUTH BIRTHDAY. ON THAT DAY IT ARTHUR PHILLIP, WITH ALTHOUGH IT IS THE OLDEST CONTIN- A4 ABOUT 1000 MEN ESTABLISHED TH E ENT (GEOLOGICALLY) AUSTRALI A FIRST REAL SETTLEMENT AT WHAT I S WAS THE LAST CONTINENT TO B E NOW THE GREAT CITY OF SYDNEY . IT WAS THE SAME YEAR IN WHICH THE U.S. OCCUPIED BY WHITE MEN . CONSTITUTION WAS RATIFIED BY THE STATES : WHO DISCOVERED AUSTRALIA ? GUNS FROM A PORTUGUESE MAN - OF-WAR OF THE 15TH OR 16T!+ CENTURY HAVE BEEN FOUND IN NORTHWESTER N AUSTRALIA : AFTER THE PORTUGUES E CAME THE SPANIARDS . BUT NONE OF THEM STAYED . ', TASMAN , WAS FIRST A DUTCH EXPLORER ; q DISCOVERED As- SAILED ALONG AUSTRALIA S IN QUANTITY COASTLINE IN 1642 , TH E IN 1851 BYA MINER NAMED HARGRAVES STATE OF I S WHO HAD JUST RETURNED FROM CAL - ' ~arwv . NAMED AFTER HIM . IFORNIA. THE GOLD RUSH DOUBLED AUSTRALI A'S POPULATION IN 7 YEARS !

' CAP? COOK , AN AUSTRALIAN , SI R IN 1770, EXPLORED THE EAS T CHARLES KINGSFORD - COAST AND CALLED IT NEW O PIL O , WAS FIRST MA N dimilrOP SOUTH WALES . HE LANDED AT TO PILOT A PLANE FROM BOTANY BAY AND CLAIME D THE U.S .TO AUSTRALIA . TWO OF HIS COM - AUSTRALIA AS A BRITIS H PANIONS ON THAT HISTORIC TRIP WERE i ,, ~~. POSSESSION . AMERICANS . THE EMPTY HEART OF AUSTRALI A Space and More Space . There's a signpost in Melbourne, IT MAY seem strange that 3 million square miles o f Australia 's second largest city that gives a pretty good land-about as many as there are in the United States- idea of the bigness of the continent . It reads : have only 7 million people living on them . But there' s Cairns 2, 614 mile s good reason for it . Brisbane 1, 349 miles Only the fringes, the coastal regions, are fertile enoug h Sydney 682 miles for good farming. A little less than half of all the land i s Like Americans, Australians can travel thousands of dry and only a quarter of that is fit for pasture lan d miles in a straight line and still be in their own country . under normal conditions . About a third of the country is From Darwin in the north to Tasmania, the island state , good grassland for cattle and sheep raising and a fifth i s just across the Bass Strait from Melbourne is 2,200 miles, fair-to-middling farming country . Then there is a tropi- and from Brisbane on the east coast to Perth on the cal and semi-tropical region, along the east coast of Queens - Indian Ocean, is another 2,000 miles or so. land and in the northeast section . Because of all that space, a lot of people get the idea tha t The seasons in Australia, because it is in the Souther n Australians live mostly on farms or on sheep and cattle Hemisphere, are just the opposite of ours . Summer is i n stations (ranches) . They don't. Most Australians live in December, January, and February ; fall comes in March , the coast cities-one-third of all the people living in the April, and May ; winter in June, July, and August an d two largest, Sydney and Melbourne . And the greater part spring in our football season, September, October, an d of them make their living in industry. November . In the southeast and the east are the best farming, cattl e The shaded areas of this map and sheep ranching and most of Australia's industry . And roughly indicate Australia' s there are the continent's highest mountains, the Grea "good country." In these t coastlands are found most o f Dividing Range, with large forests and good skiing in the farms, most of the in- winter. The western and central parts of the continent are dustries and, therefore, mos t dry land, bare of people, except for the roaming tribe s of the people . Much of th e 10 unshaded area is desert . 11

of "Abos." The lakes you see on Australian maps hardl y were. What you are we will some day be." And just a short ever hold any water, they're just dry salt-pans much time ago Australian War Minister Francis Forde said : "We like parts of our own southwestern desert region . feel that our fate and that of America are indissolubl y linked. We know that our destinies go hand in hand an d THE PEOPLE "DOWN UNDER " that we rise and fall together. And we are proud and EXCEPT for the 70,000 or so primitive "Abos" who roam confident in that association ." the waste lands, the Australians are nearly roo percen t You'll find the Australians an outdoors kind of people , Anglo-Saxon stock-English, Irish, Scotch, and Wels h breezy and very democratic. They haven't much respect for who through courage and ingenuity made a living an d stuffed shirts, their own or anyone else's. They're a gen- built a great nation out of a harsh, empty land . They built eration closer to their pioneer ancestors than we are to ours , great cities, organized a progressive democracy and estab- so it's natural that they should have a lively sense of inde- lished a sound economic system, for all of which they'r e pendence and "rugged individualism," But they have, too , justly proud . a strong sense of cooperation . The worst thing an Aus- And they're proud too of their British heritage and to tralian can say about anyone is: "He let his cobbers (pals) be a member of the British Commonwealth-but they still down." A man can be a "dag" (a cutup) or "rough as bags " like to run their own business and they take great prid e (a tough guy), but if he sticks with the mob, he's all right . in their independence . They resent being called a colony If an Australian ever says to you that you are "game as and think of themselves as a great nation on their ow n Ned Kelly," you should feel honored . It's one of the best hook, which they are . And it's natural that they shoul d things he can say about you . It means that you have th e find themselves drawn closer and closer to Americans be- sort of guts he admires, and that there's something about cause of the many things we have in common . They look you that reminds him of Ned Kelly . Kelly was a bush- at the swift development that has made the United State s ranger (a backwoods highwayman) and not a very goo d a great power in a few generations, and compare ou r citizen, but he had a lot of courage that makes Aus- growth with theirs. Nearly 40 years ago, an Australia n tralians talk about him as we used to talk about Jess e James or Billy the Kid . statesman said of the United States : "What we are, yo u 13 12

THERE ARE 120 MILLION SHEE P IN AUSTRALIA - 40 SHEEP FO R Of course, the best thing any Australian can say about EVERY SQUARE MILE . NO WONDE R you is that you're a "bloody fine barstud ." ITS THE NO.1 WOOL PRODUCIN G You'll find that the Digger is a rapid, sharp, and un- r R COUNTRY IN THE WORLD! sparing kidder, able to hold his own with Americans o anyone else. He doesn't miss a chance to spar back and forth and he enjoys it all the more if the competition i s 12 tough . X3 Another thing, the Digger is instantaneously sociable . OP ALL THE SEVEN a- o MILLION PEOPLE I N Riding on the same train with American troops, a mob o f AUSTRALIA LIVE I N Aussies are likely to descend on the Yanks, investigat e I THE TWO GREAT CITIES ~~I their equipment, ask every kind of personal question, fin d SYDNEY AND I 1( Cp OF . out if there's any liquor to be had, and within 5 minutes b e MELBOURNE ! showing pictures of their girls and families . One Aussie, a successful kid cartoonist, who got himsel f transferred to an American unit for a week, could hav e IS DOTTED WITH WHITE AN T run for mayor and been elected after 2 days in camp. He (TERM/-E) NESTS SHAPED LIKE knew the first name and history of every man and office r A SKYSCRAPER AND USUALLY and had drawn portraits of some of the officers . TALLER THAN A MAN . THEY AL- 11 } Being simple, direct, and tough, especially if he comes WAYS POINT NORTH AND SOUTH ! from "Outback, " the Digger is often confused and non- plussed by the "manners" of Americans in mixed com- pany or even in camp. To him those many "bloody thank you's" and "pleases" Americans use are a bit sissi- AUSTRALIA HAS A fied. But, on the other side of the fence, if you ask a n POLL-TAX . IT COSTS Australian for an address in a city you happen to be, he NOT TO VOT Goo E 15

won't just tell you . He'll walk eight blocks or more to . AN INSECT KEPT G show you. ~~~),, AUSTRALIA FROM BEIN (r SETTLED EARLIER .THE CORA L There's one thing about Americans that delights him . ((I(' "INSECT" BUILT THE GREAT BAR- That is our mixed ancestry. A taxi driver told an Ameri- RIER REEF WHICH SCREENS TH E can correspondent about three soldiers he hauled about on FERTILE COAST OF FO R e 1200 MILES . EXPLORERS FOUND THE REE F night : "One was Italian, one was Jewish, and the other AND OVERLOOKED THE CONTINENT BEHIND IT . told me he was half Scotch and half soda," said the hacker , roaring with laughter . HOW AUSTRALIA GOT ITS NAM E There's one thing you'll run into-Australians know a s A SPANISH EXPLORER WHO HAD NEV- little about our country as we do about theirs . To the m ER SEEN THE GREAT SOUTH CONTIN - all American soldiers are "Yanks"-and always will be . ENT NAMED IT "AUSTRIALIA DEL ((~)r'% Australians, like Americans again, live pretty much i n ESPIRITU SANTO" IN HONOR OF / AUSTRIAN-BORN PHILIP III OF SPAIN . 1 T the present and the future, and pay little mind to the past . IN TRANSLATION THIS WAS MIS - If they are still in effect, you might get annoyed at th e SPELLED SPELLED AUSTRALIA . "blue laws" which make Australian cities pretty dull place s on Sundays. For all their breeziness, the Australians don' t go in for a lot of drinking or woo-pitching in public, es- DINKUM pecially on Sunday. So maybe the bars, the movies, and the dance halls won't be open on Sundays, but there are a lo t OI L of places in America where that's true too. DOESNT COME OU T There's no use beefing about OF A WELL . IT 'S it-it's their country . SIMPLY AUSTRALIA N It's the Same Language Too. We all speak the same lan- MINIMUM WAGE S SLANG FOR TH E REAL TRUTH , TH E guage-the British, the Australians, and us-our versions FOR BIG INDUSTRIE S IN AUSTRALIA HAV E STRICT LOWDOWN . of it. Probably the only difficulty you'll run into her Lei e BEEN ESTABLISHED (SEE SLANG GLOSSARY 16 BY ARBITRATION COURTS 'AT END OF THIS BOOK ) EVER SINCE 1907.

is the habit Australians have of pronouncing "a" as "i"- Australian Songs and Singing . Australians, like Russians, for instance, "the trine is lite todi ." Some people say i t are natural group singers . It's one of the great differences sounds like the way London Cockneys talk, but good Aus- you'll notice between American camps and Australian - tralians resent that-and it isn't true anyway . the singing. Thanks to our movies, the average Australian has some Aussie soldiers and girls know every American popula r working knowledge of our slang, but it'll take you a whil e song from Stephen Foster's My Old Kentucky Home t o to get on to theirs . To them a "right guy" is a "fai r the latest tune of a year or so ago . The very latest jiv e dinkum" ; a hard worker is a "grafter" and "to feel crook" stuff may confuse them a bit, but they're catching on afte r means to feel lousy ; while "beaut" means swell . Australian listening to American regimental swing bands . The hit slang is so colorful, and confusing, that a whole chapte r song in Australia today is Bless Them All, which has be- is devoted to it at the end of this book . come almost a national epidemic-the Aussies sing it wit h Also, the Australian has few equals in the world at curious variations from the original lyrics . swearing except maybe the famous American mule skinner A standard favorite all over the country is Australia 's in World War I . The commonest swear words are bastar d own folk song, Waltzing Matilda . In fact the Aussie s (pronounced "barstud"), "bugger," and "bloody," and the have made it a classic all over the world . When th e Australians have a genius for using the latter nearly every Anzac troops made their first assault on Bardia, they di d other word. The story is told of an old-timer who wa s it to the tune of Waltzing Matilda. They sang it in the asked when he had come to the continent. He replied : "I heat and fever of Malaya . .\ came in nineteen-bloody-eight ." . At first this song may seem less warlike than, for in- stance, a song called The Australaise, which makes libera l use of the word "bloody ." But it is no less militant . The swagman (hobo) of the song represents the common ma n struggling against the oppressive exploiter . He prefers death to slavery and it is this defiant attitude which the Aussies hold dear. You'll find the words on the next page . 19

WALTZING MATILD A Chorus Words by A . B. Paterson ; music by Marie Cowan Waltzing, Matilda, Waltzing, Matilda , You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me . Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabon g And his "Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag? " Under the shade of a coolibah ° tree , "You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me! " And he sang as he watched and waited till his billy ' boiled , "You'll come awaltzing Matilda, with me! " Up jumped the swagman, sprang into the billabong . "You'll never catch me alive," said he . Choru s And his ghost may be heard as you pass-by that billabong . "You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me! " Waltzing, Matilda, Waltzing, Matilda , You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me . Choru s And he sang as he watched and waited till his billy boiled . Waltzing, Matilda, Waltzing, Matilda , "You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me! " You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me . And his ghost may be heard as you pass-by that billabong . Down came a jumbuck ° to drink at the billabong , " Up jumped the swagman and grabbed him with glee , "You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with mel And he sang as he stowed that jumbuck in his tucker ° bag . "You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with mel "

Chorus Waltzing, Matilda, Waltzing, Matilda , You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me . ' Swagman, a man on tramp carrying his swag, which means a And he sang as he stowed that jumbuck in his tucker bag . bundle wrapped up in a blanket. "You'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me! " z Billabong, a water hole in the dried-up bed of a river . Coolibah, eucalyptus tree . Up rode the squatter ' mounted on his thoroughbred , ' Billy, a qn can used as a kettle . Down came the troopers one, two, three : " ° Jumbuck, a sheep. And his "Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag? ° Tucker, food. "You 'll come awaltzing, Matilda, with me!" ° Squatter, a sheep farmer on a large scale . 20 21

HOW U .S .A. AND AUSTRALIA N The Australians Eat and Drink Too. Australians are grea t EATING HABITS DIFFER meat eaters-they eat many times as much beef, mut- ton, and lamb as we do-and a lot more flour, butter , ANNUAL PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION and tea . But they don't go in for green vegetables an d - salads and fruits as much as Americans. Some of the best KIND OF FOOD U . S. A . AUSTRALIA fruits in the world are grown along the tropical coasts o f WHEA T Queensland, but the Australian, nevertheless, is strictly a 20 3 & FLOUR LBS . LBS. "meat and potatoes guy ." There are a couple of libelous stories going around abou t TEA 'L B 7 Australian food . Housewives "down under " are suppose d LB. LBS . to make coffee with a pinch of salt and a dash of mustard , but that's probably just another Axis propaganda story . COFFEE 1 3 The other one is that "outback," as the Australians call LBS . LB. the dry country, when you order your dinner of beef o r lamb and two vegetables, the vegetables you get are frie d ICE CREAM 9' 4 potatoes and roasted potatoes . That probably isn't tru e QTS. QTS. Z either. You may think it's a gag, but you will get kangaro o BUTTER 16'/2 0r steak or kangaroo tail soup in the "outback, " especially i f L BS . ►~I 3LBS . 1 you go hunting yourself . They're supposed to be tasty . Meat pies are the Australian version of the hot dog, and BEEF 63 11 2 in Melbourne, the substitute for a hamburger is a "di m 1 lair. LBS . LBS . sin," chopped meat rolled in cabbage leaves which you MUTTO N 81 order "to take out" in Chinese restaurants . But becaus e s'). of the demand, hot dog and hamburger stands are spring - & LAMB LBS . LBS . ing up in large numbers. So you'll probably see signs lik e PORK 55 1 9 23 LBS . LBS .

0, .GAPE ; YO IC 6 Sydney (population 1,302,890) is the capital of New South Wales It is the site of the firs t DARWIN Australia permanent settlement in Australia (1788) . 0 500 0G2ILF OE C ORA L Melbourne (population 1,046,750) is Aus- Scale of Miles CARPr2T2 ARL © tralia's second largest city and the capital of Birdu m SE A Victoria . I t' s an overnight train ride from Sydney . Wyndharn 1 1 . is the National Capital, serving Aus- 11 1 © tralia just as Washington, D, C ., serves the NORT\\HER N United States . Here is Mount Kosciusko, 7,328 feet, the q e c' highest mountain in Australia . o~ I The richest silver-lead deposits in the world ar 0~ I e 0 located here at the famous Broken Hill mints . ~' K TERRI(TOR.Y L . Brisbane is the capital of Queensland, th e G ASP q tropical state, and Australia' s third largest cit y Ir ALIC E SPRINGS (population 326,000) . q Tasmania, the island state famous for its apples , WESTERN AUSTRALI A is about the size of West Virginia . Capital is Hobart (population (harleville 6 5,45 0 ) . GREAT VICTORI A q Wiluna Laky~ ~ Here, along the coast off , the larges t DESER T e~ sharks ever caught by regulation sporting tackle have been landed . Adelaide is the capital of South Eaverton ,Ps I_ ._ ._ BRISBAN E 6 , 50 U T H AUSTtiRALIA / Australia and the fourth largest city (population [ ridton / N W SOUTH WALE S 323,000) . I © s - q Cape York, northernmost point in Australia i s Kalgoorlie % Por6 A usra -94 .e,,, 9:9, only about too miles across Torres Strait fro m (BROKEN IIILL the island of New Guinea It is 335 miles from Port GREA T Moresby . quo% Newcastfe A.I1S7Rf1LIA • Darwin, the northern bastion of Australia's de - - YDNY BIGH T ADELAI D E ' fense system . It is 1,700 mires Eront Adelaide 12 j by air . LBAN Y C31 CANBERRA 0 • Australia's richest gold field is at Kalgoorlie . More than il6oo,000 .000 in gold has already 4. 1W41 . been taken from the famous "Golden Mile ."

rtEooU Rrv ® Here arc Australi a 's biggest trees, the karri an d jarrah, comparable in height to America's red - woods . Perth (population 224,800) is capital of West - SoilTHERN : OCEAN on Australia .

Libra` M A. TRY0 TASMANI JOURNA • this when you get around the country a bit : "50o yards tralian Rules Football, which is rough, tough, and exciting . ahead . Digger Danny's Toasted Dachshunds ." But you There are a lot of rules-the referee carries a rule book th e won't find drug stores selling sodas or banana splits. size of an ordinary Webster's Dictionary . Unlike cricket, Drinking in Australia is usually confined to hotel bars , which is a polite game, Australian Rules Football creates a during the few hours they're allowed to open-they clos e desire on the part of the crowd to tear someone apart , at 6 p. m. in most places. The main drink is beer-stronge r usually the referee-some parks have runways covere d than ours and not as cold . Hard liquor is fairly expensiv e over, so the referee can escape more or less intact, after th e and much less commonly drunk than in America . They game is over. The crowd is apt to yell "Wake up melo n also make some good light wines . head" or some such pleasantry at the umpire, but they don' t But the national drink is still tea, which you will find is think it good sportsmanship to heckle the teams . Australian a good drink when you get used to it. Along the road s soldiers play it at every chance. In one camp the boys use d you'll see "hot water" signs displayed-Australian motor- Bren gun carriers to clear a field to play on and that after- ists take along their own tea and for a few pence, from the noon 500 out of an outfit of 700 got into a game. roadside stands, they can get hot water and a small tin ca n Yes, and the Australians play baseball too . We think we (billy can) in which they brew their tea . But since th e have a monopoly on the game, but the first American unit s war began, there isn't any motoring. found out differently after being walloped by Australian Sports-Loving People. As an outdoor people, the Aus- teams. Before the Americans arrived not many Australian s tralians go in for a wide variety of active sports-surf- turned out to watch a baseball game-it was primarily a bathing, cricket rugby football, golf, and . The na- way for cricketers to keep in shape during the off-season. tional game is cricket and the periodic "test matches" with Now crowds of ro,ooo turn out to see Australian and England are like our World Series . Cricket isn't a very American service teams play-and they're getting into th e lively game to watch, but it's difficult to play well . Not spirit of our national game by yelling "Slay the bloke" much cricket is being played nowadays . when the umpire pulls a boner. The Australians have another national game called Aus - If you're good at sports you'll probably be more popu- lar in Australia than by being good at anything else . One 26 27 of the year is the running of the Melbourne Cup, estab- of the national heroes is Don Bradman, a stockbroker from lished in 1861, 14 years before our Kentucky Derby . It's Adelaide, who was the nation's greatest cricket player - . he rates more lines in the Australian Who's Who than th e a legal holiday in Melbourne the day the race is run g Prime Minister . There's one main difference between Australian racin and ours. Their horses run clockwise . A good many Australian sports champions are familiar names on American sports pages. Bob Fitzimmons, wh o The Gambling Fever . As one newspaper correspondent won the heavyweight title from Jim Corbett was Australia n says, the Americans and the Australians are "two of th e born. And American tennis fans have seen the great Aus- gamblingest people on the face of the earth ." It's been sai d tralian teams in action-with men like , of the Australians that if a couple of them in a bar haven' t Vivian McGrath, , and , wh o anything else to bet on, they'll lay odds on which of tw o took the from us in 1939, just before the out- flies will rise first from the bar, or which raindrop wil l break of the war . The Aussies also won the cup from u s get to the bottom of the window first . If an America n just before the last war, in 1914 . happened to be there, he'd probably be making book . And in golf, there is the famous trick shot expert, Joe The favorite, but illegal, game among the Diggers is Kirkwood, who is a familiar figure in American profes- "Two-Up" which is a very simple version of an old Ameri - sional tournaments . can pastime, matching coins-that is, it's the favorite gam e Probably more people in Australia play some sport or after the one of putting a buck or two on a horse's nose . other than do in America . There are a lot of good tenni s The Australians wouldn't approve of the Chinese who sai d courts and golf courses, in some cases provided by th e he didn't want to bet on a horse race, because he alread y municipal authorities, which are inexpensive to play on. knew one horse could run faster than another . But above all the Australians are the No. 1 racing fan s Your Opposite Number, the Aussie . You'll have a goo d in the world. Most cities and towns of any size have race deal to do with the Australian people, probably, but yo u'll tracks and some like Perth have trotting tracks which used sleep, eat, and fight alongside of your opposite number , to be lighted up for night racing before the "brown-out" the Aussie. (the Australian version of the black-out) . The big even t 29 28

TOUGH GUY ! HE's CALLED A DIGGER OR A N ANzAC . THE WORD " ANZAC ''IS MAD E FROM THE, INITIALS OF TH E GALLANT AUSTRALIAN AN D NEW ZEALAND ARMY CORPS, WHICH FOUGHT A S WAR MEMORIAL THE OPPOSITE .ITS A RISING RIN G A UNIT IN TI-E LAST WAR . "a OF BAYONET S MELBOURNE . / TNERES NO FINER SOLDIE R IN 'THE WORLD.

IN THE FIRST WORL D WAR, AUSTRALIAS CASUALTIES WERE. 226,000 OUT OF 333,000 TROOPS Sew- OVERSEAS ; THE AUSTRALIANS AND TH E AMERICAN A,E .F. LOST ALMOST EXACTLY THE SAM E TOTAL NUMBER OF ME N KILLED . WREN THE JAPS FIRST THREATENE D INVASION OF AUSTRALIA, THE RAM' (ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR cORCE) TOP ANZAC GENERAL IA TH E FOUGHT OFf THE ENEMY BOMBERS WIT H FIRST WORLD WARVJAS SIR JOHN (RAWER PL AMES- ALMOST M LTREY HAD . MOMASH, LAWYER-ENGINEER . HE WAS A JE N THE OWEN GUN, ONE OF THE- OF GERMAN EXTRACTION . HE DESIGNED THE MEZI4ANIZE D DEADLIEST 5UB-MACHINE GUNS MADE, ATTACK THAT BROKE THE HINDENBURG LINE,SHAEIN G D THE ATTACK WITH HIS MEN WERE THE U .S .27T H WAS INVENTED BY A 27-YEAR OL AUSTRALIAN PRIVATE . UNDER GENERAL O'RYAN . American newspapers and magazines have been full o f a civil engineer by trade, and one of Wavell's best deser t stories about the Aussies-in Greece, in Crete, in Libya , generals was Sir Iven Mackay, who is a school teacher an d at Singapore, and in the Burma jungles. All American s who put soldiering under "recreation" in his biography i n who've had anything to do with them say they 're among the Australian Who's Who . the friendliest guys in the world-and fine physical speci- The story is typical of the attitude the Anzac has towar d mens of fighting men. the business of fighting . During some tough going on the So far in this war the Australians have been in all th e El Alamein sector in Egypt, recently, a group of Aus- hot spots-wherever the going has been tough . And the y tralians volunteered to knock out a dangerous machin e have the reputation for staying in there and pitching wit h gun nest, manned by members of Rommel's Afrika Korps . anything they can get their hands on-and if there isn' t As they were dashing in, one Aussie yelled to another : anything else they use their hands . During the early day s "Cripes, Bill, I tell you if the (censored) food in this outfi t of the threatened Jap invasion of their continent, Aus- doesn't get any better, I'm bloody well going to quit ." tralian pilots fought off armored Jap bombers with the onl y Australians are immensely proud,of the record their me n planes they had-often just trainers . made in the last war-any country would be proud of it . The Aussies don't fight out of a textbook . They're re- You'll see memorials to the dead of World War I al l sourceful, inventive soldiers, with plenty of initiative . through Australia and they 're honored greatly by all th e Americans and British have the idea that they are an un- people. disciplined bunch-they aren't much on saluting or parad- THE AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALT H ing and they often do call their C . O. by his first name - AUSTRALIAN government is a mixture of both the Brit- hut when the fighting begins, there isn't any lack of dis- ish and the American systems . First of all it's a federatio n cipline or leadership, either . of six states established in 19oo-roughly similar to th e Officers most often come up from the ranks, and the y American system of 48 states . There's a federal govern- are a young group . The average age of Australian gen- ment with a Commonwealth Parliament, a House of Rep- erals today is less than 5o years-about the same as ou r resentatives and Senate, chosen somewhat on the order o f own . The greatest Australian general in the last war wa s 33 32 our Congress, and responsible for making laws concernin g the advice of the state government involved . In addition t o defense, foreign affairs, trade and commerce with othe r these the British and Australian Governments exchange nations, customs and other functions . high commissioners, much the same as other countrie s Members to the Parliament are elected by popular vot e exchange ambassadors. and a Prime Minister from the dominant party is ap- pointed and chooses a Cabinet from members of Parlia- Political Parties. Today Australia has three major polit- ment. This Cabinet governs with him until they lose th e ical parties-the Labor Party, oldest in Australian poli- confidence of Parliament or there's a new election . Gov- tics, the United Australia Party and the Country Party . ernments in the six states (Queensland, New South Wales , The Labor Party represents the organized labor move- Victoria, , Western Australia and the islan d ment, and is the most powerful political group in th e of Tasmania) follow pretty much the same procedure . nation . The Country Party represents the country interest s in the nation and the United Australia Party is identified A Member of the British Commonwealth. Australia is a with no one single group . British dominion, a member of the British Common - Since the formation of the Australian Commonwealt h wealth of Nations-but that doesn't mean Britain owns o r in 1900, the Labor Party has been a dominant influence i n rules Australia . The Australians govern themselves, as a Australian politics . Since 1900 Australia has had eigh t separate nation, sending their own diplomatic representa- Labor Governments, and four of the six states today ar e tives overseas and managing their own relations wit h governed by representatives of that party . Two states , foreign nations . Queensland and Tasmania, have had labor government s At the same time there are certain traditional ties wit h continuously for the last 20 years. Great Britain which the Australians value . The King, on the advice of the Australians, appoints a Governor-Genera l Australia's Democratic Traditions . In many respects Aus- as his personal representative, not that of the British Gov- tralia is the most democratic government in the world . ernment . Also each state within the Australian Common- Certainly in the short space of 15o years, it has made man y wealth has a governor appointed by the King, again on notable contributions to social legislation in which it has 34 35

Libr ary INFANTRY JOURNAL pioneered . It developed the famous Australian Ballot ; it tween the ages of 6 and 14 . The present Prime Minister , set up one of the first central banks in the world . Inci- John Curtin, was educated through what we would cal l dentally, much of the credit for its founding-it's calle d grade school, and few of the Australian Prime Minister s the Commonwealth Bank-goes to an American immi- or Cabinet Ministers have been college men. grant to Australia, King O'Malley, a bearded California n The state governments, for remote districts, have fur- who became one of the nation's political leaders early in nished correspondence courses and have set up agricultura l this century. Australians like him for his impatience with colleges and technical schools. Each of the six states has it s ceremony and remember him for his phrase about stuffed - own university supported at least partly by the govern- shirt officials-"gilt-spurred roosters ." Also the nation pio- ments and there are no private universities in the country . neered in social security and workmen's compensatio n laws and developed a unique and workable system of in- THE STATE S dustrial arbitration courts which have helped to reduc e NEW SOUTH WALES, the first colony to be estab- strikes and disputes to a minimum . lished, has the most population and the largest city- Education in the lower schools is furnished by the stat e Sydney. It is a center of dairy farming, fruit growing, a s authorities and nearly everyone goes to the same govern- well as of industrial activity, much of which is built around ment school-education being free and compulsory be- the famous Broken Hill Proprietary Co ., one of the largest industrial organizations in the world . The head of the com- 649 F pany, Essington Lewis, now in charge of Australia 's war production, was once a great football player (Australia n Rules) . In the northern and western parts of the state are th e Sul!,; sheep and cattle ranches (stations)-where the grea t Merino sheep studs are-centers of scientific sheep breed - ing which have made Australia the best wool-producin g country in the world. 36 37 South of New South Wales is Victoria, the second mos t populous state in the Commonwealth, with rich whea t farms, gold, and coal mines . n : Zuui ABIT12 A on LACGIIJNI )«cx!.ss Northward along the continent's eastern coast is Queens - land, protected by the Great Barrier Reef . It is the most tropical part of the country, well suited for sugar growing and other tropical crops . In the western part of the state are important mineral deposits of gold, silver, many basic metals, and coal . South Australia is three-quarters dry, and land wit h Australia has, too, a section much like our own District , enormous cattle and sheep ranches . Most of the populatio n of Columbia-the federal government area of Canberra n is located along the southern coast, which has good far m midway between Sydney and Melbourne, designed by a land ; the rest is sandy desert very much like our ow n American architect, Walter Burely Griffin of Chicago . Southwest . In addition, Australia has important territorial interest s Western Australia has nearly a million square miles of outside the continent . After the First World War it re- land, most of which is treeless desert, but it also has th e ceived, under League of Nations mandate, the former ter- most productive gold fields at Kalgoorlie . ritory of German New Guinea . Rabaul, chief town an d Australia's sixth state is an island off the coast from Mel - port of the area, on the island of New Britain, and Lae, on . bourne-Tasmania, named for one of the early Dutc h the New Guinea mainland, are in the hands of the Japs explorers . It is both a ranching and a farming area, pro- It also has the former territory of British New Guinea , ducing wool and a huge crop of apples yearly . now called Papua-its population is about s,6oo whites an d Besides the states, there is the Northern Territory, a vast, possibly 300,000 natives. Port Moresby is the main tow n unproductive area, governed directly by the Common - and administrative center for the area . wealth. The only town of importance is Darwin, no w Australia also owns several other islands in the Sout h garrisoned for protection against Jap invasion . Pacific, Norfolk Island and others . 38 39 THREEPENNY PIEC E Symbol : 3d . Pronounced : "thrippence " Nickname : tray, traybit, thripp'ny bit .

THE FIVE SHILLIN G THE GUINEA . COIN is of silver too , There is no suc h but is not common. coin . It mean s However, 5-shillin g 21 shillings . notes (bills) may soo n Doctors' bills , be in circulation . subscriptions , The term half-a-crow n prizes, etc . are means 2 shillings an d often quoted i n sixpence referred t o guineas . Don' t as half-a-dollar . bother about it .

This is the TEN SHILLING note or bill . Symbol 10/- . Value is about $1.60 . * *-This is the POUND NOTE or bill . Symbol £1 . Value is about $3 .20 . It i s It is reddish brown . Nicknames: ten bob, half-a-note, half-a-quid . green. Nicknames : quid, note, frogskin, fiddleedee . R MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATIO N AUSTRALIA AT WA

AUSTRALIAN money follows the English system o f "FIGHT, work, or perish"-that 's the slogan you'll see al l pounds, shilling, and pence, but its value is about 20 percen t over Australia, and it means just what it says. e less than the English currency in terms of American dol- Australia's doing a lot more than just providing th ; she's equipping her lars. An Australian pound contains 20 shillings, or 1o Allied nations with fine fighting men s florins, and each shilling contains 12 pence or pennies . own troops and those of Britain and the United State e Official approval has been given to the circulation of with a great variety of weapons and supplies-tanks, som American dollars, but you will probably need to learn ho w planes, torpedo bombers, gun carriers, shells, range find- to make change in the Australian money . The following ers, as well as ships and food and clothing . s table has been prepared for your convenience . Australia's swing-over to high-geared war production i Weights and measures, the calendar, and measures of an amazing example of careful, intelligent planning, tech- n time are much the same in Australia as in America . Aus- nical ingenuity and a ruthless cutting down of civilia - tralia is, of course, west of the international Date Line , consumer goods. In a good many lines of production, Aus . In 1938 there wasn't any so that the date is one day ahead of the United States. For tralia had to start from scratch a example, when it's 12 noon Eastern Standard Time o n aircraft industry, but by 1941 Australia had produced Friday in New York, it is 3 o'clock Saturday morning i n thousand planes and production is being stepped up con- t Sydney, Australia . stantly . The Australians are proud of the Bristol Beaufor - A couple of differences in weights and measures-th e torpedo bomber-as proud as we are of our Flying For - British "imperial gallon, " used in Australia, is approxi- tresses . And the y're even prouder of the new Owen tommy e mately 20 percent larger than our gallon,' and the British gun which they consider is simpler and cheaper to mak bushel measure is 3 percent larger than the American than any other submachine gun in the world-and is par- d bushel. The Aussies also speak of something being a cer- ticularly effective under tough conditions . It was invente w tain number of "chains" long . A chain is 22 yards . Other by a 27-year-old mortar mixer from Wollongong, Ne . differences are extremely small and unimportant . South Wales, who was a private in the Australian army 42 43 ry JOURNAL Libra INFANTRY

You won't have any trouble finding out that everyon e in Australia is in the war all down the line . There aren' t many cars on the streets ; taxis are hard to get; street lights have been turned of to save power ; and the Prime Min- ister recently announced that all nonessential industrie s J bog o o EQUATOR, . would be shut down for the duration. Clothes and food .' ;:. NEW __~}~ s c (,ttrdl~`2~l]W, !J F have been severely rationed and wages, prices and profit s 4L, EBE S D ~~3 GUINEP~ ~~J' Q , a OMOe . have been frozen for the duration . So life for the Aus- tralians isn't as free and easy as it was, but they're out t o win the war and to hell with comforts .

"COBBERS " There isn't any need for a lot of do's and don't's fo r Americans in Australia . Commpn sense and good will g o a long way there as they do anywhere else . As a matter of fact, the Australians, especially the girls, are a bit amaze d at the politeness of American soldiers . And they say tha t when an American gets on a friendly footing with an Australian family he's usually found in the kitchen, teach - ing the Mrs . how to make coffee, or washing the dishes . American troops have been welcomed in Australia wit h a good deal of warmth and a feeling of close kinship. The fj feeling that we and the Australians are "cobbers" mean s a fast finish for Mr . Jap. HIS MAP makes clear how once having obtained holds in th e T Philippines and in Malaya, it was a relatively simple matter for the Japanese to jump from one island to the next until they domi- TILE WOMBAT nated the area off Australia's northern coast . It was from th e bases of this northern coast and from the area of Port Moresby o n New Guinea that the United Nations slowed the Jap drive south .

AUSTRALIAN SLAN G whacks-Dutch trea t shandy-mixture of lemonad e gala affair and light al e WHEN it comes to slang, the Australians can give us a beano-a deener-a shilling trouble and strife-the wife head start and still win . Their everyday speech is jus t dinkum oil-Gospel trut h rubbadedub-a pub, bar, saloo n about the siangiest of all the brands of English . foes-the blue s Coolgardie safe-a rough woo d Both of us, the Australians and the Americans, are sarvo-this afternoo n and burlap food bin; substi- Nips-Japs tute for a refrigerator in th e young peoples and we like new things-in our speech a s ferries-German s "outback " well as in anything else . And when someone coins a new Pommies-the Britis h to skite-to boas t phrase, it spreads around in a few days-like "I dood it ." tea-supper poke borak-to insul t Even more than in ours, colorful, picturesque word s dinner-lunc h burgoo-ste w and phrases are constantly being added to the Australia n supper-late snac k cocky 's delight-molasse s or smoke-oh-time ou t stager-one who fakes an injur y speech. Here is a choice selection which may help you t smokeo o for smokin g or shows off (from Australian understand what they're talking about : pudding-dessert Rules football ) drogo (a clumsy Australian in- zack-a sixpenc e abo-aborigin e Buckley's chance-a long sho t lubra or gin-squa w y sect)-rooki e ding dong-swel l wooloomooloo yank also Fitzro woop or woop-woop--the sticks sheila-a bab e yakka-hard work yank-a flashy dresse r Bluey or blue-nickname for a push-a mob or gang diner-another bab e boozer-great, supe r snznny-a third bab e cobber-pa l man with red hair shanty, leanto-a rough bus h Wacko-exclamation express - house shivoo-a party wowser-stuffed shirt, sour pus s ing anticipation, approval or foe Blakes or does-the d .t .'s ; i m sh t`-am sera y-scra m cow-it stinks deligh t or the blues . shikkered-drun k gee-gees-race horse s chivvy-back talk, lip moke-a plug or na g barrack-to roo t willy willy-dry storm tornad o plonk-cheap win e brumby-a bronc o barracker-loud sports fa n face wash-washclot h smooge-to pitch wo o billy-tin can for tea grafter-good worke r lolly shop-candy sho p crook-to feel lous y wattle-mimosa (national flow- stonkered-knocked ou t matilda-a tramp's bundl e Koko-nose swaggie-a tram p fair cow-a louse or hee l er-golden wattle ) shout-to buy drinks for the drop the bundle-give up ta-ta-goodb y Collins Street Squatter-a drug- house ta-thanks cooee-Yoo-hoo store cowbo y 46 41 tram-streetca r stockman-a cowboy NOTES petrol-ga s John-a co p bushman-a backwoodsman, no t God stone the Crows-my m y an "abo" Wouldn't (pronounced wood - Oscar Asche or Oscar-hard cash nit)-popular term for an y plates of meat-fee t complaint ; a contraction o f Jackaroo-a tenderfoot on a "wouldn't it give you a pai n sheep ranch in the -" squatter-sheep or cattle Cow coley-a dairy farme r ranche r cocky-a farmer never, never-the dry countr y Bastard (pronounced " barstud" ) outback -sometimes a term of affec- diggers-Australian s tio n bush-any part of Australia not humdinger or bloody beaut- a town or city ; the sticks swell

48 189077 U . 5 . GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1942