Public Disclosure Authorized Bosnia and Herzegovina Building Long-term Sustainability for Integrated Solid Waste Management Technical Assistance

Municipal Solid Waste Management Sector Review Strategic Directions and Investment Planning up to 2025

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized PART A

FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

January 2018 FBiH Sector Reform Report

ABBREVIATIONS

BD Brcko District BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina BHAS Agency for Statistic of Bosnia and Herzegovina CAIA Cantonal Administration for Inspection Affairs CII sector Commercial, Industrial and Institutional sector EEW Electric and Electronic Waste EPR Extended Producer Responsibility EU European Union FAI Federal Administration for Inspection Issues FBiH Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina FEP of FBiH Fund of Environmental Protection of FBiH FMET Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism FMEM Federal Ministry of Energy and Mining FWMS Federal Waste Management Strategy FWMP Federal Waste Management Plan GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income ICIS Project Improving Investment Climate and Institutional Strengthening MoFTER Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of BiH MSW Municipal Solid Waste OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation ad Development OT Operation Target PET Poly-Ethylene Terephthalate RIC Register for Inspection Control RD Regional Landfill RS Republika Srpska SIDA Sweden International Development Agency SWM Solid Waste Management TS Transport Station UNEP United Nations Environment Programme VAT Value-Added TAW WAD Waste Allocations Districts WIS Waste Information System WB World Bank WEEE Waste of Electric and Electronic Equipment

i FBiH Sector Reform Report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Solid Waste Management (SWM) Sector Reform study was funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) as part of the World Bank-SIDA Partnership to assist Bosnia and Herzegovina’s efforts towards advancing in the solid waste management sector especially in view of its commitment to harmonize sector practices and approaches with EU legislation. The study consists of three separate reports covering the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Brcko District.

The study was performed by a World Bank team led by Ms. Kremena Ionkova and included international and local experts in waste management, namely Mr. Gerard Simonis, Dr. Ali Reza Abedini, Dr. Irem Silajdzic and Dr. Drazenko Bjelic as well as Mr. Igor Palandzic, Ms. Lejla Arnautovic and Mr. Senad Sacic.

The World Bank team would like to thank all counterparts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), including Ministries, Agencies, municipalities, representative organizations, waste collection companies and landfill operators in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Brcko District for their inputs, comments, cooperation and provision of information during the numerous visits in the first half of 2017.

Suggestions and recommendations provided in this report are subject to the limitations inherent to availability of site-specific information, and based on authors assessment, experience and knowledge about the situations in BiH.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Board of Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.

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PREFACE

For the preparation of this study information was obtained during the many field visits and discussions with operators and municipalities. Furthermore, use has been made of existing information such as the Grontmij and SWECO reports prepared in the framework of SIDA financed projects, the State, Entities and Brcko District Waste Management Strategies, completed questionnaires from waste collection companies and operators, EU reports and regional studies. As far as possible, conclusions, recommendations and especially the many cost calculations were discussed and confirmed with operators in the field in order to obtain reliable and practical results. The study benefitted from the team’s extensive experience in the field of solid waste management both locally and world wide, and especially in the EU member states and many EU accession states, which have gone through the process BiH is starting now. For the first time in BiH, this report presents a financial assessment of current waste management costs, and calculations on the financial impacts of harmonisation with EU legislation and shifting up in the waste hierarchy.

During the preparation of this study the team encountered a strong conviction among many of the counterparts in BiH that investments in infrastructure would suffice to solve the problems in the sector. The team would like to emphasize that in the absence of strong institutional and financial framework at all levels for planning, implementation and operations it will be difficult to achieve sustainable waste management operations. In this respect, the team believes that substantial capacity building is needed at all levels. The setting up of public-private partnerships would greatly accelerate the development of efficient and effective waste management practises. A carefully prepared phased and prioritised implementation scheme addressing the prevailing problems in the field of solid waste management should be the basis for future development. The team is hopeful that this study will contribute to a better understanding of the prevailing conditions in FBiH and required actions in order to avoid disappointments as experienced in other countries under similar circumstances and in order to advance the sector in line with the EU acquis in an environmentally and financially sustainable manner.

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ABSTRACT

This report includes an assessment of the current municipal solid waste situation in BiH including investments and actions needed for improvement. For the first time special attention was paid to the cost aspects also taking into account the impact of EU accession requirements on the costs. Many of the most recent EU member states have undergone the same process as now experienced by BiH such as the need to improve the environmental conditions for waste disposal, improvement of the waste collection coverage, introduction of waste separation and recycling and consequently the resulting cost increases. These improvements will require extra investments leading to higher costs/ton for the waste generator following the EU principle of “Polluter pays” as incorporated in the BiH legislation. In spite of the fact that this principle is a legal requirement, Ministries and Municipalities remain reluctant to accept the fact that current tariffs have to be increased. Instead, it is assumed that the environmental conditions can be improved by maintaining the current tariff level, which is only 0.5% of the household spendable income while internal practises indicate 1-1.5%.

In order to minimize the required tariff increase, an assessment was made of the cost aspects of current operations. The study reveals that actual costs are rather high which might indicate inefficiency but at the same time it appears that municipalities don’t have a clear cost allocation system for solid waste services (waste collection and disposal) as they carry out also other services such as street cleaning, snow cleaning, etc. In addition, the current tariff for households includes a 17% VAT surcharge while in international practises especially within EU member states the waste services for households are excluding VAT as tariff is considered to be a tax. An additional cost element for waste collection companies in BiH is the responsibility for concluding contracts with households and the collection of tariffs. This creates an extra financial risk for the companies in view of non-payments. International practises indicate that household tariffs are collected by municipalities (tax payment) on basis of a Municipal Regulation. Waste collection company collects only fees from commercial/institutional entities on basis of individual contracts. Substantial cost reductions could be achieved in case municipalities would take over the tariff collection from households and in case the government would introduce exemption of VAT payment for households. This would also lead to reduction of subsidies now paid by some municipalities for municipal waste management.

The report also shows that costs will be reduced in case larger quantities of waste could be handled through cooperation of municipalities. Cost calculations are presented in the report comparing single municipal services with regionalized services for both waste collection and disposal. It appears that substantial cost reductions can be achieved especially for waste disposal assuming that municipal landfills are mandated to comply with the EU design criteria (Directives)such as installation of bottom liner, leachate collection and treatment. However, establishment of regional landfills would result in extra transport costs for some municipalities. To reduce these costs implementation of transfer stations could be recommended. In the report calculations are presented showing that use of transfer stations would result in cost reductions only in case collection trucks have a small capacity, distance to regional landfill is more than 50km, distance between collection area and transfer station is minimal and the investment cost in transfer stations are very low. In addition, road conditions should allow high capacity truck transport between transfer stations and the regional landfill and annual volumes of waste should not be small. The report concludes that implementation of transfer stations requires a careful site-specific analysis.

Another aspect that was analysed is the requirement of waste separation and sorting. Following numerous field visits and discussions with municipalities it appeared that there is lack of awareness about costs and benefits of separation and sorting of dry recyclables. Municipalities presented plans for setting up of “waste management centres” including landfill, sorting lines and other treatment facilities without prior calculation of the resulting costs/ton. This approach is clearly reflected in implementation of a few sorting lines by various single municipalities throughout BiH. All of these

iv FBiH Sector Reform Report facilities are generating costs mainly due to low annual quantities handled, as well as use of sub- standard and low quality sorting operations. Dry recyclable sorting lines can be revenue generating only if sufficient quantities (at least 3,000 tons/year) of pre-segregated dry recyclables are handled when small percentage of rejects are resulted. This is also pointing into the need for cooperation between municipalities. It should be noted that BiH is a scarcely populated country with more than 140 municipalities and thus small waste quantities for each single municipality. As shown by international practises, cooperation between small municipalities in waste collection and transportation is required to achieve larger waste volume operations and to lower the overall cost/ton, resulting in recycling initiatives to become more financially attractive. In addition, regional cooperation in BiH would make waste management more attractive for potential private partners with associated investments. Future role of the Municipalities is foreseen to shift away from direct waste collection and disposal services and become shareholders of regional companies for collection and disposal, raising public awareness and dealing with potential complaint.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A1 WASTE QUANTITIES AND TYPES ...... 1

A1.1 Population and urbanisation ...... 1

A1.2 Waste generation ...... 2

A1.3 Waste composition ...... 5

A1.4 Forecast of waste generation ...... 7

A1.5 Forecast of waste composition ...... 11

A1.6 Future waste management options ...... 13

A1.7 Shortcomings ...... 16

A2 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 18

A2.1 Legal framework and policies ...... 18

A2.1.1 General ...... 18

A2.1.2 Law on Waste Management ...... 19

A2.1.3 Transposition of EU legislation ...... 21

A2.1.4 Federal Waste Management Strategy ...... 24

A2.1.5 Federal Waste Management Plan 2012 -2017 ...... 26

A2.1.6 Legislation at Cantonal level ...... 26

A2.2 Institutional framework ...... 28

A2.2.1 General ...... 28

A2.2.2 State level ...... 29

A2.2.3 Federal level ...... 30

A2.2.4 Cantonal level ...... 36

A2.2.5 Local level ...... 37

A2.3 Shortcomings ...... 38

A3 EXISTING OPERATIONS ...... 42

A3.1 General ...... 42

A3.2 Waste collection ...... 42

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A3.3 Waste separation and sorting ...... 43

A3.4 Waste disposal ...... 45

A3.5 Main shortcomings ...... 50

A4 FINANCIAL ASPECTS ...... 52

A4.1 Financing of waste services ...... 52

A4.2 Tariffs ...... 52

A4.3 Costs ...... 54

A4.3.1 Collection and transport ...... 54

A4.3.2 Disposal ...... 55

A4.3.3 Separation and sorting ...... 56

4.3.4 Integrated services...... 57

A4.4 Shortcomings ...... 58

A5 REFORM PLAN ...... 59

A5.1 Context ...... 59

A5.1.1 Background ...... 59

A5.1.2 Overarching problems ...... 59

A5.1.3 Implementation ...... 59

A5.2 Legal aspects ...... 61

A5.3 Institutional aspects ...... 63

A5.4 Financial aspects ...... 66

A5.5 Operational aspects ...... 68

A5.5.1 General ...... 68

A5.5.2 Collection and transport ...... 69

A5.5.3 Transfer stations ...... 71

A5.5.4 Separation and sorting ...... 73

A5.5.5 Disposal ...... 75

A6 INVESTMENTS ...... 90

ANNEXES ...... 96

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Annex A1.1 Population per Municipality and Canton (2013) ...... 97

Annex A1.2 Forecasted waste generation per municipality and canton ...... 100

Annex A1.3 Forecasted waste quantity to be disposed per disposal region ...... 103

Annex A1.4 Forecasted waste composition per canton ...... 106

Annex A2.1 Detailed description of provision of the Law on Waste Management ...... 109

Annex A3.1 List of collection and disposal companies ...... 111

Annex A3.2 Summary of questionnaires from waste collectors ...... 117

Annex A3.3 Current landfills overview ...... 120

Annex A3.4 Waste transport distances per region ...... 124

Annex A4.1 Cost breakdown obtained from waste collection companies (actual)...... 127

Annex A4.2 Collection cost calculation ...... 129

Annex A4.3 Landfill cost calculations 2015 ...... 133

Annex A4.4 Sorting line cost calculations ...... 136

Annex A4.5 Cost estimates for collection of mix of containers ...... 139

Annex A5.1 Eurostat/OECD Definition of municipal waste ...... 143

Annex A5.2Transfer station cost estimates ...... 144

Annex A5.3 Transport costs calculation - transfer stations to regional landfill (50 km) ...... 146

Annex A5.4 Summary of options for waste separation ...... 148

Annex A5.5 Landfill cost calculations 2025 ...... 149

LIST OF TABLES

Table A1-1: Population per Canton (2013) ...... 1

Table A1-2: Waste generation rate in FBiH ...... 2

Table A1-3: Waste generation rates in Cantons in FBiH ...... 2

Table A1-4: Waste generation rates in predominantly rural municipalities ...... 3

Table A1-5: Waste generation rates in countries in the region in relation to the GNI (2015) ...... 3

Table A1-6: Proposed MSW generation rates in FBiH as per 2013 ...... 4

Table A1-7: Amounts of waste generated in Cantons in FBiH (2013) ...... 4

Table A1-8: Waste composition in BiH from multiple sources ...... 5

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Table A1-9: Rate of natural increase (%) ...... 8

Table A1-10: Average monthly household consumption for 2004, 2007, 2011 in BAM ...... 8

Table A1-11: Urbanisation rate in FBiH 1991 vs. 2013 ...... 8

Table A1-12: Waste generation forecast for FBiH 2013-2025 ...... 9

Table A1-13: Forecasted waste generation per Canton ...... 10

Table A1-14: Total waste quantities to be disposed at landfills, forecast 2013-2025 ...... 11

Table A1-15: Recyclable waste generation per capita 2013-2025 ...... 11

Table A1-16: Changes in waste composition, forecast 2013 - 2025 ...... 12

Table A1-17: Urban and Rural municipal waste composition 2013-2025...... 12

Table A1-18: Quantitative objectives for the realization of strategic goals ...... 13

Table A1-19: Three scenarios for the future of the waste management sector ...... 13

Table A1-20: Optimistic scenario waste flows (tons/year) ...... 14

Table A1-21: Realistic scenario waste flows (tons/year) ...... 15

Table A1-22: Pessimistic scenario waste flows (tons/year) ...... 15

Table A1-23: Comparison of waste flows for the three scenarios for 2013 and 2025 ...... 16

Table A2-1: Status of the transposition of the EU Waste Directives in FBiH ...... 21

Table A2-2: Goals for organized waste collection and ensuring sanitary landfilling conditions ...... 25

Table A2-3: Goals for separate waste collection and recycling ...... 25

Table A2-4: Goals for increase in recycling and reuse for special waste categories ...... 26

Table A2-5: Cantonal legislation related to MSW management ...... 27

Table A2-6: Roles and responsibilities related to waste management in FBiH ...... 29

Table A3-1:Container capacities ...... 43

Table A3-2: Sorting plants in FBiH ...... 44

Table A3-3: Current status of the originally planned RL development in FBiH ...... 47

Table A4-1: Tariff overview for collection and disposal BAM (including VAT) ...... 53

Table A4-2: Annual costs (BAM excl. VAT) for SWM services (2015) ...... 54

Table A4-3: Collection and transport costs (BAM/ton excl. VAT) ...... 55

Table A4-4: Landfill costs (BAM/ton) ...... 55

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Table A4-5: Revenues from sorting of dry recyclables in 2016 (BAM/ton) ...... 56

Table A4-6: Sorting line annual results (BAM/ton excl. VAT) ...... 57

Table A4-7: Total costs (BAM/ton) ...... 57

Table A5-1: Collection and transport costs (BAM/ton) ...... 69

Table A5-2: Required number of collection trucks ...... 70

Table A5-3: Required number of skip trucks ...... 70

Table A5-4: Required number of containers ...... 71

Table A5-5: Transfer and transport costs (BAM/ton excl. VAT) ...... 72

Table A5-6: Options for separation at source ...... 74

Table A5-7: RDF cost/revenue assessment (BAM excl. VAT) ...... 74

Table A5-8: Landfill cost calculations (BAM/ton) ...... 75

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure A1-1: Urban and rural waste per Canton (%) ...... 5

Figure A1-2: Waste composition in the Republic of Serbia ...... 7

Figure A1-3: Waste generation forecast 2013-2025 ...... 10

Figure A1-4: Forecasted changes in composition 2015-2025 ...... 12

Figure A2-1: Administrative Organization of BiH According to the Dayton Peace Agreement ...... 18

Figure A2-2: Institutional set up BiH ...... 28

Figure A2-3: Example of Organizational Scheme of Municipalities ...... 38

Figure A3-1: Maximum separation of dry recyclables in 2013 (realistic option) ...... 45

Figure A3-2: Originally Planned Regional Landfills in BiH ...... 46

Figure A3-3: Current status of waste disposal in each region in BiH ...... 49

Figure A5-1: EU Waste hierarchy ...... 60

Figure A5-2: Proposed Institutional Set-up at Municipal Level ...... 66

Figure A5-3: Payment flow scheme for Municipal Waste Management ...... 68

Figure A5-4: Existing Regional Landfills and theirService Areas in BiH ...... 76

Figure A5-5: Possible additional ML and RL development in FBiH ...... 78

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Figure A5-6: Sarajevo Regional Landfill Service Area ...... 79

Figure A5-7: Zenica Regional Landfill Service Area ...... 80

Figure A5-8: Mostar Regional Landfill Service Area ...... 81

Figure A5-9: Livno Regional Landfill Service Area ...... 82

Figure A5-10: Overall disposal system at FBiH – existing and possible future facilities ...... 89

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A1 WASTE QUANTITIES AND TYPES

In this report Municipal Solid Waste is defined as Municipal Waste generated by households and similar type of waste in nature and composition generated by commercial, institutional and industrial entities excluding municipal construction and demolition waste and waste from municipal sewage network and treatment.

Multiple data sources including completed questionnaires, information from previous sector reports, and official statistics were used for the purpose of this chapter. The information was analysed applying professional judgment. Where possible, the data was benchmarked with countries with similar socio-economic conditions. Since waste collection in FBiH is carried out by municipalities, the presentation of waste quantities and its forecasts is given by each municipality (79 in FBiH) and, where relevant for discussion, by waste disposal region. Waste disposal regions are determined based on activities on regionalisation carried out in the previous period since 2000. The year 2013 when national census was held is taken as a baseline year in this Report.

A1.1 Population and urbanisation

The report “Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final Results”1, following the national census in October 2013 provided recent official data on population and their distribution to urban and rural population. Table A1-1presents the summary data on population distribution per cantons in FBiH. The table with summary data on population distribution for 79 municipalities in FBiH is given in Annex A1.1.

Table A1-1: Population per Canton (2013)

Canton Population Urban % Rural %

Una-Sana Canton 273,261 38.5 61.5 Posavina Canton 43,453 38.3 61.7 Tuzla Canton 445,028 37.4 62.6 Zenica-Doboj Canton 364,433 36.6 63.4 Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde 23,734 52.7 47.3 Central Bosnia Canton 254,686 32.6 67.4 Herzegovina-Neretva Canton 222,007 45.7 54.3 West Herzegovina Canton 94,898 22.8 77.2 Sarajevo Canton 413,593 91.1 8.9 Canton 10 84,127 29.4 70.6 Total 2,219,220 46.9* 53.1* * Federal urban and rural % distribution as reported in the Census report

According to the OECD typology criteria2, 61 out of 79 municipalities, are considered to be rural with average population density less than 150 capita per km2. Rural areas cover 72% (18,793.93 km2) of

1Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final Results, Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, June 2016, available at http://www.statistika.ba/?show=9#link3 2 OECD Regional Typology, 2011 https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/OECD_regional_typology_Nov2012.pdf

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FBiH territory with 63% (1.4 millions) of population living there and contributing 37% (5.1 billion BAM) into GNI of FBiH3.

Eight cantons in FBIH (Una-Sana, Posavina, Tuzla, Zenica-Doboj, Central Bosnia, Herzegovina- Neretva, West Herzegovina and Canton 10) are considered to be predominantly rural with over 50% of population living in rural area. They cover 93% territory of FBiH (24,320 km2) with 80% FBiH population living there (1,781,893).

Sarajevo Canton is predominately urban with less of 10% population living in rural area. It covers approximately 5% (1,276.9 km2) of the territory with 19% (413,593) of FBiH population living there.

Bosnian-Podrinje Canton is considered to be mainly rural-transition area with between 15% and 50% of population living in rural area. This Canton covers 2% (504,6 km2) of territory with 1% (23,734) of FBiH population living there.

A1.2 Waste generation

Waste generation in FBiH was estimated on the basis of the consultant’s own data gathering, review of official publications, available studies, interviews with key stakeholders, questionnaires and benchmarking.Table A1-2-Table A1-5 summarize the various sources used and the waste generation results.

Table A1-2: Waste generation rate in FBiH

Source MSW generation per capita (kg/day) Federal average Federal Waste Management 0.87 Plan (2012-2017)

Table A1-3: Waste generation rates in Cantons in FBiH Source MSW generation per capita (kg/day) Average for the Canton Zenica – Doboj Canton4 0.63 Sarajevo Canton5 1.26* Bosnia Podrinje Canton6 0.55 Tuzla Canton7 0.89 Central Bosnia Canton8 0.71 Una Sana Canton9 0.81 Weighted average 0.88 *Predominantly urban canton

3 Middle term strategy for providing advisory services in FBiH, 2017-2021. http://fmpvs.gov.ba/upload_files/1468395672- HRRadnaverzijazakabinet0807.pdf 4 Analysis of experience in the production and use of RDF in Southeast Europe, REZ, 2016 5 Waste Management Plan for Sarajevo Canton 2015 - 2020 6Waste Management Plan for Bosnia Podrinje Canton 2013 - 2018 7 Waste Management Plan for Tuzla Canton 2015 - 2020 8Waste Management Plan for Central Bosnia Canton 2015 - 2025 9 Waste Management Plan for Una Sana Canton 2014 - 2019

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Table A1-4: Waste generation rates in predominantly rural municipalities

Municipality Population per Rural population Urban Waste generation municipality % population % rate (kg/cap/day) Čelić10 10,502 65.8 34.2 0.51 Tešanj11 43,063 87.2 12.8 1.15 Cazin12 66,149 78.3 21.7 0.42 Travnik13 53,482 69.1 30.9 0.39 Živinice14 57,765 69.7 30.3 0.42 15 Fojnica 12,356 68.6 31.4 0.48 Weighted average 0.55

Waste generation rates in relation to GNI for countries in the region are given in Table A1-5.

Table A1-5: Waste generation rates in countries in the region in relation to the GNI (2015)

Country GNI/cap (USD)16 Generation (kg/cap/year) Croatia 12,700 39317 Serbia 5,540 31818 Macedonia 5,140 37019 BiH 4,670 32520 Kosovo 3,970 17821

The situation with waste generation in the Republic of Serbia is used for comparison in view of the similar socio-economic environment and waste management structure of two countries. The annual quantities of municipal waste generated in Serbia are determined on real measurement of waste in selected municipalities22. Based on the results of these measurements, the current National Waste Management Strategy for Serbia23reads that the urban population on average generates 1 kg of waste per capita per day, whereas rural population generates on average 0.7 kg of waste per capita per day. Based on the census, urban population accounts for 57% whereas rural population accounts for 43%. On average, in the Republic of Serbia 0.87 kg of municipal waste is generated per capita/day (318

10 Investment technical documentation for closure of municipal landfill and starting with regional disposal for municipality Čelić, 2015 11Report on Quantities and Morphological Composition of Waste for 16 Representative Municipalities, GIZ, 2015. 12Report on Quantities and Morphological Composition of Waste for 16 Representative Municipalities, GIZ, 2015 13 Waste Management Plan for Central Bosnia Canton 2015-2020 14 Waste Management Plan for Tuzla Canton 2015-2020 15Investment technical documentation for closure of municipal landfill and starting with regional disposal for municipality Fojnica, 2016 16 World Bank 17Eurostat 18 Republic of Serbia National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2010-2019 http://ecodev.rs/sr/documents/3%20Nezvanicni%20prevodi%20dokumenata%20na%20engleski%20jezik/5%20Otpad/Waste-management- strategy-for-the-period-2010-19.pdf 19 Eurostat 20 Agency for statistics BiH (2016) First release – Environment: Public Transportation and Disposal of Municipal Waste http://www.bhas.ba/saopstenja/2016/KOM_2015_001_01_BA.pdf 21 Eurostat 22Univeristy of Novi Sad (2009) Determination of waste composition and estimated of waste amount in order to define strategy of recycling waste management in the framework of sustainable development in Serbia http://www.sepa.gov.rs/download/otpad.pdf 23Republic of Serbia National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2010-2019

3 FBiH Sector Reform Report kg/cap/year). In Belgrade, the urban capital of Serbia with 1,659,440 inhabitants, 1.2 kg of waste is generated per capita on a daily basis.

The figures from the Agency for Statistics BiH should be taken with some caution since (i) approximately 35% of the population is not covered by regular waste collection services and estimated amounts are provided and (ii) only 4 regional landfills have weigh bridges serving 24 out of 79 Municipalities and the waste quantities collected and disposed at the remaining landfills are estimated on basis of truck size and number of daily disposals.

Combining the data and information given above, the MSW generation rates used in this reportare provided in Table A1-6taking into account 47% urban and 53% rural population.

Table A1-6: Proposed MSW generation rates in FBiH as per 2013

Urban MSW generation Rural MSW generation Federal weighted average kg/capita/day kg/capita/day kg/capita/day 1.05 0.55 0.8

Table A1-7presents the summary information of waste generation per Canton in FBiH. It is calculated that in FBiH 2,219,220 inhabitants produce around 640,000 tonnes of waste per year in 2013 with 60 percent being generated in urban and 40 percent in rural areas. Since waste volumes are calculated on basis of general federal figures, they might be slightly different per Canton/municipality24.

Table A1-7: Amounts of waste generated in Cantons in FBiH (2013)

Canton Population Urban waste Rural waste Total waste (tons/year) (tons/year) (tons/year) Una-Sana Canton 273,261 40,320 33,737 74,057 Posavina Canton 43,453 6,378 5,382 11,760 Tuzla Canton 445,028 63,788 55,926 119,715 Zenica-Doboj Canton 364,433 51,119 46,383 97,502 Bosnian-Podrinje Canton Goražde 27,734 4,794 2,254 7,047 Central Bosnia Canton 254,686 31,820 34,460 66,281 Herzegovina-Neretva Canton 222,007 38,883 24,200 63,084 West Herzegovina Canton 94,898 8,292 14,707 22,999 Sarajevo Canton 413,593 144,402 7,390 151,792 Canton 10 84,127 9,479 11,923 21,402 Total 2,219,220 399,276 236,364 635,640

The distribution between urban and rural waste in each waste collection region is graphically displayed in Figure A1-1. These distributions are used for the forecast of waste generation.

24This is especially true for SarajevoCanton, predominantly urban canton where waste generation rate is reported to be much higher (1.26 kg/cap/day) that the federal average used in this calculation (Table 6)

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Figure A1-1: Urban and rural waste per Canton (%)

A1.3 Waste composition

To assess current MSW composition, existing information from various studies was compared and summarized in Table A1-8. Here it is noted that data given for Una Sana Canton, Tešanj and Cazin Municipalities are a result of real waste composition measurements.

Table A1-8: Waste composition in BiH from multiple sources

Sarajevo Una Sana Zenica Central Tešanj Cazin Canton25 Canton26 Doboj Bosnia municipality28 municipality29 Canton Canton27 Organic 15% 31.6% 29.50% 25.20% 42.67% 56.09% Plastic 14% 5% 14.95% 13.70% 8.89% 7.55% (incl. PET) Paper/Cardboa 17% 10.2% 9.68% 7.68% 5.16% 7.54% rd Metals - 1.3% 1.06% 1.21% 0.74% 0.60% Glass 2.5% 8% 5.65% 9.34% 4.68% 4.14%

25 Waste Management Plan for Canton Sarajevo 2015-2020. http://mpz.ks.gov.ba/sites/mpz.ks.gov.ba/files/plan_upravljanja_otpadom_kantona_sarajevo_za_period_2015.-2020.godina.pdf 26 Waste Management Plan for Una Sana Canton 2014 - 2019 27Waste Management Plan for Central Bosnia Canton 2015-2020 28 NALAS, Report on Quantities and Morphological Composition of Waste for 16 Representative Municipalities, December 2015 29 ibid.

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Sarajevo Una Sana Zenica Central Tešanj Cazin Canton25 Canton26 Doboj Bosnia municipality28 municipality29 Canton Canton27 Textiles & - 4.6% 9.27% 9.52% 7.55% 3.68% Shoes Wood - 5.4% 6.49% 7.32% 0.07% 3.48% Construction - 5.7% 7.09% 7.21% 1.89% 2.48% and Demolition (C&D) and inert waste Hazardous - 1.3% 0.02% 0.15% 1.14% 0.09% waste Composites - 1.9% 3.38% 3.67% 1.33% 0.93%

Fines - - 6.31% 7.34 11.24% 6.31% Others 51.5% 1.4% - - 9.09% diapers 2.65% diapers bulky 0.86% leather 0.22% leather waste 1.1% ash 3.4% diapers 10.7% others Aluminum - - 0.81% 2.05% 0.5% 0.88% cans Rubber - 1.4% - - - - Foil - 5.7% - - - - Animal waste ------WEEE - - 0.54% 0.77% 0.27% 0.14% PET - 2.5% 5.17% 4.28% 3.79% 3.22% Medical waste - - 0.08% 0.56% 0.13% 0.00% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

It can be concluded that organic waste is the dominant fraction and varies from 25% (cantonal average) up to 50% (municipal average). Here is to be noted that Tešanj and Cazin are mainly rural municipalities and that organic waste may decrease with increase in urbanisation. Una Sana, Zenica- Doboj and Central Bosnia Cantons are around 35% urbanised. If Canton Sarajevo is represented as highly urbanised area then we can conclude that organic waste in urban areas can go as low as 15%. The dry recyclables (plastic, glass, paper, metals, aluminium cans, PET) accounts for 24-38% of the total waste. The percentage is lower in rural municipalities and higher in the urban cantons, especially Sarajevo Canton.

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The situation in the Republic of Serbia is used for comparison as the waste composition for Serbia is based on real measurement of waste in referent local self-government units30,31. The waste in the Republic of Serbia is predominantly composed of organic waste (gardening waste and other biodegradable waste) which takes up to almost 50% in the mass of municipal waste. The amount of dry recyclables amounts up to 30% (Figure A1-2).

Figure A1-2: Waste composition in the Republic of Serbia

For calculation purposes, the following will be assumed for the baseline year 201332:

• Average percentage of dry recyclables in containers will be 30%. • Recyclables collected through EPR system (not disposed in containers but collected directly from commercial/institutional entities) are approximately 35% of 60,000 tons reported to be the quantity put on market by members of Ekopak and Ekoživot. This calculates to 21,000 tons or approximately 10% of total packaging waste quantity. • Total percentage of generated dry recyclables will thus be 33%% or 33% x635,640= 209,760t.

A1.4 Forecast of waste generation

Assuming that project preparation and financing activities will be implemented in the period up to 2020, with start of operations in 2020, the investments will be needed for the next 5 years of operations, i.e. up to the 2025. Therefore, the forecast of waste generation is made for the year 2025. Four factors are considered for the calculation of the waste generation forecast: (i) population growth, (ii) household income growth, (iii) urbanization process, and (iv) increase in waste collection coverage from average 68% in 2013 up to 85% in 2025 i.e. 100% in urban areas and 60% in rural areas, which is considered to be a realistic scenario.

Population growth. The rate of natural increase in Federation BiH for the period 2010 – 2015 is given in Table A1-933. The average growth rate for a five years period is 0.1%.

30 University of Novi Sad (2009) Determination of waste composition and estimated of waste amount in order to define strategy of recycling waste management in the framework of sustainable development in Serbia http://www.sepa.gov.rs/download/otpad.pdf 31Republic of Serbia National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2010-2019 32The census year 2013 is taken as a baseline year in this Report 33Federation of BiH in Figures, Federal Agency for Statistics; http://fzs.ba/index.php/2016/09/07/federacija-bih-u-brojkama/

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Table A1-9: Rate of natural increase (%)

Rate of natural increase 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Avg.

Federation BiH 0.8 0.4 0.3 -0.1 0.2 -1.0 0.1

For the purpose of this report it is assumed that the population number will not change up to 2025, therefore the forecast is made using the results of the 2013 Census for Federation BiH as a referent population number amounting to 2,219,220 inhabitants.

Household income growth. Household consumption was selected as a representative measure of household income growth. Table A1-10presents the average monthly consumption expenditure per households in BAM for 2004, 2007 and 201134.

Table A1-10: Average monthly household consumption for 2004, 2007, 2011 in BAM

Household consumption 2004 2007 2011 Increase rate

Federation BiH 1346.44 BAM 1647.72 BAM 1672.39 BAM 24.2%

In the seven years’ period, from 2004 to 2011, the household consumption increased by 24.2%. In order to create the waste generation forecast, it is assumed that household consumption will continue to grow about 20% every 5 years, or 4% per year.

Urbanization. The urbanization rate in FBiH according to the preliminary census data from 2013 and compared to the census data from 1991 is given in Table A1-1135.

Table A1-11: Urbanisation rate in FBiH 1991 vs. 2013

Urbanisation rate36 1991 2013 Increase rate Federation BiH 42.9% 46.9% 4% Tuzla Canton 33.0% 34.8% 2.33% Zenica-Doboj Canton 35.0% 34.6% -1.14% Sarajevo Canton 86.8% 86.0% -0.92% Central Bosnia Canton 29.7% 30.4% 2.35% Una-Sana Canton 32.4% 35.1% 8.33% Canton 10 27.8% 27.2% -2.15% West Herzegovina Canton 18.8% 22.1% 17.5% Bosnia-Podrinje Canton 40.5% 49.4% 21.00% Herzegovina-Neretva Canton 42.9% 42.9% 0.00% Posavina Canton 29.3% 34.6% 18.09%

34 Household Expenditure Surveys in FBiH for 2004, 2007, 2011 Federal Agency of Statistics, available at http://fzs.ba/index.php/anketa-o- potrosnji-domacinstavakucanstava-apd/ and http://www.bhas.ba/ankete/HBS2004BiH/survey0/data/APD%20Konacni%20Rezultati.pdf 352013 Preliminary census results, Urbanisation rate, http://www.statistika.ba/?show=3#link3 36 Urbanisation = population living in urban area/total population

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Although some Cantons experience significant change in urbanisation in past years, the total urbanisation increase rate in FBiH over the time span of 22 years is only 4%. It is expected that no significant growth will occur in the period until 2025 and current urbanisation rate will be taken as a reference value.

According to the consultant’s experience from similar countries, 1% household income growth results in 0.5% urban waste generation per capita growth and in 0.25% growth for rural waste generation per capita. Table A1-12presents both the assumptions made and the results achieved for waste generation forecast between 2013 and 2025.

Table A1-12: Waste generation forecast for FBiH 2013-2025

2013 2025 Change/year Population37 2,219,220 2,219220 0% Household consumption38(BAM/year) 24,082 38,556 4% Urbanization (%)39 47 47 0% Urban Population 1,041,817 1,041,817 0% Rural (%)38 53 53 0% Rural Population 1,177,403 1,177,403 0% Urban SW(kg/cap/day) 1.05 1.33 2% Rural SW kg/cap/day 0.55 0.62 1% Urban Waste (t) 399,276 506,379 2% Rural Waste (t) 236,364 266,341 1% Total Waste (t) 635,640 772,719 1.8%

During the period 2013 to 2025, waste volumes will increase by 21% with average annual growth rate of 1.8%. The average waste generation rate is expected to increase from 0.8 kg/cap/day in 2013 to 1.02 kg/cap/day in 2025.

Figure A1-3presents the overall waste generation in FBiH for reference and forecasted year Table A1-13presents the forecasted waste generation for each Canton. Detailed list of forecasted waste generation per municipality is given in Annex A1.2.

37 2013 Census 38Household consumption survey 39Assumptions based on urbanization trends

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Figure A1-3: Waste generation forecast 2013-2025

Table A1-13: Forecasted waste generation per Canton

Canton 2013 2025 Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total waste waste waste waste waste waste (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ year) year) year) year) year) year) Una-Sana Canton 40,320 33,737 74,057 51,136 38,016 89,151 Posavina Canton 6,378 5,382 11,760 8,089 6,065 14,154 Tuzla Canton 63,788 55,926 119,715 80,899 63,019 143,918 Zenica-Doboj Canton 51,119 46,383 97,502 64,831 52,266 117,097 Bosnian-Podrinje 4,794 2,254 7,047 6,079 2,539 8,619 Canton Goražde Central Bosnia Canton 31,820 34,460 66,281 40,356 38,831 79,187 Herzegovina-Neretva 38,883 24,200 63,084 49,314 27,270 76,583 Canton West Herzegovina 8,292 14,707 22,999 10,517 16,572 27,089 Canton Sarajevo Canton 144,402 7,390 151,792 183,137 8,327 191,464 Canton 10 9,479 11,923 21,402 12,022 13,435 25,457 Total 399,276 236,364 635,640 506,379 266,341 772,719

Based on the information obtained from landfills, approximately 7% of the total waste quantities disposed of at landfills is coming from industrial enterprises as non-hazardous industrial waste. For total waste to be landfilled 7% will be added to the municipal waste quantities in 2013 and 9% in 2025 assuming 2% growth/year. The MSW collection coverage in 2013 is 68% and it can be realistically expected that it will increase to 85% in 2025. Thus, the total waste to be landfilled in 2025 is calculated to be 772,719x0.85x1.09=715,925 tons (excluding any separation at source). The

10 FBiH Sector Reform Report comparison with 2013 is given in Table A1-14. The amounts of waste to be landfilled per disposal region are presented in Annex A1.3.

Table A1-14: Total waste quantities to be disposed at landfills, forecast 2013-2025

2013 2025 MSW (tons/year) 432,235 656,812 Non-hazardous industrial waste(tons/year) 30,256 59,113 Total (tons/year) * 462,492 715,925 *excluding any separation at source

A1.5 Forecast of waste composition

Besides waste generation, waste composition will also change as a result of the economic growth of the country. European statistics40 demonstrate that as income grows, recyclables (mostly packaging) grow 50 percent faster (1.5%x1.8=2.7%/year) than the overall waste growth (1.8%/year) on a per capita basis, while the organic fraction decreases. Similarly, United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) in its publication on green economy41 suggests that packaging waste increases with Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and income growth, while the organic fraction decreases in parallel.

Future waste composition will have an important role in determining the type of waste management required at the local and national level. The following assumptions are made in order to forecast the most probable waste composition:

• Recyclables fraction will grow 50% faster than the overall waste generation per capita. • Per capita waste generation will grow from 292 to 362 kg/cap/year, which is around 24% increase in 12 years. • The increase in the recyclable fraction generated per capita, for the same period, will be almost 38%., • Percentage of generated dry recyclables (plastic, glass, paper, metals, Al. cans, PET) in the total waste is 33% in 2013 (see Chapter A1.3).

Assuming uniform changes, Table A1-15 shows the evolution of total waste generation per capita and the forecasted increase of the recyclable fraction, both in waste composition and in per capita generation.

Table A1-15: Recyclable waste generation per capita 2013-2025

2013 2025 MSW (kg/cap/year) 292 362 Recyclables (kg/cap/year) 96.4 133 % of recyclables 33% 38%

Table A1-16presents the forecasted changes in waste composition.

40Generation and recycling of packaging waste (CSI 017/WST 002 - Assessment published November 2012 41Green Economy Report, UNEP, 2011

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Table A1-16: Changes in waste composition, forecast 2013 - 2025

2013 2025 Average MSW generation (kg/cap/day) 0.8 0.99 Organics (%) 40% 35% Organics (kg/cap/day) 0.32 0.35 Recyclables (%) 33% 38% Recyclables (kg/cap/day) 0.26 0.37 Other waste (%) 27% 27% Other waste (kg/cap/day) 0.22 0.27

Figure A1-4summarizes the changes in composition forecast between 2013 and 2025.

Figure A1-4: Forecasted changes in composition 2015-2025

Table A1-17 presents the expected urban waste and rural municipal waste analysed in the three different streams (organics, recyclables, other) in FBiH for the total generated quantities. A detailed list of waste composition per Canton in FBiH is given in Annex A1.4. Waste composition per municipality can be estimated by using figures from Table A1-16and Annex A1.2.

Table A1-17: Urban and Rural municipal waste composition 2013-2025

URBAN WASTE (tons/year) 2013 2025 Organics 159,710 178,894 Recyclables 131,761 190,763 Other 107,805 136,722 Total 399,276 506,379 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) 2013 2025 Organics 94,545 94,093 Recyclables 78,000 100,336 Other 63,818 71,912 Total 236,364 266,341

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A1.6 Future waste management options

The Solid Waste Management Strategy for Federation BiH 2008-2018has set quantitative objectives with specific timetables for realization of strategic goals. Those targets are presented in Table A1-18.

Table A1-18: Quantitative objectives for the realization of strategic goals

Objectives 2011 2014 2018 Municipal waste collection 70% 85% 95% Separated municipal waste 5% 7% 10% Amount of treated waste 0% 9% 18% The amount of waste disposed in landfills 95% 84% 72% The amount of biodegradable waste disposed 70% 50% 30% with municipal waste

The Rulebook on management of packaging and packaging waste (Official Gazette of FBiH 88/11) sets collection and recycling targets packaging waste to 35% of the packaging placed on the market. According to the Federal Solid Waste Management Strategy total amount of packaging placed on the market is approximately 170,000 t/y. The current estimate of Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH is that only 15% of packaging waste is recovered from the packaging that is placed on the market in FBIH. The target has been frozen until 2020.

The targets and the timeframe mentioned in Table A1-18and in the Rulebook are quite optimistic based on experience from EU member states and other countries in the region. The Strategy implementation period will expire in 2018 and the targets set are not achieved.

Considering the current baseline (68% collection coverage, almost no separation and recycling, poor basic service level) such transformation of the waste management system in Federation of BiH will require a coordinated effort at all administrative levels, significant development of human resources, increased public participation and significant financial resources. Thus, the implementation of the targets set by the FBiH Solid Waste Management Strategy are considered as a very Optimistic Scenario for the waste management sector in the period up to 2025, also considering the results up to now.

Based on experiences from similar countries and conditions, it is useful to develop two more scenarios - a Realistic and a Pessimistic one. A forecast will be worked out for the three scenarios taking into account the FBiH Solid Waste Management Strategy and own calculations as laid out in previous sections. The scenarios proposed are given in Table A1-19.

Table A1-19: Three scenarios for the future of the waste management sector

Scenarios for 2025 Objectives Optimistic Realistic Pessimistic Collection 100% in urban areas in 100% in urban areas in 100% in urban areas in Coverage 2025 2025 2025 80% in rural areas in 60% in rural areas in 50% in rural areas in 2025 2025 2025 Federal average: 90% in Federal average: 80% in Federal average: 75% in terms of population terms of population terms of population 92% in terms of waste 85% in terms of waste 81% in terms of waste generated generated generated

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Scenarios for 2025 Objectives Optimistic Realistic Pessimistic Source 40% of the recyclables 35% of the recyclables 20% of the recyclables in Separation and 40% of the organics and 20% of the organics 2025 in 2025 in 2025 No recycling for organics Organics 40%x35%=14% 20%x35%=7% 0% Diversion* Recyclables 40%x38%=15% 35%x38%=13% 20%x38%=8% Diversion Final The residuals after The residuals after The residuals after Disposal organic and recyclables organic and recyclables organic and recyclables diversion. diversion. diversion. Besides the municipal Besides the municipal Besides the municipal waste, an additional 9% waste, an additional 9% waste, an additional 9% landfill capacity is landfill capacity is landfill capacity is required for the non- required for the non- required for the non- hazardous industrial hazardous industrial hazardous industrial waste waste waste * For the organic fraction, it is assumed that there will be a market for good quality compost, and emphasis will be given to major organic fraction producers (schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, parks and green areas, etc.).

The following tables present the evolution of each scenario, in urban and rural waste, between 2013 and 2025.

Table A1-20: Optimistic scenario waste flows (tons/year)

Optimistic Scenario 2013 2025 Total Waste 635,640 772,719 Collection coverage 68% 92% Total waste collected 432,235 710,902 Organics 254,256 x 0,68= 272,987 x 0.92= 172,894 251,148 Organic Source Separation 0 40% x 272,987= 100,459 Recyclables 209,761 x 0.68= 92% x 291,098 = 142,638 267,810 Direct collection (10%) 20,976 29,110 Source Separation Negligible 40%x (267,810 -29,110) = 95,480 Other 432,235 - (142,637 + 710,902- (251,148 + 267,810) 172,895)=116,704 =191,814 MSW to landfills 432,235- 20,976= 710,902- (100,459+ 29,110+ 411,259 50%*x95,480) = 533,598 Industrial waste 30,256 710,902x9%=63,981 Total landfill 441,516 597,574 Diversion rate Negligible 29% *It is assumed that 50% of materials will be rejected because of bad separation.

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Table A1-21: Realistic scenario waste flows (tons/year)

Realistic Scenario 2013 2025 Total Waste 635,640 772,719 Collection coverage 68% 85% Total waste collected 432,235 656,812 Organics 172,894 229,883 Organic Source Separation 0 45,976 Recyclables 142,638 246,961 Direct collection (10%) 20,976 29,110 Source Separation Negligible 76,248 Other 116,704 179,967 MSW to landfills 411,259 543,601 Industrial waste 30,256 59,113 Total landfill 441,516 602,714 Diversion rate Negligible 17%

Table A1-22: Pessimistic scenario waste flows (tons/year)

Pessimistic Scenario 2013 2025 Total Waste 635,640 772,719 Collection coverage 68% 81% Total waste collected 432,235 625,903 Organics 172,894 221,120 Organic Source Separation 0 0 Recyclables 142,638 235,789 Direct collection (10%) 20,976 29,110 Source Separation Negligible 41,336 Other 116,704 168,994 MSW to landfills 411,259 617,461 Industrial waste 30,256 56,331 Total landfill 441,516 673,792 Diversion rate Negligible 8%

Table A1-23presents the results of the three scenarios for years 2013 and 2025.

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Table A1-23: Comparison of waste flows for the three scenarios for 2013 and 2025

2013 Optimistic Realistic Pessimistic Landfill capacity (tons/year) 441,516 441,516 441,516 Organic fraction recovered (tons/year) 0 0 0 Recyclables recovered (tons/year) negligible negligible negligible 2025 Optimistic Realistic Pessimistic Landfill capacity (tons/year) 597,574 602,714 673,792 Organic fraction recovered (tons/year) 100,459 45,976 0 Recyclables recovered (tons/year) 124,590 105,358 70,446

Comparing the three scenarios, the following comments can be made:

• All three scenarios are based on the assumption of important improvements in collection coverage that must grow between 75 and 90% (instead of the current 68%). The investments required for those improvements are significant and they need to be prioritized and implemented at latest by 2020 to reach the targets in 2025. • All three scenarios assume the implementation of the EPR principle for packaging waste to support separation at source. For the organic fraction, in the realistic and optimistic scenarios, it is assumed that there will be a market for good quality compost, and priority has to be given to major organic fraction producers (parks/green areas, schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels etc.). This will be much more efficient than capturing organics/kitchen waste from households. However, the consequences of separation of organic waste at source has to be investigated by a detailed market assessment concerning compost demand and quality criteria. The pessimistic scenario does not include any organic source separation, since it is a rather difficult and time-consuming undertaking and there is no strong potential for private involvement as in the case of EPR. In any case a stand-alone study is needed to assess the market demand for compost or compost-like material and to develop quality requirements. • All three scenarios involve substantial landfill capacities. Even the Optimistic Scenario requires a landfill annual capacity of 600,000 tons while the pessimistic one requires an annual capacity of 675,000 tons. It is clear that investments in new sanitary landfills development, expansion or upgrade of the current ones are the core components of the waste management infrastructure required together with collection equipment.

A1.7 Shortcomings

Inside the Federation two parallel waste information systems are operating i.e. the Environmental Fund using its own forms and the Federal Institute for Statistics using their own forms based on EU reporting requirements. The Institute is sending its information to the State Agency for Statistics for statistical purposes and reporting to the EU. There is no institutionalised cooperation between the Environmental Fund and the Institute for Statistics. Data from the various organizations can differ.

Currently, national planning and guidance for the implementation of effective and efficient waste management systems are hampered by the lack of reliable data on waste generators, quantities, composition, recovery, recycling, disposal, stakeholders and so on. Only Sarajevo, Mostar, Livno and Zenica regional landfills have weighbridges in operation providing data for only 24 municipalities out of 79.

A comprehensive national Waste Information System (WIS) is needed in order to provide required data for national and international reporting, improve access to waste data, support regulatory reform and associated reporting, support a consistent and comprehensive data capture process, provide

16 FBiH Sector Reform Report accurate and reliable data to inform decisions, strategies and business, support consistent methods, classification and terminology for waste data, and to support state and regional regulations.

The implementation of a national WIS will standardize reporting requirements, definitions, units and terminology at all administrative levels. The information system should be regularly updated by standard reporting procedures and should capture the national, regional and local evolution of waste management systems. Regional landfills, municipalities, big waste generators from the business sector, EPR systems and treatment facilities should participate in the regular reporting system. A national inventory of respondents should be carried out. The responsible organization could be the Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH in close cooperation with the Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the Agency for Statistic of BiH. A federal WIS should have its own website where all official waste reports and statistics will be available to the public. Such open access will stimulate public participation in waste management and recycling initiatives and will guarantee transparency in the whole lifecycle of waste management.

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A2 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

A2.1 Legal framework and policies

A2.1.1 General

In accordance with the General Peace Agreement for BiH, signed in Dayton on 21 November 1995, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) consists of two entities: Federation of BiH (FBiH), Republika Srpska (RS). Based on an arbitral award passed on 5th March 1999, the Brcko District of BiH (BD) was formed as a third separate administrative unit under exclusive sovereignty of the State.

Figure A2-1: Administrative Organization of BiH According to the Dayton Peace Agreement

BiH has a complex administrative structure. The central government at the level of BiH received limited powers in accordance with the Dayton Peace Accords of 1995, as all governmental functions and authorities that are not expressly assigned to the institutions of BiH in the Constitution, are those of the entities. The influence and authority of the state government are limited and restricted to, for example, coordination of international cooperation and therefore the most significant policy-making activities in BiH belong to the entities.

BiH has complex governance at the local level as well. FBiH consists of 10 (ten) cantons and each has its own government and adopts its own laws (which are in accordance with the legislation of FBiH). Municipalities in FBiH exercise their authorities through various municipal departments. FBiH is divided into 79 municipalities. The entity government for FBiH is responsible for developing and adopting its own environmental legislation, including legislation governing waste management. As such, there is no overarching waste legislation at the national level.

FBiH has adopted a series of laws governing environmental protection and its related secondary legislation (regulations, decrees and decisions):

• Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 71/09) • Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 38/09)

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• Law on Air Protection (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 4/10) • Law on Water (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 70/06) • Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 66/13) • Law on Fund for Environmental Protection (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03)

As is the case with legislation, strategic documents pertaining to environmental protection and waste management are developed at entity level. However, at state level, the Solid Waste Management Strategy, was developed in 2000 with support from the EU (EU/EC PHARE Project) and adopted only by RS in 2002. It highlighted the need for reduction and recovery/recycling of waste as a cost- effective way forward, as well as waste treatment with minimum environmental impact. The Strategy served as basis for the development of the Federal Waste Management Strategy.

The main strategic and planning documents related to waste management in FBiH are

• Environmental Protection Strategy of FBiH for the period 2008-2018 which addresses waste management in its integral part, the Waste Management Strategy of FBiH (WMS FBiH) • Federal Waste Management Plan 2012-2017 (FWMP).

In FBiH cantons develop their own strategic documents on waste management as part of their legal obligations arising from the Law on Waste Management42. So far, the following Waste Management Plans (WMPs) were adopted at cantonal level:

• Zenica – Doboj Canton WMP 2009 – 2018 • Bosnia – Podrinje Canton WMP 2013 – 2018 • Una Sana Canton WMP 2014 – 2019 • Sarajevo Canton WMP 2014 -2019 • Central Bosnia Canton WMP 2015 – 2020 • Tuzla Canton WMP 2015 - 2020 • Herzegovina – Neretva Canton has developed draft WMP, while the remaining three cantons have not developed WMPs.

The FBiH laws on waste management are the legal basis for waste management in the country, while strategies and plans both at FBiH and cantonal level provide guidelines for the future development and investments in the field of waste management.

A2.1.2 Law on Waste Management

In FBiH, the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 71/09) establishes a general framework for all aspects of solid waste management in FBiH, primarily:

• Waste management planning (competencies, roles and responsibilities of authorities, types of planning documents, permitting, financial guaranties, etc.); • Responsibilities in waste management (generator responsibility, seller responsibility, responsibility of generator and holder of waste); • Main functional elements of waste management system (temporary storage, collection, transport, reuse, recycling and/or treatment, and disposal); • Main requirements for the management of hazardous waste; • Trans boundary movement of waste; and • Waste management control.

42(Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 71/09)

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The Law encourages prevention, recycling, reuse and usage of waste for energy recovery and governs all categories of waste (excluding radioactive waste, gases emitted into the atmosphere and wastewater), as well as all types of waste management activities, operations and systems. The provisions of this law also apply to waste resulting from prospecting, extraction, treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries; liquid waste; animal waste and other non-hazardous materials of natural origin that can be used for agricultural purposes, and defused explosives, unless regulated by a special regulation.

Annex A2.1 provides a detailed description of the main provisions of the Law on Waste Management.

The main secondary legislation on waste management in FBiH consists of the following:

• Regulation on issuing permit for small-scale activities on waste management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 9/05) • Regulation on waste categories with lists (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 9/05) • Regulation establishing handling method for waste listed as non-hazardous but whose content is unknown (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03) • Regulation on management of packaging and packaging waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 88/11, 28/13) • Regulation on necessary conditions for transfer of obligations from producers and sellers on operators of systems for collection of waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 9/05) • Regulation on the contents of conditioning plans for existing landfills (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 09/05) • Regulation on animal waste and other non-hazardous natural materials which can be used in agriculture (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 8/08) • Regulation on medical waste management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 77/08) • Regulation on management of waste from electric and electronic equipment (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 87/12 and 107/14) • Regulation on form, contents and methodology for provision of information on important characteristics of products and packaging (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 6/08) • Regulation on conditions for operation of waste incineration plants (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 12/05) • Regulation on transboundary movement of waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 7/11) • Decree on financial and other guarantees for covering risks of possible damages, clean up and procedure following the closure of disposal sited (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 39/06) • Decree on separate collection, packaging and labelling of waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 38/06) • Decree on reporting obligations for operators and manufacturers of waste on conveying supervision, and monitoring and evidence in reference to conditions from waste management permit (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 31/06)

According to FBiH law (Article 4), MSW is household waste as well as other waste, which because of its nature or composition is similar to household waste. The Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste gives the following definition of MSW (Article 2): "municipal waste" means waste from households, as well as other waste which, because of its nature or composition, is similar to waste from household.

Regulation on waste categories with lists (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 9/05) specifies the fractions that make up municipal waste under group 20 00 00and these correspond entirely to those specified in the Commission Decision of 18 December 2014 amending Decision 2000/532/EC on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.

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A2.1.3 Transposition of EU legislation

The main BiH and EU legislation regulating municipal solid waste management are briefly presented in Table A2-1.

Table A2-1: Status of the transposition of the EU Waste Directives in FBiH

EU Directives Transposition status in FBiH

Directive No. 2008/98/EC of the Partially transposed through the Law on Environmental European Parliament and of the Protection (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03 and 38/09) Council of 19.11.2008 “on waste” (in which introduced obligation for a waste holder to take force as of 12.12.2010) (the so called adequate measures for management of waste and to provide “Waste Framework Directive basic measures for the prevention of waste, recycling and (WFD)”). treating waste for reuse, extraction of raw materials and energy recovery and a safe disposal of waste based on the polluter pays principle. However, the main principles of waste management are transposed through the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09), including polluter pays principle and principle of producer responsibility for waste management. The Law establishes a general framework for all aspects of solid waste management and encourages prevention, recycling, reuse and usage of waste for energy recovery. Some of the definitions set in the Waste Framework Directive are transposed through the Law on Waste Management (waste, waste producer, waste holder, re-use). List of wastes is transposed through the Regulation on waste categories with lists Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 9/05).

Establishing measures to encourage the re-use and recycling of waste (Art. 11) have not been determined yet. Introduction of separate waste collection for at least paper, metal, plastic, glass (Art. 11) has been fully transposed.

Council Directive No. 1999/31/EC of Partially transposed through the Law on Waste Management 26.04.1999 “on the landfill of waste”, (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09) and Regulation as amended by Regulations No. on the contents of conditioning plans for existing landfills EC/1882/2003 and EC/1137/2008; (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 09/05) which transpose some definitions (Article 2), Article 4 on classification of landfills, Article 7 on the content of the landfill permit (except Art. 7(h)), as well as parts of Articles 8, 9, 10 and 13. Decree on financial and other guarantees for covering risks of possible damages, clean up and procedure following the closure of disposal sited (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 39/06) is contributing to the transposition of the Directive. The measure of preparing and implementing a Federal strategy reducing the amount of biodegradable municipal waste going to landfill (Art. 5) has not been transposed yet

Regulation (EC) No 2150/2002 on Transposed through the Law on Statistics of FBiH (Official

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EU Directives Transposition status in FBiH

EU waste statistics Gazette of FBiH, no. 63/03 and 09/09) whose Article 16 states that the Federal Agency for Statistics is obliged to collect and provide data to the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHAS) in line with international methodologies and standards and the BHAS guidelines. The BHAS guideline on waste statistics is the Manual on Waste Statistics (Publications Office of the EU, 2013), translated by the BHAS in 2014.

Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of Partially transposed. In FBiH, legislation on shipment of the European Parliament and of the waste is harmonised with the provisions of the Basel Council of 14 June 2006 on Convention. The Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 on shipments of waste as amended by shipments of waste, as amended by Regulations Regulations (EC) 1379/2007, (EC) EC/1379/2007, EC/669/2008, EC/219/2009, and 669/2008, (EC) 219/2009 and (EC) EC/308/2009, (hereinafter referred to as: Shipment of Waste 308/2009 and Directive 2009/31/EC. Regulation) is partially transposed in FBiH legislation. Provisions of the Shipment of Waste Regulation are included in the FBiH legislation mostly through the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09), i.e. title VI of the Law, Regulation on fiscal guarantees ensuring trans boundary movement of waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 41/05) and the Regulation on Trans boundary Movement of Waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 7/11).

According to the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 71/09), import of waste for disposal purposes in the Federation of BiH is prohibited. Waste may be imported into the Federation of BiH only for the activities of material or energy recovery.

Designated Authority and National Focal Point for the implementation of Basel Convention in FBiH is the Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism (FMET).

The Industrial Emissions Directive Partially transposed through the Law on Environmental 2010/75/EU (repealing Directive Protection (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 38/09) 2000/76/EC on incineration of waste) and set of by-laws such as Regulation on Best Available Techniques for Attaining the Environmental Quality Standards Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 92/07), Regulation on plants and installations for which Environmental Impact Assessment is obligatory and plants and installations which may only be constructed and operated if issued an Environmental Permit (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 19/04), Regulation on Emission Limit Values into the air from Large Combustion Plants (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 12/05), Regulation on working conditions of Waste Incineration Plants (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 12/05), Regulation on Volatile Organic Compounds (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 12/05) and others. Chapter IV has been transposed apart from

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EU Directives Transposition status in FBiH

establishment of an effective information gathering system and establishment a mechanism for access to information and public participation (Art. 55).

Chapter VI, including the prohibition of the disposal of waste from installations producing titanium dioxide (Art. 67) has not been transposed yet

European Parliament and Council Partially transposed through the Law on Waste Management Directive No. 94/62/EC of (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09) and the 20.12.1994 “on packaging and Regulation on packaging and packaging waste management packaging waste”, as amended by (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 88/11, 28/13) which Regulations No. EC/1882/2003 and transposes Article 3, Article 4.1, Article 6.1.a, Article 6.1.b, EC/219/2009, and Directives No. Article 6.1.c, Article 6.1.d, Article 6.1.e, Article 7.1, Article 2004/12/EC and 2005/20/EC; 11, Article 12.1 and 12.2, Article 13, Article 14 and Article 15 of the Directive;

and Regulation on form, contents and methodology for provision of information on important characteristics of products and packaging (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 6/08) which transposes Article 3 (definition 1) and Article 8.3 on appropriate marking on packaging itself or on labels.

Directive No. 2000/53/EC of the Partially transposed through the Law on Waste Management European Parliament and of the (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09) whose Article Council of 18.09.2000 “on end-of 58 provides for the adoption of a special bylaw relating to the life vehicles”, as amended by management of end of life vehicles within one year from the Decisions No. 2002/525/EC, date of entry into force of the Law (i.e. December 2010). 2005/63/EC, 2005/437/EC, However, this bylaw has not been adopted yet. 2005/438/EC, 2005/673/EC, 2008/689/EC, 2010/115/EC and Directives No. 2008/33/EC and 2008/112/EC;

Directive No. 2002/96/EC of the Partially transposed through the Law on Waste Management European Parliament and of the (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09) and Regulation Council of 27.01.2003 “on waste on WEEE management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 87/12 electrical and electronic equipment and 107/14). (WEEE)”, as amended by Directive No. 2003/108/EC, 2008/34/EC and Regulation on WEEE management partially transposes 2008/112/EC; Articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16 of the WEEE Directive.

Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 Partially Transposed through the Law on Waste Management December 2002 establishing criteria (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09) and Regulation and procedures for the acceptance of on the contents of conditioning plans for existing landfills waste at landfills pursuant to Article (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 09/05) which transpose some 16 and Annex II to the Directive definitions (Article 2), Article 4 on classification of landfills,

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EU Directives Transposition status in FBiH

1999/31/EC; Article 7 on the content of the landfill permit (except Art. 7(h)), as well as parts of Articles 8, 9, 10 and 13. Decree on financial and other guarantees for covering risks of possible damages, clean up and procedure following the closer of disposal sited (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 39/06) is contributing to the transposition of the Decision.

Directive No. 2006/66/EC of the Partially Transposed through Article 58 of the Law on Waste European Parliament and of the Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03, 72/09) Council of 06.09.2006 “on batteries provides for the adoption of a special bylaw relating to the and accumulators and waste batteries management of batteries and accumulators within one year and accumulators” and repealing from the date of entry into force of the Law (i.e. December Directive No. 91/157/EEC, as 2010). However, this bylaw has not been adopted yet. amended by Directive No. 2008/12/EC and Directive No. 2008/103/EC; Commission Decisions 2008/763/EC, 2009/603/EC, 2009/851/EC;

A2.1.4 Federal Waste Management Strategy

The Federal Waste Management Strategy (FWMS) is an integral part of the Federal Environmental Protection Strategy, developed in line with provisions of the Federal Law on Environmental Protection. The Federal Environmental Protection Strategy is one of the key documents promoting sustainable development in FBiH. This strategic document, developed by the Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism and valid for a period of ten years (2008 – 2018) by the Government of FBiH contains a number of essential principles and guidelines for achieving sustainable development.

Some of the principles and guidelines underlying the Strategy are:

• The principle of replacement - any activity that could have harmful effects on the environment must be replaced by any other activity which poses a significantly smaller risk; • The principle of integrated approach - environmental protection and improvement of the quality of the environment should be an integral part of all policies aimed at the development of the environment; • The principle of precaution and prevention - carefully manage and economically use components of the environment • How to reduce use, prevent environmental pollution and overload, prevent its disruption, as well as the improvement and restoration of damaged environment; • How to initiate the public and launch public participation in activities that aim to protect the environment; • How to integrate social and economic development in accordance with requirements of environmental protection.

Adoption of the Federal Waste Management Strategy is prescribed by Article 48 of the Law on Environmental Protection. It defines the objectives and measures related to waste management in FBiH. The overarching goal of the FWMS is achieving environmental protection, promotion and encouragement of sustainable use of natural resources through the establishment of an integrated waste management system.

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Realization of the overarching goal is possible by implementing measures envisaged under the following strategic goals (SG) for waste management:

• Reduction of risks to the environment and human health and establishment of priority infrastructure for integrated waste management (SG 7.1.) with operational goals indicating closure of municipal landfills and gradual transfer to regional disposal concept; • Reduction of the amount of waste for final disposal with more efficient resource use (SG 7.2.); • Ensuring the implementation of the system through legal, institutional and economic framework (SG 7.3.); • Ensuring systematic monitoring of parameters for assessment of the state of the environment (SG 7.4.).

The strategic goals have their own specific operational goals (OG) as explicit and measurable changes that will be realized during the implementation of measures from the Strategy and contribute to achieving the objective of the overarching goal and strategic goals.

SG 7.1 defines quantitative targets that refer to organized municipal waste collection, creating of conditions for sanitary landfilling and closure of existing non-compliant municipal landfills (Table A2-2).

Table A2-2: Goals for organized waste collection and ensuring sanitary landfilling conditions

Operational goal (% of total number) 2011 2014 2018

Increase the population covered by organized 70 85 95 waste collection Create conditions for sanitary disposal capacities 100 - - for at least five years in all regions Remove illegal dumps and rehabilitate the sites 50 80 95 Remediate and close existing municipal landfills 5 100 -

SG 7.2 defines quantitative targets that refer to the amount of separated municipal waste, reduction of biodegradable waste disposed and recycling and reusing of special waste (Table A2-3).

Table A2-3: Goals for separate waste collection and recycling

Operational goal 2011 2014 2018 Establish separate waste collection system in all 30 60 95 municipalities in FBiH (% of the total number of municipalities) Collect and recycle waste packaging (% of total 8 20 30 waste) Paper and cardboard 35 45 55 Glass 4 10 40 Metal 55 60 65 Plastic 3 6 15 Separately collect organic waste from gardens and 30 50 70 parks Establish fully operational waste management - - 100 regional centres in all regions (% of the total planned number)

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SG 7.2 sets quantitative targets that refer to increase in recycling and reuse for special waste categories (Table A2-4).

Table A2-4: Goals for increase in recycling and reuse for special waste categories

Operational goal 2011 2014 2018

Increase the overall percentage of waste recycled or recovered operations (%) ELV 40 80 90 Batteries 85 90 95 Tires 30 60 85 Waste oils Maximum recoverable portion 70 80 90 From total amount of oil 35 40 45 WEEE 20 30 70

The FWMS also recognizes the need for improvements in the legal, institutional and economic framework by adoption of necessary secondary legislation (e.g. waste tires, ELVs, waste oils and waste batteries and accumulators), establishment of waste management information system and setting of special charges for certain types of waste.

Generally, it can be concluded that none of the above targets has been realized. Lessons learned should be reflected in future SWMS and SWMP’s by introducing more realistic targets based on impact on costs and thus tariffs.

A2.1.5 Federal Waste Management Plan 2012 -2017

The development of the Federal Waste Management Plan (FWMP) is prescribed by Article 6 of the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03 and 72/09). The FWMP is the implementing document of the FWMS and provides guidance for the management of different types of waste in FBiH, whose main goal is the establishment of an integrated waste management system.

In accordance with the FWMS the integrated waste management system is in line with the regional concept developed for several municipalities that partner in a region (for waste collection, separation and recycling). The Law on Waste management leaves the possibility of constructing inter-municipal (regional) landfills, on which the final decision lies with the cantonal selection of desired concept, materialized through cantonal waste management plans.

Development of cantonal Waste Management Plan is a legal obligation of the cantons, an instrument on which all relevant authorities in municipalities should agree on and based on which activities and investments in the waste management sector will be planned. As previously mentioned, five cantons have adopted their WMPs. Zenica-Doboj Canton was the first to develop its waste management plan in line with the measures defined in the FWMS and is one of the cantons that has a regional sanitary landfill.

A2.1.6 Legislation at Cantonal level

Article 11 of the Federal Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03 and 72/09) states that cantonal ministries are in charge of the management of all types of waste, and determining appropriate sites for the development of waste management infrastructure apart from those on the territory of two or more cantons. Cantonal ministries are also responsible for the development of

26 FBiH Sector Reform Report cantonal waste management strategies and plans, drafting laws and regulations for the cantonal jurisdiction, issuing permits for waste management activities and environmental permits for waste management plants and facilities below the threshold stipulated in the Regulation on Plants and Facilities. Furthermore, Article 25 defines that cantonal ministries are responsible for drafting legislation on collection and treatment of MSW and forming and operation of municipal utility companies and the obligation of municipalities in the provision of utility services.

Table A2-5provides a list of legislations brought at cantonal level, pertaining to MSW.

Table A2-5: Cantonal legislation related to MSW management

Canton Legislation

Zenica – Doboj Canton Law on Communal Activities of Zenica Doboj Canton (Official Gazette of Zenica Doboj Canton, no. 17/08) Bosnia – Podrinje Canton Law on Communal Activities of Bosnia – Podrinje Canton (Official Gazette of Bosnia – Podrinje Canton, no. 09/13) Una Sana Canton Law on Communal Activities of Una Sana Canton (Official Gazette of Una Sana Canton, no. 04/11) Law on Amendments to the Law on Communal Activities of Una Sana Canton (Official Gazette of Una Sana Canton, no. 11/11) Law on Amendments to the Law on Communal Activities of Una Sana Canton (Official Gazette of Una Sana Canton, no. 13/12) Law on Waste Management of Una Sana Canton (Official Gazette of Una Sana Canton, no. 04/12) Law on Amendments to the Law on Waste Management of Una Sana Canton (Official Gazette of Una Sana Canton, no. 08/14) Sarajevo Canton Law on Communal Activities of Sarajevo Canton (Official Gazette of Sarajevo Canton, no. 14/16, 43/16) Law on Communal Order of Sarajevo Canton (Official Gazette of Sarajevo Canton, no. 14/16, 43/16) Central Bosnia Canton Law on Communal Activities of Central Bosnia Canton (Official Gazette of Central Bosnia Canton, no. 13/13) Law on Waste Management of Central Bosnia Canton (Official Gazette of Central Bosnia Canton, no. 04/05) Tuzla Canton - Canton 10 Law on Communal Activities of Canton 10 (Official Gazette of Canton 10, no. 02/06) West Herzegovina Canton Law on Communal Activities of West Herzegovina Canton (Official Gazette of West Herzegovina Canton, no. 14/00, 7/03, 8/12, 9/13) Herzegovina Neretva Law on Communal Activities of Herzegovina Neretva Canton (Official Canton Gazette of Herzegovina Neretva Canton, no. 04/04) Law on Waste Management of Herzegovina Neretva Canton (Official Gazette of Herzegovina Neretva Canton, no. 06/06) Posavina Canton Law on Communal Activities of Posavina Canton (Official Gazette of Posavina Canton, no. 1/98, 6/01 and 4/13)

At municipal level, management of MSW is regulated through Decisions on communal order which define the rights and obligations of inhabitants, municipal utilities and other actors involved in maintenance of communal hygiene, public order, maintaining of public green areas and public traffic lanes, public lighting, other municipal facilities and collection and disposal of MSW.

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Here is to be noted that Federation does not have a framework law that regulates communal affairs and unify approach, principles and methods of providing communal services at cantonal and municipal level. In July 2013, the Economic-Social Council of the FBiH adopted the conclusion that recognizes the need to adopt a Federal Law on Communal Economy. However, nothing happened since then in this regard. The Association of Communal Utilities of FBIH has drafted text of the Federal Law on Communal Economy, which was adopted by its Assembly on 03.10.2012. The draft Law was submitted to the Federal Government and the Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism however no activities from the Government side since then.

A2.2 Institutional framework

A2.2.1 General

The overall institutional set up in BiH is shown in Figure A2-2showing the various stakeholders at the various levels.

Figure A2-2: Institutional set up BiH

Table A2-6 provides an overview of the key roles and responsibilities related to waste management in FBiH.

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Table A2-6: Roles and responsibilities related to waste management in FBiH

Responsibility State Federal Cantonal1 Municipal Establishing policies ✓ ✓ Coordination of activities and ✓ harmonization of plans of entities' bodies Development of waste management laws ✓ ✓ and regulations Development of waste management ✓ ✓ ✓ strategies and plans Issuing environmental permits for ✓ ✓ relevant plants and facilities (threshold dependent) Inspection of permitted installations ✓ ✓ (threshold dependent) Organising and conducting of statistical ✓3 ✓⁵ ✓4 research Tracking transboundary movements of ✓ waste between RS and international Determining sites and locations for waste ✓ ✓ ✓ management facilities (planning) Operating/ procurement of waste ✓2 ✓ management services Setting of collection fees for Operators ✓2 ✓ Issuing waste management licenses for ✓ landfills of waste Notes: 1 FBiH is divided up into cantons. 2Operation of services at Cantonal level only occurs in Sarajevo Canton. 3 The Agency for Statistics is a national agency that covers the whole of BiH. 4 In FBiH the Institute for Statistics is organised as follows: statistical surveys are conducted by the cantonal departments and offices located in the headquarters of all ten cantons, which collect, control and submit data to the research departments in Sarajevo. ⁵ Through environmental fund having its own waste data collection system

A2.2.2 State level

The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of BiH (MoFTER) is the national focal point (executive body) for all conventions on environmental protection signed and ratified by the state. Article 9 of the Law on Ministries and Other Bodies of BiH (Official Gazette BiH, no. 5/03, 42/03, 26/04, 42/04, 45/06, 88/07, 35/09, 59/09 and 103/09) provides the competencies of MoFTER as: definition of policies, basic principles, coordination of activities and harmonization of plans of entities’ bodies, government and institutions in accordance with international obligations in the areas of agriculture, energetics, environmental protection, development and use of natural resources and tourism.

It defines the foreign trade policy of BiH, prepares contracts, agreements and other documents in the field of economic relations and trade with other countries, and defines relations with international organizations and institutions in the field of foreign trade and economic relations.

According to the Law on Statistics of BiH (Official Gazette of BiH, no. 26/04), development of statistical data of BiH includes all activities necessary for the preparation, collection, storing, processing, compilation, analysis and distribution of statistical data of BiH. The competent authority for organization, preparation and distribution of statistical information at state level is the Agency for Statistics of BiH, established in accordance with the provisions of the Law. The competent authorities of entities are entity Institutes for Statistics of FBiH and RS that are in charge for carrying these

29 FBiH Sector Reform Report activities out in the entities. Pursuant to the Article 8, Agency for Statistics of BiH may request the data from any other statistical unit under entity Institute for Statistics, or may request the data from any other institution of BiH, legal entities at state level, international organizations in BiH and local companies and foreign companies in BiH.

Based on the information given by the Agency for Statistics of BiH, there is no coordination with Environmental Fund of FBiH regarding waste data collection and both institutions are conducting their activities regarding data collection independently. The Agency for Statistics of BiH has never initiated cooperation through requesting data and information on waste pursuant to Article 8 of the Law. The Agency for Statistics of BiH collects the relevant data on municipal waste from entity Institutes for Statistics of FBiH and RS.

The inter-entity steering committee for the environment is responsible for all environmental affairs where coordinated approach of both entities is needed. These include: international agreements and programs, participation in work of international organisations, coordination of adoption and implementation of legislation, coordination of environmental monitoring and implementation of environmental standards, coordination of monitoring and information system, etc. The Committee meets at least 6 times per year. Representatives of ministry for environment from both entities and BD participate in the work of the Committee.

A2.2.3 Federal level

The key institutional actors include the Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism (FMET), Fund for Environmental Protection (FEP) of FBiH and Federal Administration for Inspection Issues (FAII), Federal Institute for Statistics and cantonal environmental ministries and municipalities. In FBiH, each canton is responsible for adopting its own Law on Utility Services. These laws determine the principles, performance and financing of utility services, and set out other issues of importance for the successful performance of utility services within each canton. Based on these laws, cantons, towns, and municipalities are obliged to provide the required utility services (including collection, treatment and disposal of municipal waste). Municipalities regulate the performance of individual utility services by adopting their own regulations. Municipal Decisions on Utility Services are intended to regulate and ensure the continued maintenance of utility services. These services cover the collection and treatment / disposal of municipal waste.

FBiH has not established an institution to monitor the situation in the area of waste management. The intention of the FMET is to regulate this issue with new amendments to the Law on Waste Management that are going to be passed in 2017. The changes to the Law include an information system on all types of waste, infrastructure and companies managing waste. That system will be under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Fund. The Fund will be responsible institution for waste data collection and management of waste information system. In addition, special categories of waste will be defined covering packaging waste, waste oil, batteries, old vehicles, tires, electronic and electrical waste, asbestos and PCB, waste generated in the production of titan dioxide, medical, animal and construction industry waste. The amendments include the definition “product manufacturer and importer” of products which become waste and “system operator” companies for the recycling and use of special categories of waste. System operators can be set up only by companies, which sell products, which later fall into the special waste categories. The amendments regulate the fees for those waste categories, which are paid to the Environmental Protection Fund of the FBiH, except for those categories for which system operators have been set up.

The new Law on Environmental Protection of FBiH, which will determine the provisions relating to information system for waste, is in the parliamentary procedure, and its adoption is expected in 2017. These changes are mainly related to the Waste Management Information System.

The brief description of the roles and responsibilities of FMET, municipalities and other key institutions are given below.

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Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism(FMET)

The Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism (FMET) is responsible for, inter alia:

• Waste management; • Ecological protection of air, water, and soil; • Development of environmental protection strategies and policies; • Air, water, and soil quality standards; • Ecological monitoring and control of air, water, and soil. • This Ministry has five sectors: • Sector for Environmental Protection; • Sector for Environmental Permits; • Sector for Tourism; • Sector for Project Implementation; and • Sector for Legal, Financial and General Affairs.

Activities pertaining to waste management are primarily carried out within the Sector for Environmental Protection, Sector for Environmental Permits, and Sector for Project Implementation. In terms of waste management, the key unit is the Sector for Environmental Protection. Only one employee is dealing with waste management in FMET.

FMET regularly collaborates with other federal ministries, such as the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry (FMAWMF), the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) for medical and radioactive waste management and the Federal Ministry for Energy, Mining and Industry (FMERI) for industrial waste management. Whilst the primary responsibility for waste management lies with FMET, these other Ministries play a central role in establishing waste management systems for specific waste streams.

Under Article 11 of the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03, 72/09), FMET is in charge of activities relating to the trans boundary movement of waste, all waste management activities (including treatment facilities) which are located, or undertaken, in two or more of the Federation’s cantons.

FMET is responsible for the development of waste management strategies, plans, laws and regulations, which cover FBiH. In addition, they also issue environmental permits for waste management plants and other facilities which operate at levels above the thresholds stipulated in the Regulation on Plants and Facilities (Official Gazette of FBiH, no.19/04). These regulations require that an environmental impact assessment be undertaken before a facility is constructed and an environmental permit can be issued.

Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH

The Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH was founded 2003by the Law on Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH (Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 33/03) for the purpose of collection and distribution of funds for environmental protection. It is a non-profit public institution. The Fund collects and distributes payments for environmental protection on the territory of FBiH. It instigates and finances (after tendering procedures) the preparation, implementation, and development of programmes, projects and similar activities. It does so in the fields of conservation, sustainable environmental use, protection and improvement of the state of the environment, and use of renewable energy sources.

Administrative supervision, supervision over the legality of work and by-laws of the Fund is performed by the Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism.

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Control over the implementation of the Law on Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH and other regulations based on this law is performed by the Federal Administration for Inspection Issues within the organizational unit Inspectorate of Urban – Environmental Inspection.

Control over the calculation and payment of fees, in accordance with the Law on Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH, is performed by Federal Ministry of Finance, Tax Administration of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The resources of the Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH originate from:

• Levies on polluters; • Levies on natural resources users; • A levy on each motor vehicle registration; • Proceeds arising from international bilateral and multilateral cooperation and in-country cooperation on mutual programs, projects and similar activities in the field of environmental protection; • Bank loans; • Funds from loans by other legal entities and monetary institutions; • Donor funds and other forms of support; • Fund operations (service fees, repayment of principal interest etc.); • Budget of FBiH • Penalties, and • Other sources of funding defined by a special law, other regulations or contracts.

In relation to the waste sector, the Fund currently collects the following fees:

• The fee for managing packaging and packaging waste, which is based on the amount of packaging (of any type) of a product that is being marketed for the first time in FBiH. The criteria for the calculation of the fees as prescribed in the Regulation on Management of Packaging and Packaging Waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 88/11 and 28/13) for those obliged companies that have not joined the organized system through an authorized operator (specified in Annex III of the Regulation). This fee is called “fee for unfulfilled goals” and is prescribed in Article 23 of the aforementioned Regulation. As of 2014 the Fund has begun collecting of the so-called "general fee" paid to the Fund by all obliged payers, regardless of being part of the organized system or not (as prescribed by the amendment of the Regulation, brought in 2013). This general fee serves the Fund to cover its administrative costs of monitoring the entire system of packaging and packaging waste, processing reports of all obliged payers and all operators, and establishing and managing databases, i.e. the Register of obliged payers and amounts of material and waste. The general fee amounts to 0.002 BAM per 1 kg of packaging and is calculated based on annual Report on Quantities and Types of Packaging which is submitted to the Fund by authorized operators and obliged payers that have not joined the organized system. The Report contains data on the total quantity of packaging the obliged payer holds, which includes: quantity of imported packaging, quantity of exported packaging, quantity of packaging in which goods are packaged and placed on BiH market (RS, FBiH, BD), and the amount of stored goods packed in packaging. For obliged payers that have joined the organized system through an authorized operator, the general fee is paid to the Fund by the authorized operator once per year based on its Annual report to the Fund for all its users. • The fee paid by environmental polluters according to the Regulation on Fees for Plastic Bags (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 9/14) is paid by all traders (retail shops, stores, supermarkets, bakeries, newsstands, pharmacies, grocery stores, etc.) registered in FBiH which consume plastic bags for their own needs or put them into trade. • The general fee for managing waste from electronic and electrical equipment is paid by all manufacturers and importers of EEE when placing products on the market in FBiH for the

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first time regardless whether they have joined the organized system through an authorized operator or not. The purpose of this fee is to cover the administration costs for implementation of this Regulation. Additionally, the Fund collects fees for management of WEEE from those producers and importers who have not transferred their obligations to authorized system operators. The categories of equipment are grouped into classes and sub- classes and the unit rate fee is based on the type of equipment. The method of calculation and payment are prescribed in the Regulation on Management of Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 87/12 and 107/14).

The Fund also collects the following fees:

• Fees in accordance with Article 177 of the Law on Waters (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 70/06) which prescribes that 15% of the revenues generated from general and special water charges collected pursuant to the lease of public water resources of surface water bodies category 1 belongs to the Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH. • Fees paid by air polluters (fees for emissions of SO2, NO2 and particulate matter (dust) into the environment). The unit rate fees, the correction coefficients and the method of calculation and payment are prescribed in the Regulation on the Method of Calculation and Payment, and Deadlines for Calculation and Payment of Fees for Air Polluters (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 79/11) and the Decree on Types of Fees and Criteria for Calculation of Fees for Air Polluters (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 66/11, 107/14). • Special environmental fees are paid during motor vehicle registration, by legal and physical persons owning or are authorised to drive a power-driven vehicle. The unit rate fees, the correction coefficients and the method of calculation and payment are prescribed in the Decree on Special Environmental Fees Paid During Motor Vehicle Registration (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 14/11 and 26/11).

The revenue is divided between the 10 cantons and the Fund in a ratio of 70 % to the cantons and 30% to the Fund. Since 2006, additional revenue arising from a percentage of collected water fees has been allocated to the Fund.43

Inspection supervision over the application of these regulations is conducted by environmental inspectors of and market inspectors of the FAII. FAII controls both the obliged payers and system operators.

For the purpose of overseeing the implementation of these regulations, the Government of FBiH has issues the following:

• Decision and Resolution on the nomination of Coordinating Body for overseeing the implementation of the Regulation on Management of Packaging and Packaging Waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 45/13) • Decision and Resolution on the nomination of Coordinating Body for overseeing the implementation of the Regulation on Management of Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 79/15)

The members of the Coordinating Bodies are made up of one representative of the following institutions:

• Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism (FMET) • Fund for Environmental Protection of FBiH (FEP of FBiH)

43 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2011) Second Environmental Performance Review – Bosnia and Herzegovina

33 FBiH Sector Reform Report

• Federal Administration for Inspection Issues (FAII) • system operators holding valid permit from the FMET.

The system operators are not full members of the Coordinating Bodies but associated members.

The specific tasks of the Coordination Bodies include:

• Review of periodic and annual reports of authorized system operators; • Review of periodic and annual reports of the FAII in relation to inspection supervision over the application of the regulations WEEE and packaging and packaging waste; • Review of the annual plan of planned expenditure of funds of FEP of FBiH which needs to be coordinated with FMET; • Establishment of a unified registration system on packaging and packaging waste and WEEE as part of the Registry of plants and pollution of FMET; • Submission of annual reports and the results of the implementation of the regulations on WEEE and packaging and packaging waste to the Government of FBiH.

Federal Administration for Inspection Issues (FAII)

The FAII was set up in accordance with the Law on Inspections in FBiH (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 69/05) as an independent federal administrative body. It started operating on 01 January 2007, headquartered in Sarajevo. The FAII has detached offices for internal control in Mostar, Tuzla and Zenica. It has a total of 10 inspectorates, internal control sector and sector of border inspection. It reports annually on its operations to the Government of FBiH, in line with Regulation on the planning of work and reporting on the work of the Federal Government, Federal ministries and institutions (Official Gazette of FBiH, no 89/14). FAII carries out inspection tasks falling in the scope of Federal Inspectorates organized under it; enacts implementing regulations, general and individual documents falling in its scope; takes administrative and other measures during inspections; decides upon appeals against first-instance decisions issued by the cantonal inspectors pursuant to the cantonal regulations; coordinates work of Federal and Cantonal Inspectorates, follows the work and conducts expert supervision and control of work by cantonal inspectors and administrations for inspection affairs within the scope provided by the Federal regulations; provides expert assistance to the cantonal administrations for inspection affairs; enacts the programs and plans for inspection supervision for Federal Inspectorate, approves annual programs and work programs related to inspection supervision by cantonal administrations; maintains the records in regard of all those subject to supervision in the Federation; maintains the records of inspections conducted by the Federal inspectors; maintains the records on Federal inspectors; maintains the records on official ID cards of Federal inspectors; enacts the programs for professional trainings for inspectors for the Federation; organizes professional inspector examination in the Federation; takes part in professional drafting of inspection regulations; ensures enforcement of regulations enacted by the organs of Bosnia and Herzegovina setting out jurisdiction for enforcement of such regulations in the Entities and is liable for enforcement thereof and notifies the organs of Bosnia and Herzegovina on measures taken; carries out other administrative and professional tasks set out by the Federal laws and other regulations .

The following Inspectorates within FAII perform inspection tasks pertaining to environmental protection, including waste management:

• Inspectorate for Urban and Environmental Inspection – this Inspectorate is responsible for the inspection and implementation of laws and by-laws pertaining to environmental protection of the improvement of the environment; and • Health Inspectorate – this Inspectorate is responsible for the inspection of the implementation of laws and by-laws pertaining to disposal and destruction of pharmaceutical wastes.

34 FBiH Sector Reform Report

The Law on Inspections in FBiH (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 69/05) defines the competencies and scope of work between the FAII and Cantonal Inspectorates. According to this Law, FAII undertakes inspection over the application of regulations within the jurisdiction established by federal legislation in the entire territory of FBiH. According to this Law, the Cantonal Inspections are also authorized for inspection over application of federal regulations. Exceptionally, the FAII may undertake inspection within the competence of the cantonal inspector over the application of federal regulations if the Cantonal Inspectorate does not have staffed inspectors. In case of conflict of jurisdiction between the federal and cantonal inspection, it is solved by the Director of the FAII and Head of the cantonal inspection authority by mutual agreement within three days upon conflict of jurisdiction. If a jurisdictional dispute cannot be resolved by mutual agreement within this period, conflict of jurisdiction is settled with the Supreme Court of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

At the moment, operations of existing non-sanitary landfills at level of Municipality are controlled by the Inspectorate for Municipal Order organized within each Municipality. For several non-sanitary municipal landfills in FBiH (Kakanj, Visoko, Zenica, Zepce, Maglaj, Zavidovici, Busovaca, Breza44) FMET issued the Decision on Landfill Closure. Federal Inspectorate (FAII) is in charge of controlling the implementation of the afore mentioned Decision. Penalty provisions are not foreseen. Operations of sanitary regional landfills are controlled by the FAII.

Environmental monitoring in FBiH is conducted based on the provisions of the Environmental Permits, respectively in accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection (Official Gazette FBiH, no. 33/03, 38/09) and relevant by-laws. However, existing non-sanitary landfills do not have Environmental Permits and the permits are issued during the projects for rehabilitation of these non- sanitary landfills. Environmental monitoring will be obligatory after remediation and closure of non- sanitary landfills. In accordance with the Law on Environmental Protection, environmental monitoring is conducted by engaging authorized third parties, such as accredited laboratories.

Federal Institute for Statistics (FIS)

The Federal Institute for Statistics gathers and organizes statistical data and undertakes relevant statistical research for the Federation.45 The Department of Industry, Construction, Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Protection Statistics is responsible for environmental statistics including waste. The Federal Institute for Statistics has the obligation to forward data to BiH Agency for Statistics in line with the national Law on Statistics (Official Gazette of BiH, no. 26/04 and 42/04). According to the Law on Statistics in FBiH (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 63 / 03 and 09/09), cantonal authorities and other cantonal institutions, as well as city and municipal administrative services and other urban and municipal institutions and all other waste generators are obligated to submit data upon the request and as specified in the detailed Annual Work Plans of the FIS.

The Federal Institute for Statistics (FIS) is in charge for preparation, collection, storing, processing, compilation, analysis and distribution of statistical data at FBiH(entity) level (including collection of relevant municipal waste) and submits the statistical reports to the Agency for Statistics of BiH.

The Environmental Fund of FBiH conducts collection of waste data independently from the FIS from operators of EPR schemes. The list of obliged payers is prescribed by Regulation on Management of Packaging and Packaging Waste (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 88/11 and 28/13) and Regulation on Management of Waste from Electric and Electronic Equipment (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 87/12 and 107/14). Operators of the system for packaging and packaging waste and electrical and electronic

44Ministry for Spatial Planning, Communication and Environmental Protection of Zenica- Doboj Canton, Information on the state of collection and disposal waste in the Zenica-Doboj Canton and Transport to Regional Landfill Mošćanica 2015 45 The Federal Institute for Statistics was established in April 1997, under the Law on Federal Ministries and Other Bodies (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 8/95 and 9/96).

35 FBiH Sector Reform Report waste are obliged to officially inform FMET and Environmental Fund of FBiH, inter alia, about amount of collected waste, and amount of recovered, recycled and disposed waste. Obliged payers that have not joined the organized systems through authorized system operators, are required to submit their data to the Fund directly, using provided forms and tables available publicly at the Fund's web site46.

There is no information system on waste in FBiH. Ongoing are the changes to the Law on Waste Management, as well as preparation of Draft of Regulation on the Establishment of an Information System for Waste Management in the FBiH.

A2.2.4 Cantonal level

Cantonal Environmental Ministries

FBiH is composed of ten cantons whose jurisdiction is defined by the Federation’s Constitution. Article 11 of the Law on Waste Management (Official Gazette of FBiH, no. 33/03, 72/09) states that cantonal ministries are in charge of MSW management and determining appropriate sites for the development of waste management infrastructure in line with the regional concept defined in the FWMS and FWMP. Cantonal ministries are also responsible for the development of cantonal waste management strategies and plans, drafting laws and regulations for the cantonal jurisdiction, issuing permits for waste management activities and environmental permits for waste management plants and facilities below the threshold stipulated in the Regulation on Plants and Facilities. The threshold is the amount of waste to be managed at the facility and/or area of waste management facility.

In certain respects, competency is shared between FMET and competent cantonal authorities. For example, cantonal authorities are responsible for issuing the majority of waste management permits, other than for those that are issued for facilities and activities which have inter-cantonal characteristics. In addition to the provisions of the Law on Waste Management, MSW management is also regulated by the cantonal Laws on Utility Services and municipal Decisions on Utility Services. The competent authorities for utility services are defined within the laws, as well as legal persons that can perform utility services (including for municipal waste management services). Cantonal Laws on Utility Services also define which utility services are regulated in detail by the municipal regulations. Based on the cantonal Laws on Utility Services, the municipalities can adopt implementing regulations governing the utility services at municipal level (this includes management and disposal of municipal waste).

According to the Decree on Determination of Spatial Intervention and Constructions for which the Federal Ministry of Physical Planning Issues Urban Permits and/or Location Information47, construction of (i) cantonal and regional centres for waste management and (ii) facilities for treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste require the issuance of an Urban Permit at entity level by the FMPP as such infrastructure objects are of interest to FBiH. The request for obtaining an Urban Permit is submitted to FMPP and includes all the documents stipulated by Article 39 of the Law on Physical Planning and Land Use at the Level of FBiH, including the Environmental Permit and the Preliminary Design. The Urban Permits, Construction Permits and Use Permits for projects of rehabilitation of landfills at municipality level are issued by the Municipalities on whose territory the landfills are located.

If for example, a private company wants to conclude a contract with a municipality for waste collection or constructing a sorting line at level of Municipality, the Municipality on whose territory

46http://www.fzofbih.org.ba 47 Official Gazette of FBiH, No. 32/14

36 FBiH Sector Reform Report the waste collection is to be conducted is transferring its authority of waste management to the selected company for waste management and issues the necessary Urban Permit/Construction Permit.

In another example, if the private company intends to construct cantonal and regional centres for waste management and (ii) facilities for treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste, Urban Permit/Construction Permit require the issuance at entity level by the FMPP, as such infrastructure objects are of interest to FBiH.

Cantonal Administrations for Inspection Affairs (CAIA)

At the cantonal level, inspections of waste management facilities are undertaken by cantonal inspectorates if they obtained their waste management permit from the authorised cantonal ministry. Exceptionally, Federal Inspectorates may undertake inspection falling under the jurisdiction of the CAIA if the CAIA does not have an appointed inspector under its jurisdiction.

Currently, Cantonal Administrations for Inspection Affairs as independent administrative bodies of the canton are not organized in two cantons of FBiH: Herzegovina - Neretva Canton and Central Bosnia Canton, where inspectorates are still organized under the umbrella of the cantonal ministries (under the Ministry of Economy of Herzegovina - Neretva Canton and in under the Ministry of Economy of Central Bosnia Canton). The other eight cantons have Cantonal Administrations for Inspection Affairs as independent administrative bodies.

Coordination between CAIAs and FAII has been ensured through the implementation of the project "Improving Investment Climate and Institutional Strengthening" (ICIS Project) funded by the WB and SIDA, and implemented by FAII started in 2011.

The ICIS project provided technical support to FAII and CAIAs in terms of providing equipment and software to set up a system entitled "E-inspector" which enables electronic connection between these institutions and sharing of data on inspections carried out and subjects of these inspections. All cantonal inspections, with the exception of the Inspectorate organized under the Ministry of Economy of Herzegovina - Neretva Canton are participating in this system. All data is unified in a unique Register of Inspection Controls (RIC).

A2.2.5 Local level

Municipalities – Local Governments

Individual municipalities are responsible for the development of municipal waste management plans and the organization of waste collection and disposal activities on their territory. As a result, waste management services are typically provided by public utility companies (PUCs), which are fully or partly state-owned, or, to a lesser extent, by private companies contracted by municipalities (LLCs). Such utility companies are financially responsible for their operations – that is, they collect fees from households and pay gate fees to the landfill operators if they are part of a regional landfill scheme. The exception are the municipalities in Sarajevo Canton, as they are served by a regional (Cantonal) collection company also operating their own landfill.

Consequently, municipalities are obliged to prepare and propose a development program, adopt and implement local waste management plans, regulate and ensure the provision of communal services and their development, organize management of municipal waste and non-hazardous waste in their territory, approve tariffs proposed by the public utility companies, provide funding for duties within their competence, and develop and manage tenders and contracts for the utility services. Guidelines for municipalities on cost calculation methodology and setting tariffs covering operational costs, amortization, bad debts, communication activities, street cleaning, staff training, etc. are not available.

37 FBiH Sector Reform Report

Municipal departments for urban planning and utility affairs are responsible for waste management planning. Through these departments, municipalities engage utility companies to perform certain tasks in waste management at the municipal level (municipality may establish a PUC or these tasks may be contracted out to private companies).

Mayor of the Municipality

Department for Department Department for Department Department for General for Economic Urban Planning for Social Veteran and Administration Affairs and Utility Affairs Disability Affairs Affairs

Figure A2-3: Example of Organizational Scheme of Municipalities

Municipalities have organized Municipal Inspectorates for Municipal Order whose task is to oversee implementation of regulations at local governance level, regulations whose implementation has been transferred from higher levels of governance (cantonal or federal). These Inspectorates are required to report to the mayor and municipal assembly on findings of inspections.

Municipalities and Utility companies are working together through an Association of Municipalities and an Association of Communal Enterprises. Thereto the members pay a fee.

Private Sector

Private sector involvement in waste management is rather limited and is related to recycling and recovery of waste and waste collection from private companies. According to the Federal Law on Waste (Article 12) private companies can obtain licenses to become operators and perform waste management services including collection services, gathering, storage, treatment or disposal of wastes. Also, construction, operation and maintenance of plants and waste management facilities may be awarded under PPPs.

A2.3 Shortcomings

The Law on Waste Management is considered a very important step towards harmonization with EU standards. It promotes the waste hierarchy and introduces key policy principles. Despite the significant progress in harmonizing Federal with EU legislature, the transposition of the acquis communautaire has not been completed in full: regulations concerning some specific waste streams (such as old vehicles, waste tyres, waste oil, animal waste) have not been transposed and significant number of secondary legislation is missing which also affects full implementation of the EPR. The Law determines that the municipalities in Federation are responsible for waste management on their territory. Municipalities are encouraged to cooperate through inter-municipal or regional arrangements. However, municipal regulations48are mainly outdated, not harmonized with the federal

48 Municipal regulations regulate the municipal order and maintenance of municipal order in order to regulate settlements, maintenance of cleanliness in public areas, use of public land, waste collection and handling with collected waste, waste management, snow and ice

38 FBiH Sector Reform Report and cantonal laws, and insufficient in the aspects of defining the obligations for waste generators and municipalities’ publicly-mandated responsibilities for SWM.

The Federal Solid Waste Strategy will expire in 2018. The Strategy is comprehensive and sets the targets that are, in very general terms, aligned with those of the EU Directives. However, the last 9 years of implementation have revealed that these targets are not achieved and that they should be reconsidered in the following planning period, taking into account the difficulties in implementation and state of the sector in terms of financial and technical capabilities.

The concept of regionalization is recognized in both the Federal Waste Management Strategy and the Federal Waste Management Plan and they include provisions to empower regional cooperation. However, currently only 4 regional landfills (Sarajevo, Zenica, Livno and Mostar) are in operation serving24 municipalities. The regional concept has been hindered by prevailing geographical conditions and the long transport distances resulting in high operational costs for many public utility companies. Collection companies are not adequately equipped to transport waste over long distances. Transfer stations are not available. Some cantons and municipalities did not prepare a feasibility study for the region.

The Audit Office for the Institutions of the Federation BiH has determined that activities on developing waste management plans at local level are behind schedule49. In 2015 the Audit Office reported that only 21 municipalities or 27% of them have adopted municipal waste management plans. Of those that have adopted municipal waste management plans, it was found out that target objectives were not met.

The main sectors within FMET regarding environmental protection and waste management are the Sector for Environmental Protection and the Sector for Environmental Permits, both of which are under resourced. Out of 48 job positions in these two sectors only 16 (33%) are currently filled. Only one person in FMET’s Sector for Environmental Protection is dealing with solid waste management.50

Capacity at all levels remains critically low. There is a need to adopt a federal framework law dealing with communal affairs in order to unify approach, principles and methods of providing communal services at cantonal and municipal level. There is also an urgent need to update municipal regulations that guide municipalities and public utility companies in the implementation of their SWM functions while human capacity to do so is low. Enforcement and inspection at all levels need to be strengthened and a clear division of responsibilities between entity and cantonal inspections needs to be introduced. Again, this requires significant human and institutional capacity to do.

According to available data on the types and quantities of waste at Federation level, the available information is insufficient for adequate monitoring of the implementation of the FWMP objectives.51The centralized collection of information and database management is still not in place.

Coordination between various organizations that collect statistical data (FIS and FEP of FBiH) could be improved, especially as legal provisions enabling cooperation between these institutions exist.

The State of the Environment52 report identifies the “Nonexistence of a coordination mechanism with clear authorizations and distinct delineation of responsibilities and obligations between state, entities,

removal, and removal of illegal facilities at the level of Municipality, as well as measures for enforcement of public order and penalty provisions stipulated for breach of conduct set forth in Municipal regulation 49Audit Office for the Institutions of the Federation BiH, 2015 50Bosnia and Herzegovina Council of Ministers, Answers to the list of EU questions on Chapter 27 Environment, Sarajevo, October 2012 51ibid. 52 State of Environment Report of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations, 2012

39 FBiH Sector Reform Report cantons and municipalities” as being a barrier “which might impede the implementation of environmental reform”.

Specific issues related to the legal framework of the sector and recommendations are listed below:

• Amendments to the Law on Waste Management should include provisions that require waste generators, collectors, processors, transporters, landfill operators (both public and private sector) to report regularly to EF of FBiH and Agency for Statistics based on an agreed entity/national format. To this end, a simplified EU format can be introduced. The methodology for determining the waste quantity and composition needs to be introduced. • Secondary legislation (By Laws) needs to be developed and put in force. This is especially important for specific waste streams under the EPR system, landfill design and design criteria for transfer stations and treatment plants. • In addition to secondary legislation, it will be necessary to introduce implementation instructions. Preparation of a manual with standard waste acceptance procedures is needed, as the relevant EU legislation has only partially been transposed. A full transposition requires adaptation of the criteria to local conditions and the use of waste acceptance criteria as a basic tool for licensing and supervising landfills. Environmental monitoring, reporting, waste management practices at the landfill will be part of the manual. • Adopt a framework federal law on dealing with communal affairs in order to unify approach, principles and methods of providing communal services at cantonal and municipal level. • Missing Cantonal and Municipal Waste Management Plans need to be developed. Guidelines could be developed indicating the contents of such plans, and can be based on EU formats. • The current EPR system needs to be evaluated with further recommendations for improvement. Legislation and guidelines need to be developed. Control over the system should be strengthened. • Municipalities need to be “enforced” to join a regional concept by introducing economic instruments such as Environmental tax on the use of non-sanitary landfills. • The current Federal Waste Management Plan will expire in 2017 requiring the development of a new 5-year Plan. The development of the new Plan needs to follow a participatory approach where all relevant cantonal authorities are involved in planning the regional and inter-cantonal waste management solutions. • The waste separation and recovery system is still at a basic level. Both Federal Waste Management Strategy and Federal Waste Management Plan foresee several options: separation of MSW at source (green islands, recycling yards), direct transport to reuse and recycle facilities, or transfer stations, waste management centres or regional waste management centres where they are further sent to material or energy recovery. The current system needs to be analysed thoroughly and financially feasible options for each canton/municipality proposed. The options also need to be included in the Federal Waste Management Plan. • There is an urgent need to improve the local regulations (Municipal Ordinance) that will allow municipalities to better plan for waste management. The regulations will set the tasks and obligations of municipalities, waste generators, including the legal basis for payment and introduction of penalties. Moreover, the regulations can set the conditions for private sector involvement. • Guidelines for municipalities should be developed for cost calculation methodology and setting tariffs covering operational costs, amortization, bad debts, communication activities, street cleaning, staff training, etc. The procedures for final approval of tariffs should be clearly regulated. Tariff collection system needs revision, including options for municipalities to take responsibility for tariff collection. Institutional strengthening of Municipalities is needed

Specific issues related to the institutional framework of the sector and recommendations are listed below:

40 FBiH Sector Reform Report

• FMET, cantonal ministries responsible for waste management and municipalities urgently require strengthening to play their crucial roles in environmental monitoring and enforcement, and information collection, reporting and database management including analysis of information (e.g. in terms of meeting the targets). In line with this are view of their organization and operations has to be carried out, including staffing, tasks, bottlenecks (especially (un)availability of financial resources), shortcomings, etc. and recommendations to improve their performance. • It is recommended that a distinct Solid Waste Management section be created in FMET, responsible for planning, preparation of legislation, coordination, supervision and monitoring of waste management on national and regional level, in close cooperation with FEP of FBiH, cantons and municipalities. A study is needed to assess current and required operations and needs for expansion and training. Executive tasks of the Ministry could be delegated to an “Environmental Protection Agency” possibly to be created by re-organizing the FEP. • Private sector involvement should be promoted in the area of waste collection and disposal and the management of specific waste streams under EPR. Various options for involving the private sector, either as operator through sub-contracting or as partner in a PPP have to be investigated in detail, especially concerning the legal and financial aspects. The conditions for cooperation under the various options should be prepared as part of a tender document. • The municipalities’ in-house expertise in solid waste management is very limited. In most municipalities no dedicated SWM staff exists and this seriously hampers the implementation of MSWM tasks. Municipalities must take over responsibility for solid waste management as provided in Municipal Statutes and thus require implementation of institutional strengthening programmes. It is recommended that municipalities establish a dedicated SWM section in- house in order to meet the legal obligations. This section will undertake all waste management needs in a municipality including preparation of municipal waste management plans, execution of public awareness campaigns, complaint handling, tariff calculations, tariff collection, monitoring and inspection, any development of commercial activities in order to generate extra income, etc. It is strongly recommended to start a project on the institutional strengthening of municipalities. The promotion of PPP’s could accelerate the capacity building process. • Association of Municipalities and Association of Communal Enterprises are important coordinating bodies and partners in the consultation processes with the relevant ministries and other stakeholders. Moreover, they should be the initiator of coordination between the municipalities and the WM companies and they should facilitate information exchange. Thereto trained staff is required. The Associations are financially and organizationally weak and thus their activities are still limited. Strengthening is highly needed preferably through twinning with an Association from an EU member state. • The establishment of a national forum for municipal SWM experts to share knowledge and experience should be investigated. This forum could work under the chairmanship of the Association for Solid Waste Management of BiH (BASWA)53.

53The Association "Solid Waste Association - BASWA" is a voluntary, non-governmental, non-profit association founded in 2013 to achieve general interest and waste management objectives. BASWA is a member of the International Solid Waste Association - ISWA, headquartered in Vienna.

41 FBiH Sector Reform Report

A3 EXISTING OPERATIONS

A3.1 General

To understand the current problems in Municipal waste management (MWM) it is important to realize that FBiH is a scarcely populated area (approximately 2.2 million inhabitants over 26,000km²) divided into 79 municipalities or an average size per municipality of approximately 28,000 inhabitants ranging from 1,500 inhabitants (Trnovo) up to 118,550 inhabitants (Novi Grad Sarajevo). Consequently, the generated waste quantity per average municipality is approximately 8,000 t/y of which approximately 70% is currently collected or 5,600 t/y. These small quantities make the MWM system costly as practically each municipality has its own organization for collection and disposal. This drawback has already been identified in the EU Phare MWM Strategy Study dated August 2000 mentioning (i) Municipal waste arising within a single municipality is insufficient to set up an Integrated Waste Management system at affordable costs and (ii) financial resources within a single municipality are insufficient to finance the required investments.

A3.2 Waste collection

The municipal waste collection services are provided by approximately69 municipal companies, one Cantonal company in Sarajevo Canton covering 9 municipalities and one private company. Involvement of the private sector in household waste collection is practically non-existent except for Zenica where a private (foreign) company (75%) is operating in association with the municipality (25%). Additionally, two small private companies are serving outskirted parts of Zivinice municipality together with the municipal company that is serving the central parts. A list of the waste collection companies is given in Annex A3.1. The legal status of most of the waste collection companies is a limited liability company (D.O.O.) in which the municipality is the sole shareholder. Some small private companies are engaged in collecting mainly dry recyclables from the commercial/institutional sector.

To assess the current situation and the associated problems, questionnaires have been mailed to the waste collection companies. The responses were received from 18 companies (25%) covering approximately 38% of the total population. A summary of responses is given in Annex A3.2. On basis of the answers the following can be concluded about present waste collection services:

• The number of inhabitants served would be approximately 67.5%. In the Federal Waste Management Strategy 2008-2018 the collection coverage target is 85% in 2014 and 95% in 2018. It can be concluded that this target has not been achieved. • The waste collection system for households can be a mix of (i) bags delivery; (ii) the use of containers of 120/240 litres mainly for door-to door collection and (iii) the use of communal containers of 1,100 litres i.e. bring system which is the overarching system. In addition, 5-7 m³ skips are used mainly for the commercial/institutional/industrial sector. In Sarajevo, a limited number of press containers is available. The containers used by the companies having responded on the questionnaires are indicated in Table A3-1. These containers would be sufficient for an average minimum collection of 2.5 times/week. • Collection equipment consists of compactor trucks (5-22m³), skip loaders, dump trucks, tractor- trailer combination, and flatbed trucks. The main part of the collection trucks fleet i.e. approximately 85% is fully depreciated and older than 10 years. A typical example of this is the vehicle fleet of RAD Sarajevo where all 79 vehicles are older than 10 years and some even up to 27 years. This is resulting in high maintenance and repair costs and high percentage of non-availability as well as higher greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).

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• The weighted average tariff/year for the served households is BAM 102/hh/year or BAM 113/ton (incl. VAT) which is 0.5% of the spendable income, while international norms indicate 1-1.5%, as is the case in most EU member states (see Chapter A4.2 for more details on tariffs). • Doubts exist about the reliability of waste quantities collected as most municipal landfills have no weighing scales. Loads are estimated on basis of truck volumes and assumed densities. The 18 companies report a total collected waste quantity in 2015 of approximately 338,000 tons. This would result in a waste generation rate of approximately 1.6 kg/cap/day. This is rather high taking into account the economic conditions in FBiH. Experience with waste sample analysis in various cities in FBiH indicates1.05kg/cap/day in urban areas (see Chapter A1.2). • Staffing per 1,000 tons waste collected vary between 1.6 to 12 persons with an average of 4 persons. Efficient operations would require 2 persons/1,000 tons. Especially the small companies are rather inefficient but it is not always clear if staff is used only for waste collection or also for other services provided by the company such as street and snow cleaning and/or park and green areas maintenance. Staff training to build capacities and improve skills is not done. • The waste collection companies are responsible for contracting households and CII entities and for the collection of the tariffs. Thereto they employ tariff collectors and extra administrative staff resulting in extra costs and risks. • The waste collection companies report that non-municipal waste fractions such as animal waste are found in the municipal waste stream which makes waste processing and disposal difficult. • Although the companies are complaining about lack of public awareness, they are not carrying out any communication/ public awareness raising activity (no budget, no specialised staff).

Table A3-1:Container capacities Type 120 ltr 240 ltr 1,100 ltr Number 25,313 6,250 13,744 Capacity 3,038m³*0.9=2,734m³ 1,500m³*0.9=1,350m³ 15,118m³*0.9=13,606m³ Total 17,690m³ *0.2t/m³=3,540 tons Emptying: 1xweek or 52 empties or 635,640*0.68/52=8,312 tons required. 2.5xweek or 130 empties or 3,325 tons required

A3.3 Waste separation and sorting

Historically, the concept of waste separation and sorting in FBiH was not employed until development of Law on Waste Management in 2003. The Federal Waste Management Strategy 2008- 2018 sets separation and sorting targets as follows: (i) the establishment of separate collection system in 80% of the municipalities in 2014 and 95% in 2018 and (ii) packaging waste should be separated up to 20% in 2014 and 30% in 2018 or 7% and 10% of total waste, respectively.

Currently various systems are used for separation of dry recyclables i.e. (i) separation at source by placing extra containers for households; normally one for paper/cardboard, one for plastic and one for rest of dry recyclables combined with sorting of the waste after collection; (ii) separation of mixed waste; (iii) direct purchase by private companies from the CII sector; (iv) informal sector taking dry recyclables out of the containers or gather directly from CII sector, (v) informal sector separating waste directly at municipal landfills (e.g. ML in Goražde), and (vi) separation at regional landfills by employees of the landfill operator (e.g. RL in Zenica and Sarajevo).

43 FBiH Sector Reform Report

So far separate collection systems have been incorporated in a limited number of municipalities bringing the fractions to a sorting line. In the FBiH sorting lines for pre-separated dry recyclables are located at Sarajevo cantonal regional landfill and at Konjic municipal landfill (see Table A3-2). The relatively high output in Konjic (7.8%) is due to the fact that considerable quantities of pre-sorted cardboard are coming to the plant for baling only. The sorting lines for pre-separated dry recyclables have excess capacity (5 t/h or about 8,500t/y in one shift) when they are used by one municipality only taking into account the annual waste quantities collected (approximately 6,100t/y) and the maximum percentage of dry recyclables in the waste(30% per assumptions made in Chapter A1.3or approximately 1,800t/y).

Two mixed waste separation lines are installed in Mostar regional landfill and Tuzla municipal landfill. The installed capacity of mixed separation line at Mostar regional landfill is 15 t/h. In 2016 the line processed approximately 70% x 41,000 tons mixed waste resulting in 790 tons dry recyclables or 2.7%. The mixed waste separation line at Tuzla municipal landfill has capacity of 10 t/h. In 2016, it processed approximately 15,000 t/y generating 360 tons recyclables or 2.4%.

Summary of information on sorting plants in BiH is given in Table A3-2.

Table A3-2: Sorting plants in FBiH Capacity Investment (BAM) Input (t/y) Output (t/y) Sarajevo 5 t/h 2.5 million n/a n/a Konjic 5 t/h 2.5 million 3,244 (2016) 255 Mostar¹ 15 t/h 4.9 million 70% x 41,000= 790 28,700 (2016) Tuzla¹ 10 t/h 4.5 million 15,000 360 ¹ Separation of mixed waste

As reported by landfill managing companies, up to now the results of the installed sorting/separation lines are far below expectations and financially unsustainable (for reference see financial calculations in Chapter A4.3.3). The reasons are (i) the low waste quantities/year; (ii) low awareness with the waste generators for proper separation at source; (iii) role of private sector that is buying directly from the CII (also as a part of the EPR system) and informal sector that is buying directly from the CII and taking valuable dry recyclables out of containers.

It is reported that separation at source from municipal waste is less than 0.5%54and collection directly from CII sector would be about 3% of the generated waste flow, while 7% was the target for 2014 in the WM Strategy. In case an extensive Public Awareness campaign would be carried out combined with purchase of sufficient containers and increased collection capacity it is believed that 30% of packaging waste (dry recyclables) could be separated from the municipal waste. Out of this 30%, about 50% might be rejected at the sorting line due to inferior quality as shown internationally in similar conditions. This will result in a separation of 4.5% of the total municipal waste stream (see Figure A3-1). It can be concluded that improvement of quality of separation at source through public awareness campaigns and adequate equipping of collection companies would result in achieving the target i.e. 4.5% plus 3%=7.5%.

54 The total quantity mentioned in the questionnaires is 790 tons or approximately 0.23% of the total collected waste quantity

44 FBiH Sector Reform Report

Figure A3-1: Maximum separation of dry recyclables in 2013 (realistic option)

Alternative treatment options to reduce the quantities to be landfilled are under review. The regional landfill in Zenica (annual intake of approximately 50,000 tons) and Sarajevo Canton (annual intake of approximately 200,000 tons) are studying the possibility of producing RDF/SRF as the nearby cement factory has shown interest in buying RDF/SRF. A feasibility study for Zenica regional landfill is under preparation. A preliminary cost/revenue calculation based on Zenica study is presented in ChapterA5.

There is no separation of organic waste as there seems to be no demand for compost. Studies on any market demand have not been carried out. In addition, there is no structural demand for separated glass except for incidental cases.

A3.4 Waste disposal

Historically, the concept of waste disposal in FBiH involved disposal at landfills where each municipality used to have its own non-sanitary municipal landfill (ML). In 2000 the EU PHARE financed a strategy study for the implementation of a regional concept for sanitary waste disposal. The recommendations for the entities of FBiH and RS was to construct 10 and 6 Waste Allocation Districts (WAD’s), respectively. These originally recommended WAD’s, shown in Figure A3-2.

45 FBiH Sector Reform Report

Figure A3-2: Originally Planned Regional Landfills in BiH

On basis of this study, the FBiH prepared a Waste Management Strategy 2008-2018 adopting the regional concept and setting waste disposal targets as (i) 80% and 95% removal of illegal dumpsites by2014 and 2018, respectively, and (ii) 100% remediation and closure of existing non-sanitary municipal landfills.

Currently (2017), there are 4 regional landfills constructed and operational in FBiH. These RLs are located in Sarajevo, Livno, Mostar and Zenica. These landfills receive waste from 24 municipalities (3 in Livno Region; 4 in Mostar; 9 in Sarajevo; and 8 in Zenica that 2 fully and 6 partially). Furthermore, there are 9 municipalities that are currently transporting their waste to regional landfills in RS (Zivinice to Doboj and Zvornik; Sapna and Kalesija to Zvornik; Srebrenik, Lukavac, Doboj Jug, Doboj Istok, Usora to Doboj; Teocak to Bijeljina). Therefore, more than 1/3 of the municipalities in FBiH (generating more than 50% of total MSW) are currently serviced by one of the regional landfills in FBiH and/or RS, and the rest are still disposing their waste in wild dumps and non-sanitary municipal landfills. Details about estimated tonnages are provided in “Disposal” Section of Chapter 5 of this report.

A summary of the current status of implementation of the original regional landfill concept in FBiH is provided in Table A3-3 and illustrated in Figure A3-3. More detailed information including list of municipalities in each region are presented in Annex A3.3.

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Table A3-3: Current status of the originally planned RL development in FBiH

Location Municipalities Status (Planned) Karanovac in Bihac 9 The public company that was supposed to operate the landfill was established; FMET has stopped the procedure due to protest of population and Assembly of Una- Sana Canton has brought the Decision to repeal the Decision on acceptance of the location Karanovac as the future location for a regional landfill. Presently 3 municipalities (Bosanska Krupa, Cazin, Buzim) are using the landfill in Bosanska Krupa. One consideration could be upgrading the existing landfills in Bihac and Bosanska Krupa to standard levels to continue to serve the relevant Municipalities in Environmentally friendly manner. Detailed technical (pre-)feasibility and ESIA studies are required to assess the site-specific conditions. Dusine in Orasje 5 The original plan was to upgrade Dusine in Orašje to serve Orašje and the neighbour municipalities. Development of this site directly depends on the final technical decision made for Brcko Landfill. Upgrading the existing ML in Orasje may still be an option, however, an integrated technical and economical (pre- )feasibility study and ESIA are to be completed to evaluate the options for this region in detail. Separacija 1in Zivinice 3 Preparation phases (feasibility study, environmental assessment, and detailed designs) for development of this site are fully completed and pending availability of funds, construction of this RL can start immediately. Currently two private waste companies are operational in addition to municipal company in Zivinice. Private companies transport the collected waste to Doboj and Zvornik RLs until the new Zivinice landfill is constructed. Srebrenik/Lukavac 5 Development of the originally planned RL in Lukavac has been unsuccessful. Currently, municipalities of Lukavac and Srebrenik transport the collected waste to Doboj non-sanitary RL. Alternative site for these two cities would be the future regional landfill in Zivinice. Detailed (pre-)feasibility study is required to assess different alternatives and possibility of using Zivinice RL for this region. Moscanica in Zenica 9 This RL is constructed and operational. Except for one municipality (Kakanj), all other planned municipalities are partly or fully using this RL. Municipalities which are transporting the entire collected waste to Zenica RL are Zenica and Visoko. Other municipalities have difficulties with cost of transportation and/or landfill’s gate fee. ”Gracanica” Gornji- 4 Design preparations terminated due to legal dispute Vakuf between municipalities and lack of Environmental permit due to public opposition against the selected location. Municipalities in this region are currently using their non-sanitary municipal landfills.

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Location Municipalities Status (Planned) Uborak in Mostar 9 Operational RL servicing Mostar City, Siroki Brijeg, Grude, Ljubuski; others use municipal landfill. Two of municipalities (Jablanica and Konjice) appear to be too far to make it feasible to use this RL. Neum received construction permit to upgrade and continue disposal. This has to be further studied and design updated. Mostar RL needs expansion before it can serve more municipalities. Tresnjica in Goradze 3 Land acquired, preliminary design and urban permit obtained. Process stopped due to the financial reasons. Municipalities are currently using their own non-sanitary MLs. Smiljevici in Sarajevo 9 Sarajevo landfill was upgraded and operational as a regional landfill servicing 9 municipalities. This RL is the largest in BiH, receiving about 200,000 tons of waste every year. This landfill has numerous issues that require immediate attention and investment to maintain sanitary status of the facility. Koricina in Livno 5 Recently constructed Regional landfill to be used by Livno, Kupres, Glamoc plus 2 other potential municipalities. The new RL is fully constructed and awaiting operational permit. Tuzla 2 Landfill only for Tuzla City. No capacity for other municipalities. Operate on temporary permit. Sapna brings waste to Zvornik. Pending construction of the planned RL in Zivinice, this new RL could potentially serve Tuzla as well. Detailed technical (pre-)feasibility study is required to assess the site-specific conditions and alternative long-term solutions. Eco-Dep in Bijeljina 2 Operational Regional landfill (in RS) used by (RS) Municipalities of Teočak since 2013.Municipality Čelić is still disposing at its own ML. Crni vrh in Zvornik 2,5 Zvornik RL in RS is constructed and became operational (RS) in 2017; This RL serves a few municipalities in FBiH including Sapna, Kalesija and part of Zivinice. Lipac in Doboj (RS) 5,5 A well-managed, but non-sanitary RL in Doboj (located in RS) is currently serving 6 municipalities from FBiH. (Doboj J, Doboj I, Usora, Lukavac, Srebrenik, and part of Zivinice.) Some of these municipalities will be transporting their waste to Zivinice RL, once constructed, and some will continue to be served by Doboj RL. This site has prepared all the technical design and documentations to be upgraded to a sanitary RL. However, a full ESIA study shall be completed to assess suitability of the current location for long-term RL. Unknown 10 Total 79 RL=Regional landfill; ML= municipal landfill

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Figure A3-3: Current status of waste disposal in each region in BiH

Most of the municipal landfills don’t have any scales and weigh bridges. Therefore, quantities of waste are reported on basis of truck volume and assumed density. Moreover, most of the municipal landfills are lacking proper equipment for placement and compaction of waste, and none of these facilities are equipped with leachate treatment and landfill gas management systems.

The regional landfills receive both municipal waste and non-hazardous industrial waste (approximately 7-10% of MSW). For instance, Zenica RL received a total of 52,000 tons consisting of 47,000 tons MSW and 5,000 tons industrial waste in 2015. During same year, Sarajevo RL received 213,000 tons consisting of 198,000 tons MSW and 15,000 tons industrial waste.

Although municipalities have signed a cooperation agreement for using the regional landfills it appears that in reality not all municipalities are disposing their waste at the regional landfill. In Sarajevo Canton, all municipalities are using the regional landfill, as there is one Cantonal collection company that is also operating the landfill. For Moscanica regional landfill in Zenica, 9 municipalities signed an agreement but only two (Zenica and Visoko) are disposing 100% of their waste, one municipality (Kakanj) is not using the landfill while the other municipalities are partly using the regional landfill. For Uborak landfill in Mostar 9 municipalities were originally planned to be served by this landfill, however, only 4 municipalities are currently using this facility. Construction of Livno regional landfill was recently completed. It is planned that this site to be used by 3 municipalities (Livno, Kupres, Glamoc) with possible addition of Tomislavgrad and Bosansko Grahovo.

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The main challenge for the municipalities is reported to be high cost if waste transportation to the envisioned regional landfills. The weighted average distance per region to the proposed RL varies between 6 to 50km. The average distance from each municipality to the regional landfill is indicated in Annex A3.4. Municipal authorities believe that the implementation of waste transfer facilities might be needed to reduce the transport costs. However, this has to be studied in detail for each specific location as many aspects are involved besides the distance (quantities, location and distance to collection area, required investment, road conditions).

Regional landfills are owned by the municipality on whose territory the landfill is constructed and also operated by the municipal or cantonal company in case of Sarajevo. Users have to pay a gate fee set by the municipality owning the landfill. There seem to be a big variation in collected gate fee. Moscanica landfill in Zenica receives BAM 45.7/ton (excl. VAT) while Uborak in Mostar can hardly collect BAM 25/ton (excl. VAT) from member municipalities. Sarajevo regional landfill is operated by a cantonal company operating both collection and disposal facilities and thus no landfill gate fee is imposed except for non-hazardous industrial waste delivered by third parties. For more details on disposal costs please see Chapter A4.3.2.

In addition to these RLs and non-sanitary MLs, there are approximately 1,800 dumpsites (Federal SWM Strategy) used for illegal disposal of waste. It is obvious that the targets set in the Federal Waste Management Strategy 2007-2018 have not been realised.

A3.5 Main shortcomings

Current problems in the field of waste collection can be summarized as follows:

• Collection coverage target laid down in Federal Waste Management Strategy is not achieved. • Equipment (trucks and containers) is obsolete and depreciated. Containers are sufficient for a minimum collection of 2.5 times/week. New equipment is urgently required also in view of improving the waste collection coverage, introduction of waste separation at source, efficiency of operations and GHG emission rates. • Tariffs are considered to be low and hardly taking into account the amortization costs. • Municipal landfills have no weighing scales and data about waste quantities collected are not reliable. • The collection companies seem to be overstaffed. • Contracting of households and tariff collection by waste collector and payment coverage are costly and problematic. Enforcement on non-payers is weak. • No-municipal waste streams such as animal waste are found in the municipal waste which make processing and disposal difficult. • Public awareness is low and no budget is made available for awareness raising programmes • Financing for new investments is lacking due to low revenues and high costs. • Regular training and staff capacity building is lacking.

Current problems in the field of waste separation and recycling can be summarized as follows:

• Municipalities are too small to generate sufficient volumes to operate separation/sorting facilities. No evidence on discussion between municipalities to establish joint operations to increase volumes. • High percentage of separated recyclables is rejected because of careless separation. • Lack of public awareness mainly due to lack of public outreach programs to promote waste separation. Municipalities are not allocating budgets and are not employing communication specialists. • Targets laid down in WM Strategy concerning separation at source of packaging waste have not been achieved.

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Current problems in the field of waste disposal can be summarized as follows:

• Many municipal landfills bring environmental contamination and create a health risk for the population (water, air, soil); in addition, there are numerous illegal dumpsites. • Target of 100% closure of municipal landfills as laid down in WM Strategy and removal of 80% of illegal dumps in 2014 is not achieved. • Lack of reliable data on waste quantities disposed due to lack of weighing at disposal sites • Lack of equipment (compactors, bulldozers, dump trucks, gas extraction facilities, leachate treatment, weighbridges) to carry out environmental sound services • Not all municipalities adhere to signed agreement for disposing at regional landfills, mainly due to the large distances and higher transportation costs, and apparently there is no enforcement • Low gate fees at regional landfills to enable investments • No gate fee at municipal landfills and amortization is not taken into account • Low environmental awareness and operational skills.

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A4 FINANCIAL ASPECTS

In the financial evaluation of the current situation four aspects are considered i.e. (i) financing framework for municipal waste services; (ii) tariffs paid by the waste generator for waste services which might include collection, transport, disposal and any separation; (iii) actual costs of operations as indicated by the municipal companies and (iv) calculated costs of operations based on international standards. The calculated costs of operations will be compared with the actual costs in order to assess possible in-efficiencies and with the current tariff to identify any need for increase of the tariffs.

A4.1 Financing of waste services

In FBiH, the municipalities (and the Canton in case of Sarajevo Canton) are responsible for the creation of financially sustainable waste management systems. The municipality (and/or the Canton) might buy equipment or subsidize directly the waste collection company by taking over payments wholly or partly for operations of landfills, sorting lines, gate fee at regional landfills, etc. This is the case in Visoko where municipality is subsidizing waste transportation costs to Zenica regional landfill. The municipality is financing the landfill gate fee (BAM 53.47 incl. VAT) and the transport costs (BAM 312/truck over 62km with 12 tons or 0.21/ton/km). The annual costs in 2016 were approximately BAM 660,000 corresponding to transport of approximately 8,300 tons of waste. The municipality of Zenica is co-financing the landfill costs. The municipality of Konjic is financing the operational costs of the sorting line.

No additional financing is received from State or Entity except for some grants from the Fund for Environmental Protection and Cantonal Ministry for specific project investments. This allocation is made on basis of a public call to submit projects and is limited by revenues from waste related taxes which, at present, are not sufficient to finance larger (investment)projects. Otherwise the municipalities have to pay for investments. The municipalities may receive grants from the EU and other donors or conclude loans for investments. The operational and capital (amortization) costs have to be financed from revenues such as tariffs, income from additional services such as street cleaning, green areas maintenance, etc. and subsidies.

The EPR system can provide payments for containers, public awareness raising activities and sorting activities to increase separation/quality of packaging waste in case the municipality has a contract with the EPR scheme.

A4.2 Tariffs

Tariffs are the main revenues for collection, transport and disposal of waste. Various calculation methodologies are used to establish the tariff and consequently the tariff varies between the municipalities. Tariffs might be based on m² of usable surface, fixed amount per person per household, fixed amount per household, number of waste removals, etc. An overview of tariffs in various municipalities is given in Table A4-1.

The weighted average tariff/year for the served households is BAM 102/hh/year or BAM 113/ton (incl. VAT) assuming a family size of 3.09 persons (Census 2013) and a waste generation rate of 0.8 kg/cap/day or 0.9t/hh/year. The average spendable income of the households in 2013 was BAM 1,672/month (see Chapter 0). It can be concluded that the average tariff for waste management was

52 FBiH Sector Reform Report amounting to 0.5% of the spendable income, while international norms indicate 1-1.5%, as is the case in most EU member states. The average tariff collection rate is 87% and in reality it might be difficult to increase this percentage as approximately 18% of the population lives below national poverty line ($ 460/month or BAM 850/month).55

Table A4-1: Tariff overview for collection and disposal BAM (including VAT)

Municipality Tariff rate Amount/hh/y Remarks Payment %

Zivinice 6/m 72 82 Zepce 0.14/m²/m 126 Average 75m² Zavidovici 0.12/m²/m 108 98 Visiko 3.51/person/m 130 3.09 persons/hh Srebrenik 0.095/m²/m 86 76 Sarajevo 0.11/m²/m+ fixed 112 Fixed amount for 81 1.06/m bulky waste Sanski Most 10/hh/m 120 85 Lukovac 7.9/hh/m 95 92 Konjic 0.1/m²/m + fixed 108 Fixed amount for 1.5/m bulky waste Kupres 2.34/person/m 87 3.09 persons/hh Kljuc 2.5/m + 2.3 person 115 3.09 persons/hh 97 /m Kiseljak 1.88/person/m 68 84 Doboj-Istok 4/m(2 removals) 48 7/m(4 removals) 84 Busovaca 6/8/10/m 72/96/120 1,2 or 3 and more persons/hh Banovici 2.05/person/m 74 Gracanica 8/hh/m 96 100 Zenica 0.1/m²/m + fixed 132 Fixed amount for 80 3.5/m landfilling hh=household; m=month. Source: questionnaires. Amount /household/year is based on average 75m² usable area.

Tariffs for household type waste from the commercial and institutional sector are substantially higher than for households. In general, these tariffs are also based on m² and the amount depends on the type of activity. The tariffs including VAT vary in Sarajevo between BAM 0.12/m²/month (hospitals) up to BAM 17.5/m²/month (kiosks). Other municipalities have tariffs within the same range. The commercial/institutional sector can also be charged per container and the tariff per 1,100-litre container is in average BAM30/container incl. VAT. This would correspond with approximately BAM 160/ton (assuming 185 kg/m³ and 90% filling) as compared to BAM 113/ton for households. In addition, separate tariffs are applicable for large containers mainly for the industrial sector. The tariff for a 5m³ container is about BAM 75 incl. VAT depending on the distance corresponding with BAM 80/ton assuming 185kg/m³. The tariff for a 7m³ container is around BAM 111-117 incl. VAT corresponding with BAM 86-90/ton. In addition, custom-made contracts are concluded with the industries depending on the type of waste, quantity, distance, etc. It can be concluded that the tariff/ton for waste in 5-8m³ containers for the industrial sector is lower than the household tariff/ton.

Proposals for new tariffs are prepared by the waste collector considering the cost developments. Tariff calculation guidelines are not available. The calculations are checked by the Municipal Department

55www.data.worldbank.org

53 FBiH Sector Reform Report for Communal Affairs and subsequently submitted to the City Council for approval. However, in many cases the tariffs have not been increased for many years. Cantonal Public Utility Rad Sarajevo complains that tariffs have not been increased since 1997. Municipalities are rather reluctant to increase the tariffs for households for economic and political reasons. Here is to be noted that the Association of Communal Utilities FBiH in cooperation with UNDP developed a methodology for setting the tariff in water supply and sewerage sector in BiH. The methodology is applicable to all utility companies, including solid waste management utilities.

The waste collection company is responsible for concluding service contracts with each waste generator both households and CII sector. This imposes a heavy administrative burden in addition to the financial risks of non-payments, which might result in time-consuming court cases.

In the tariff calculation, all operational and amortization costs should be included covering collection, transport and disposal. However, there is no legislation or guideline on the methodology to calculate the tariff. Currently all services are subject to 17% VAT both for the households and for the CII sector. The companies have to transfer the VAT to the State Tax Department on basis of invoices issued and independent if the waste generator is paying the invoice.

A4.3 Costs

A4.3.1 Collection and transport

The annual costs/ton for SWM services as reported by several municipalities through completed questionnaires are indicated in Table A4-2. The weigther average cost is BAM 111/ton. It shows the wide variety of cost/ton and thus these figures have to be taken with some caution as both waste quantities (due to lack of weighing scales) and annual costs (no clear cost allocation)56 are not reliable.

Table A4-2: Annual costs (BAM excl. VAT) for SWM services (2015)

Municipality Collected (tons) Annual costs Average cost/ton* Sarajevo 197,000 24,803,614 126 Srebrenik 10,200 748,972 73 Sanski-Most 7,114 465,248 65 Lukovac 15,000 951,907 63 Kljuc 4,900 635,797 130 Kiseljak 1,600 212,704 133 Gracanica 11,676 626,096 54 Doboj Istok 1,927 193,690 100 Busovaca 1,390 307,511 221 Banovici 21,400 1,297,746 61 Travnik Nova Bila 362 115,779 320 Total 272,569 30,359,064 111 *Total costs including collection and disposal. Source: Questionnaires completed by municipalities

56In addition to waste collection and transport services the waste collection company can also be engaged by the municipality against payment for street cleaning, snow cleaning, green areas/parks maintenance, maintenance of infrastructure, water supply, etc. These services are organizationally and financially not always clearly divided from waste collection and disposal services, which hampers in many cases clear cost control for waste management services. In practise the income from other services could compensate the losses in the field of SWM.

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The cost breakdown for a number of municipalities is given in Annex A4.1. It can be concluded that the amortization is very low. Landfill amortization costs in case of disposing at non-sanitary municipal landfills are hardly taken into account while in case of regional landfills the municipalities have to pay a gate fee (Mostar: BAM 25/ton; Zenica: BAM 45.7/ton excl. VAT). Information from Sarajevo shows that landfill costs are approximately11% of the total SWM costs (BAM 3,125,000 of BAM 27,928,614). Many municipalities are not indicating separate costs for landfilling except direct cost for operations. Therefore, it can be assumed that the indicated costs are mainly for collection and transport (85-90%).

As the actual collection and transport costs are difficult to assess, a cost estimate has been made for an average municipality of 30,000 inhabitants. The calculations are shown in Annex A4.2.The results are summarized in Table A4-3.

Table A4-3: Collection and transport costs (BAM/ton excl. VAT)

Distance to LF 10m³ truck 20m³ truck Average 15km 51 49 50 30km 65 57 61 60km 88 71 79.5

It is assumed that most non-sanitary municipal landfills are located within 15km distance of the collection area and that landfill costs are hardly taken into account. Therefore, it can be concluded that the actual costs/ton for collection and transport are rather high which could be an indication of the in- efficiency of the present operations.

A4.3.2 Disposal

The municipal companies that do not dispose their wastes on a regional landfill carry out both waste collection and landfilling. There is no strict division between the costs for collection and landfilling. Municipal landfill gate fee is not imposed as landfills are managed by the municipal collection company and the landfilling costs are considered to be included in the tariff.

The municipal companies that dispose their waste on regional landfills are paying a gate fee imposed by the landfill operator. Moscanica regional landfill in Zenica imposes BAM 45.7/ton excl. VAT to its customers, while Uborak regional landfill in Mostar imposes BAM 25/ton excl. VAT. The exception is regional landfill Smiljevici in Sarajevo where cantonal company is operating both collection facilities in 9 municipalities of the Canton and disposal facility. This company is not imposing any landfill gate fee except for non-hazardous industrial waste delivered by third parties. The industrial waste quantity delivered in 2015 was 15,189 tons and the revenues were BAM 77,804 or only BAM 5/ton.

As reliable financial information for municipal landfills is not available an estimate for 2015 was made for both a municipal landfill (covering 30,000 inhabitants or 6,132 tons) and a regional landfill (covering 120,000 inhabitants or 24,528 tons). The calculation is given in Annex A4.3 and the results are summarized in Table A4-4.

It shows that the cost/ton for a small municipal landfill are substantially higher than for a regional landfill mainly due to the high amortization costs.

Table A4-4: Landfill costs (BAM/ton)

OPEX CAPEX¹ Total excl. VAT Total incl. VAT Single municipality 47.83 58.49 106.32 124.4 Regional 24.78 33.29 58.07 67.9

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¹Amortization

A4.3.3 Separation and sorting

There are 4 sorting/separation lines installed in the Federation (Konjic, Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar) for sorting of pre-separated dry recyclables (Konjic, Sarajevo) each having a capacity of 5 t/h and for separation of mixed waste (Tuzla, Mostar) with a capacity of 10-15t/h (for details on sorting and separation please see Chapter A3.3).

The average investment costs for a 5-10t/h sorting line is BAM 2.4 million and BAM 4.8 million for a 15t/h line. No information on the financial results is available but waste operators complain about losses (up to BAM 20,000/month). Municipality Konjic is subsidizing part of the operational costs of Konjic sorting plant.

The review of market prices for dry recyclables obtained from four sorting locations are indicated in Table A4-5.

Table A4-5: Revenues from sorting of dry recyclables in 2016 (BAM/ton)

Zenica landfill Konjic Sarajevo Mostar Quantity Price/ Quantity Price/ Quantity Price/ Quantity Price/ (ton) ton (ton) ton (ton) ton (tons) ton Paper/cardboard 76 135 160 140 300 160 Plastics 25 400 330 300 -PET 104 500 -Hard 11 420 Metals 6 220 26 0 94 600 Glass 0 44 30 40 40 Total 197 347 255 147 538 764 268

The prices reported by Konjic sorting plant and the actually received amounts in 2016 in Konjic indicate lower prices i.e. Paper/cardboard BAM 97/ton, Plastics BAM 245/ton and glass BAM 16/t.

The reported amount for separated quantities in Sarajevo include quantities separated from the landfill (approximately 150 t/y), source-separated quantities directly from the CII sector and quantities from the sorting line for dry recyclables. It can be concluded that the separated annual quantities are extremely low due to low throughput and high percentage of rejects as a result of bad input quality and bad separation. Separation lines for mixed waste produce 2-3% of saleable output while international practise indicate that 10% would be achievable. Substantial efforts have to be undertaken to improve the existing situation.

The financial calculations for a sorting line for pre-separated dry recyclables and mixed waste separation line are presented in Annex A4.4. The calculations are made for a municipality of 30,000 inhabitants and for a region serving 120,000 inhabitants, generating approximately 322 t/y and 1,288t/y respectively of saleable dry recyclables (assuming 30% of dry recyclables in the waste of which 35% is separated at source and 50% will be rejected during sorting due to its inferior quality).Summary of the calculation results is given in Table A4-6.

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Table A4-6: Sorting line annual results (BAM/ton excl. VAT)

Inhabitants Input t/y OPEX CAPEX Total costs Revenues Net result 30,000 644 - Sorting line 211.4 326.9 -Transport 22 560.3 130.3 -430 120,000 2,575 -Sorting line 65.5 81.7 - Transport 22 169.2 130.2 -39 120,000 24,528 26.8 17.2 44.0 24.3 -19.7 Mixed waste line

Here is to be noted that separation of dry recyclables at source will also involve extra collection costs of BAM 22/ton. A supporting calculation is given in Annex A4.5.

Based on above given analysis, it can be concluded that a sorting line cannot generate positive financial results in case the input quantities remain relatively small. High inputs are needed to make sorting profitable. Extensive awareness campaigns and training of waste separators will be needed to reach percentage of 35% separation of the dry recyclables and to improve the quality for achieving better operational results.

4.3.4 Integrated services

In order to assess the financial impacts on a single municipality, cost calculations for integrated services involving collection, separation and transport are made for (a) a single municipality transporting 15km to a municipal landfill with a sorting line (prevailing current situation) and (b) a single municipality transporting 30km to a regional landfill with a sorting line. The results are indicated in Table A4-7).

Table A4-7: Total costs (BAM/ton)

(a) Municipal LF (b) Regional landfill OPEX CAPEX Total Total Collection and transport 31 19 50 62 Disposal 48 78 106 58 Subtotal excl. VAT 79 97 156 120 Separation at source Cost/ton Quantity Total Collection (Annex A4.2) 22 6,132 134,904 22 x 6,132=134,904 Sorting (Annex A4.4) 408 644 262,752 17 x 644 = 10,948 Total 397,656 145,852 Cost/ton (excl. VAT) 59 21 Calculated cost/ton excl. VAT 215 141 Current tariff/ton excl. VAT 97 Current costs excl. VAT 111 Source: Annex A4.1, A4.2, A4.3 and A4.4.

It can be concluded that the current average tariff (BAM 97/ton) is just sufficient to cover the calculated collection and disposal costs excluding amortization on disposal (BAM 50+ BAM 48/ton excl. VAT) in case of scenario (a). The current average tariff per household should be more than doubled in order to cover the total costs. In case of scenario (b), the service costs per ton are about 35% lower comparing to scenario (a) although still requiring increase in tariffs. The calculations are demonstrating the financial advantages of regionalisation.

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A4.4 Shortcomings

Financing is the backbone for implementation of proper waste management services. The present problems in the field of financing can be summarized as follows:

• Municipalities are responsible for the creation of a financially sustainable waste management system. In that process, they are not financially supported by state or entity level except for grants from the Fund for Environmental Protection and in some cases by the Cantonal Ministries of Environmental Protection (e.g. Una- Sana Canton). The investments in waste management system made by the Fund are limited by revenues from waste related taxes which, at present, are not sufficient for larger investment. • Tariffs are too low to cover operational and amortization costs for collection, separation and landfilling meeting full sanitary conditions in a single municipality. Consequently, funds are not available for new investments. In addition, there is a political unwillingness to adapt the tariffs. • Tariff calculation guidelines are missing in order to introduce a more uniform system for comparison between the municipalities, which will also facilitate cost control of both collection and disposal. • Contracting of households and tariff collection by waste collectors are inefficient and costly and putting high risks on the companies resulting in substantial bad debt positions. • VAT payment by households is making waste management costly and is not according to practices generally adopted in the EU member states and other countries (Waste management services for households is a tax). • Cost allocation inside municipalities for waste collection services is difficult as there is no clear division for waste management services and other services (street cleaning, etc.). Costs are mixed with other services provided by the waste collector. • Waste separation activities are in its infancy. There is a lack of (i) knowledge with municipalities about cost/benefit assessment resulting in disinvestments, (ii) public awareness raising programs and communication with waste generators and (iii) highly needed regional cooperation that would help increase the volumes and make sorting facilities financially sustainable. • Single municipal waste management services result in high costs/ton due to limited quantities collected. • Regional landfills are having financial problems, as annual waste quantities are lower than foreseen due to the fact that participating municipalities are not or partly using the regional landfill. No enforcement instruments exist. The regional landfill is responsible for repayment of the loan for construction and in case the loan is in hard currency the landfill is in addition faced with the exchange rate risk. • Collection companies are not able to cover extra costs such as transport costs, sorting line costs and gate fee at landfills, thus municipalities have to subsidise these service activities.

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A5 REFORM PLAN

A5.1 Context

A5.1.1 Background

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has been recognised by the EU as a “potential candidate country” for accession. The obligations to be met include harmonisation with the EU (environmental) Directives. Thereto the entities of BiH (Republika Srpskaand Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Brcko District have developed waste policies and prepared Waste Management Strategies. The main objectives of the Strategies are (i) reducing risks to environment and human health; (ii) reducing the amount of waste to be landfilled through separation and recycling; (iii) creation of a financially sustainable waste management system; (iv) capacity strengthening of stakeholders.

A start was made in 2000 with the execution of an EU PHARE financed study proposing closure of existing municipal landfills/dumpsites and introduction of a regional concept for landfilling. Thereto the FBiH was divided into 10 Waste Allocation Districts. (WAD). Up to now only a part of these plans is implemented with World Bank and EU-IPA financial support, and mainly related to infrastructural works (construction of regional landfills and sorting plants).

A5.1.2 Overarching problems

The slow progress in implementing the required changes is due to a number of main problems comprising:

• Municipalities are responsible for implementation of Municipal Waste Management policies but municipalities are relatively small (average 28,000 inhabitants). They lack funds for investments, public outreach and capacity building to improve waste management practises. Due to the small waste quantities, investments result in a substantial increase of the cost/ton. • Current household tariffs are hardly sufficient to cover waste collection, treatment and disposal costs at the level required by the EU Directives. The local authorities are reluctant to increase current tariffs. • The waste collection companies are responsible for contracting the households and for collecting the tariffs resulting in extra costs and financial problems due to non-payments. This also hampers private sector interest in the sector due to high financial risk. • The institutional capacity at national level (Ministry) and local level (Municipality)is weak and needs strengthening to implement the required reforms. This includes legal, financial and operational aspects. • Lack of cooperation at entity and local level hampering the implementation of efficient and effective waste management systems. • Lack of reliable data for investment planning.

A5.1.3 Implementation

Investments in waste management facilities have to comply with a vast array of complex EU directives, of which the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) lays down requirements for all types of waste unless they are specifically regulated by other directives. The WFD in particular requires drawing up waste management plans (national, regional, local) in accordance with relevant EU directives. Waste management plans have to consider the shifting up in the “waste hierarchy” away from final disposal to incineration (WtE), separation and recycling, re-use and finally prevention (Figure A5-1). Every step higher in the waste hierarchy involves extra costs and these costs have to be borne by the waste generator following the principle of “polluter pays”. Taking into account the economic conditions in FBiH, the leading principle in introducing reforms should preferably be based on the least cost option meeting the environmental criteria. Cost reduction can be obtained by

59 FBiH Sector Reform Report regionalization that will increase volumes of waste treated. However, strict geographical regionalization cannot be imposed on municipalities. Local conditions such as waste quantities, road infrastructure, distances, and collection truck capacities should be taken into account.

Figure A5-1: EU Waste hierarchy

The basis for the Reform Plan are the objectives laid down in the Federal Waste Management Strategy 2008-2018, especially the improvement of the waste collection coverage, regionalization of landfills and the targets for waste separation and recycling combined with strengthening of the legal and institutional framework. Taking into account the results achieved so far compared with the targets laid down in the Strategy, it is recommended to apply a more realistic scenario for the year 2025. Therefore, all recommendations and calculations in the Reform Plan will be based on the realistic scenario as mentioned in ChapterA1.6including the following main principles:

• 85% of waste will be collected covering 100% urban population and 60% rural population. • 30% of packaging waste in the household containers (out of 33% of dry recyclables found in the mixed waste) will be separated at source. • No separation of organic waste is proposed up to 2025 in view of cost/operational aspects and priority will be given to separation of packaging waste. However, pilot projects for composting might be developed based on organic waste collected from public green areas.

Sources for financing of substantial investments are lacking with the municipalities. Loans and grants have to be obtained from third parties. It is recommended to make regionalization both for landfill operations and for waste collection a condition to obtain financing (grants, loans) from IFIs whereby the government acts as the final guarantor. It is preferable that the borrower is a company wherein several municipalities are the shareholder and thus guaranteeing jointly the loan repayment. In this way it is believed that any dispute between the municipalities about cost payments (e.g. transport) are resolved as the company is paying for the operational costs.

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A5.2 Legal aspects

LEGAL ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS ENTITY LEVEL Laws Amendments to Law on Waste: further transposition of the EU Landfill Directive. Bylaws FBiH waste legislation is partially harmonized with that of the EU. According to Strategies the Landfill Directive Specific Implementation Plan for BiH and Action Plan For Plans Implementation of the Landfill Directive57 the following provisions should be Guidelines included and further regulated in the Law on Waste Management: • Imposing a ban on the disposal to landfill of specified waste types (Landfill Directive, Article 5.3); • Regulating standards of construction and operation (Annex I); • Regulating types of waste that may be accepted and the procedures for acceptance, including the requirement for pre-treatment (Article 5, Article 6, Article 11, Annex II and Commission Decision); • Post closure management (Article 13). • Regulating control and monitoring procedures in operation and after-care phases (Annex III) • Regulate reporting and its format

By-laws on the following waste streams need to be adopted to provide options to landfill: • End of life vehicles - implementing Directive 2000/53/EC. Especially relevant for the LFD as it relates to tyres, explosive seat belt pre- tensioners and liquids. • PCB and PCT – implementing Directive 96/59/EC on the disposal of PCBs and PCTs. Adoption of plans for the decontamination and correct disposal of inventoried equipment and contaminated liquids by competent authorities. • Waste tyres • Waste batteries and accumulators

Preparation of guidelines: • Landfill operational manual • Waste sampling and analysis by Utility Companies • Reporting • Tariff calculation principles (what should be included) • EPR operations • Setting up of regional cooperation concepts

By-laws to be developed for payment of environmental taxes (e.g. landfill tax on non-compliant municipal landfills) to promote the use of compliant facilities.

Tax code to be adapted to exempt households from paying VAT on public SWM services.

Regulations on Communal Affairs. FBiH does not have Law on Communal Affairs. Instead, communal affairs are regulated by 10 cantonal laws that have different approach to same activities (e.g. tariff calculation). There is an urgent need to adopt Federal Law on Communal Economy to unify approach, principles and methods of providing communal services at cantonal and municipal level. A possibility to organize waste collection and disposal at regional level should be

57 EU IPA 2008 Project Strengthening of Bosnia And Herzegovina’s Environmental Institutions and Preparation for Pre-Accession Funds – EnvIS (EuropeAid/128786/C/SER/BA)

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LEGAL ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS introduced through this Law, also specifying the tasks/responsibility of the Canton. This activity is already initiated by the Association of Communal Utilities of FBiH.

MW definition. Municipal Waste definition in the Law on Waste Management has to be clarified in more detail using the Eurostat/OECD definition accepted in the EU. The definition should be supported by scope of municipal waste based on selected List of Waste codes to include codes 20 01, 20 02, 20 03, and 15 01. Details are given in Annex A5.1.

This definition should also be included in regulations on Communal Affairs at all levels.

Data reporting/Waste Information System. Finalization and adoption of amendments to the Law on Waste Management containing provisions that require waste generators, collectors, processors, transporters, landfill operators (both public and private sector) to report regularly to Environmental Fund of FBiH and Agency for Statistics based on an agreed entity/national format.

In order to support adequate data reporting, methodology for determining the waste quantity and composition should be developed and adopted in form of secondary legislation. Alternatively, reference to the corresponding EU methodology can be made in amendments to the Law on Waste Management.

Development of new FWMS/FWMP. Federal Waste Management Strategy and Federal Waste Management Plan are expiring in 2018 and 2017, respectively, and need to be renewed. Since 2018 Strategy targets have not been met, the new Strategy should be based on realistic targets. A critical review of the targets and existing waste management system should be made that will account for financial and technical capabilities of the sector. It is recommended to use conclusions and recommendations of this Sector Reform Report especially those concerning regionalization for collection and for disposal, financing conditions, role of municipalities, VAT payment for households, waste separation targets-realistic scenario, promotion of PPP’s, etc.

Development of new Federal Waste Management Plan needs to follow a participatory approach where all relevant cantonal authorities and professional umbrella organizations (BASWA, Association of municipalities, etc) are involved in planning the regional and inter-cantonal waste management solutions.

Technical specifications. In addition to legislation, it will be necessary to introduce implementation instructions, such as technical specifications for landfill design and closing, preferably meeting EU requirements, transfer stations, recycling facilities, etc. Preparation of an entity manual with standard waste acceptance procedures is needed, as the relevant EU legislation has only partially been transposed. A full transposition requires adaptation of the criteria to local conditions and the use of waste acceptance criteria as a basic tool for licensing and supervising landfills. Environmental monitoring, reporting, waste management practices at the landfill should be part of the manual.

CANTONAL/MUNICIPAL LEVEL

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LEGAL ISSUES RECOMMENDATIONS Laws Planning Waste Management. Improve municipal Decisions on communal order Bylaws regulating municipal waste management that will allow municipalities to better Plans plan and organize waste management services. The Decisions will set the tasks Instructions and obligations of municipalities, waste generators, including the legal basis for Guidelines payment and introduction of penalties as well as set framework conditions for waste management planning. Moreover, the regulations can set the conditions for private sector involvement. Municipal regulations should also be harmonised with federal and cantonal laws on waste management and communal affairs, specially concerning the aspects of defining the obligations for waste generators and municipalities’ publicly-mandated responsibilities for waste management.

Development of CWMP/MWMP. Missing Cantonal and Municipal Waste Management Plans are needed to meet national as well as the EU requirements. Guidelines could be developed indicating the contents of such plans, and can be based on EU formats. The existing Plans need to be updated to match requirements of new Federal Solid Waste Strategy and new Federal Waste Management Plan (once they get developed).Municipal Waste Management Plans should be the basis for developing a regional collection/separation system.

In case when waste disposal regions do not territorially correspond to the Cantonal coverage, a Regional Waste Management Plan might be needed for better organization of the service. Development of Regional Waste Management Plan should be introduced in the Law on Waste Management that currently does not recognize this planning document.

A5.3 Institutional aspects

INSTITUTION RECOMMENDATIONS FEDERAL LEVEL Federal Ministry of Implementation of solid waste management policy at Federal level requires Environment and Tourism capacity with a strong competent staffing. Presently the FMET does not have a distinct Solid Waste Management section, staffing is lacking and does not have sufficient capacities to handle all relevant tasks such as preparation of amendments to legislation, preparation of by-laws for landfill design, setting up of a WIS, preparation of guidelines, control and enforcement, policy development such as a new FWMS and FWMP. It is recommended to create a distinct Solid Waste Management section in FMET responsible for planning, coordination, supervision and monitoring of waste management on federal level.

In short term, it is suggested to contract outside expertise to provide technical assistance to the Solid Waste Management section in FMET. In long-term, new employment should be made and expert company should train new staff members. It is proposed to conclude a three-year contract with an expert company.

For implementation of the proposed reforms it is recommended to set up a Working Group with representatives of stakeholders. FMET should take the initiative and it should chair the Working Group.

Introduce regular consultation with the Association of Municipalities and with the Association of Utility Companies. The Associations should be strengthened through twinning with foreign Associations. This should be promoted and supported by FMET.

Federal Administration for Improvements in inspection and enforcement will be needed to improve sector Inspection Issues (FAII) performance. A review of their organization and operations, including staffing,

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INSTITUTION RECOMMENDATIONS tasks, bottlenecks (especially (un)availability of financial resources), shortcomings, etc., is key to inform recommendations for improving their performance.

Federal Environmental The creation of an autonomous FEPA for carrying out the daily tasks of Protection Agency implementing legislation and Strategy should be considered by re-organizing the existing Fund for Environmental Protection (FEP) of FBiH. Capacity strengthening and training is recommended. Specific task would be reporting and keeping a register on all landfills in FBiH and the control thereon. Association of Towns and Formalize the role of the Association of Municipalities as official discussion Municipalities of FBIH partner for all municipal (environmental) matters. Consider establishment of a national forum of Waste Management experts from municipalities under the chairmanship of the Association to enable the transfer of knowledge and experience among the participants. Set up twinning projects with similar foreign organizations and introduce “training of trainers”. Association of Communal The same role that is foreseen for Association of Towns and Municipalities of Utilities of FBIH FBIH in building capacities of Municipalities can be applied to the Association of Communal Utilities of FBIH and communal utilities. They are already recognized as official discussion partner for all utility matters. They should be involved more in providing help and advice to solid waste utilities on day-to-day operations. This would require detailed review of their organization and operations, available expertise and building the Association’s capacities to undertake this role. Working Group for A Working Group for implementation of the Reform Plan should be set up under implementation of the auspices of FMET. The Working group can consist of representatives of FMET, Reform Plan cantonal ministries of environment, Association of Towns and Municipalities of FBIH, Association of Communal Utilities and independent solid waste management experts.

CANTONAL LEVEL

Cantonal Ministries of The same recommendation can be given for Cantonal Ministries of environment Environment as for the FMET. Cantonal Ministries are understaffed in general and employment of at least one person that is responsible for planning, coordination, supervision and monitoring of waste management at cantonal level is needed. At Cantonal level policies have to be developed on basis of the federal strategy for regionalization of waste collection and disposal including capacity needs for waste transfer stations, separation/sorting and landfills.

The company contracted by FMET, within the same framework contract, can perform training and capacity building activities of cantonal staff though organization of joint in-class and individual on-job training sessions. Cantonal Administrations The same recommendation as for the federal inspection can be given for the for Inspection Affairs cantonal inspection. MUNICIPAL LEVEL

Municipalities Municipalities, through their Department of Communal Utilities handle all municipal communal activities including water and wastewater, solid waste management, street cleaning, market places, etc. It is recommended to establish a dedicated Waste Management section in this Department that will undertake all waste management needs.This includes preparation of Municipal Waste Management Plans, execution of public awareness campaigns, complaint handling, tariff calculations, monitoring and inspection, any development of commercial activities in order to generate extra income, etc. but also the operations of waste collection and disposal. It is recommendable to divide the collection and disposal functions into two independent companies. In this way, transparent and accountable functions will be created with a functional cost control.When needed each of the two operational companies could become shareholder in a regional company or in a PPP.The proposed institutional set up at

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INSTITUTION RECOMMENDATIONS municipal level is shown in Figure A5-2.

The Association of Towns and Municipalities of FBIH can perform capacity building of municipal SWM section through different capacity building programs. The activities can be funded by the Fund for Environmental Protection.

It is proposed that Regional Landfills will not be operated by a single municipal company but by an independent company with the users of the landfills as shareholders. In this way, the commitments under the inter- municipal agreement can be secured. Communal Utilities Capacity building among operating companies is urgently needed to implement an efficient and effective Waste Management system with accountable stakeholders. At operational level the collection and disposal companies need strengthening and training of staff to become more efficient by improving accounting procedures, tariff calculations, cost control, planning, maintenance, equipment procurement, data collection and reporting, etc. The Association of Communal Utilities can perform capacity building programs. The activities can be funded by the Fund for Environmental Protection.

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Figure A5-2: Proposed Institutional Set-up at Municipal Level

A5.4 Financial aspects

To overcome the present problems, many basic changes are needed guided by prevailing successful international practises. Especially changes in the tariff calculation and tariff collection system and strengthening of the accounting principles within the waste collection and disposal companies are of high priority for FBiH.

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Tariff calculation guidelines are needed to achieve financially sustainable waste management systems and to introduce cost control mechanisms. The guidelines should preferably take into consideration the following main criteria:

• Sound economic principles based on full cost recovery (direct costs, overhead costs, financing costs, etc.) unless the Municipality decides to subsidise partly the waste management services. The tariff should include future landfill closure costs. Furthermore, it should be decided if and which part of street cleaning costs has to be included in the tariff. Costs for public awareness/communication with waste generators should be included in the tariff calculations such as setting up of a dedicated section with experts and costs for campaigns. Annual costs are estimated at BAM 5/inhabitant for an average municipality of 30,000 inhabitants. • Full amortization costs (depreciation and interest) should be taken into account with depreciation periods based on usable lifetime of the facilities. Normally this will be 20 years for civil works and 12 years for mechanical/electrical works and equipment. • No VAT tax for households as tariff for public services is considered to be a tax. However, the tariff for the CII sector should be subject to VAT as it is considered to be a commercial service charge. VAT exemption for households is based on Article 13 of the VAT Directive 2006/112/EC stating amongst others “States, regional and local government authorities and other bodies governed by public law shall not be regarded as taxable persons in respect of the activities or transactions in which they engage as public authorities….”Although municipal waste collection companies in BiH are transformed into “limited companies” there is no doubt that these companies are operating under public law. Moreover, the market for household waste collection is a public activity in BiH. VAT payment is a policy decision making SWM more expensive for the households which might result in the need for increased subsidies by municipalities to finance the costs of SWM (as it is the case today by financing long haul transport, landfilling or sorting activities by some municipalities). In case national authorities are reluctant to introduce exemption of VAT on services it is recommended to discuss alternative taxation modes supporting the improvement of SWM such as introduction of landfill tax on the use of non-sanitary landfills to replace direct VAT payment on collection services. In addition, it is certainly recommendable to abolish VAT payment by the Utility Company to the government on invoices not being paid by the waste generator. The introduction of a reduced VAT tariff for municipal waste management services could also be considered as is the case in some EU member states. • No profit margin for public services to households while profit margin can be applied for services to CII sector. • Services to be covered by the tariff should be well defined (collection, separation/sorting, disposal, street cleaning, PA campaigns, etc.).Tariff calculations could follow the “Tariff setting methodology for the water supply and sewerage services in BiH” as recently developed by UNDP.

The proposed changes in the tariff calculation (no VAT) and collection system (no extra costs for waste collection companies) will have a positive effect on reducing required tariff increases. Moreover, it will be an incentive for private companies to conclude PPP’s and to invest.

The existing tariffs both for households and CII sector have to be reviewed taking into account the guidelines mentioned above. Increase of tariffs for households up to a maximum of 1% of the spendable income should be introduced in a phased way.

Tariff collection from households should become the responsibility of the Municipality. In this way the Municipality can also subsidize low-income households while financial risks are minimized for the waste collection companies. This is important especially when privatization (PPP) will be promoted. High risks for the waste collector mean also high costs and tariff charges. Payment

67 FBiH Sector Reform Report obligations of the households should be laid down in a Municipal Regulation wherein the tasks and obligations of the stakeholders (Municipality, waste collector, waste generator) are defined.

Tariff collection from the CII sector will be handled by the service provider (waste collector) based on individual contracts. The system is visualized in Figure A5-3. There are several options for collecting the tariffs by the municipality viz. (i) inclusion in other municipal taxes such as property tax or together with other public utilities provision charges such as heating, electricity; (ii) direct user charge;(iii) pay as you throw but in this case recording of waste quantities will be needed making the system more expensive. Currently different systems of tariff calculation for households are used (m² of usable house area, number of persons, fixed rate, number of removals). No specific preference exists but in general less administrative costs are involved having a fixed rate/household with some differentiation in number of persons (e.g. three groups: 1 or 2 or 3 and more persons). The disadvantage of a fixed rate system is the lack of incentives for waste separation but it is worthwhile to investigate the feasibility of opening up so-called “buying points” for valuable dry recyclables (plastics, paper/cardboard, metals/cans) by the municipality or waste collector. Experience shows that economic incentives in low-income countries are a valuable instrument to increase waste separation.

Figure A5-3: Payment flow scheme for Municipal Waste Management

Accounting with a clear cost allocation system is required to assess the efficiency of the operations. Thereto Key Performance Indicators can be introduced. In principle, the tariffs have to be based on the actual costs of the services provided in the previous years with possibility to adapt during the on- going year in case of unforeseen price increase (“force majeure”) such a salary, fuel price, etc.

Economic instruments (e.g. environmental tax on use of non-sanitary landfills, environmental tax on use of collection trucks older than 10 years) should be introduced to enforce municipalities to participate in regional systems.

A5.5 Operational aspects

A5.5.1 General

Currently each municipality has its own waste collection company disposing the waste at a non- sanitary municipal landfill or dumpsite or a regional landfill in case the municipality has signed an inter-municipal agreement with other municipalities. The operational costs are rather high due to the small size of the municipalities and the low waste quantities.

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Increasing the quantities can decrease costs per ton and thus creating financially sustainable waste management systems. This could be achieved by introducing a regional collection system in addition to a regional landfill system whereby Municipalities set up a joint company (D.O.O.) with the municipalities being the shareholders, and representatives of the City Council of each municipality being the members of the Supervisory Board. The company would serve all municipalities in its territory and would run its own fleet of trucks and containers. The services to be provided by the regional company could include (i) basic waste collection services from households and commercial/institutional sector including bulky waste; (ii) collection of non-hazardous industrial waste; (iii) collection of WEEE under contract with the EPR scheme. The advantages of a regional collection system are:

• Reduction on equipment procurement costs. Studies reveal that 10% could be saved. • More efficient route planning shortening the collection time. • More efficient capacity planning on infrastructural needs (trucks, containers, sorting lines, transfer points). • Savings on maintenance and repair (M+R) costs as this will be carried out centrally (one garage as compared to several garages). • Easier to get financing due to size of operations (EU supports regionalization). • Of greater interest for private (foreign) parties to set up PPP associated with investment financing and capacity building (EU supports the setting up of PPP’s). • Cost and revenues will be shared between the shareholders. • Less risk of municipalities leaving the association as they have invested as shareholder in the new company by bringing in their equipment. • Cost reduction for the participating municipalities.

Although regionalization will be a municipal decision through cooperation with other municipalities, it does not imply that regionalization should cover a total Cantonal area. However, the involvement of the Canton Administration will be needed.

A5.5.2 Collection and transport

In order to compare the costs of single municipal and regional approach, the collection and transport costs using 1,100 litres containers have been calculated (see Annex A4.2). The results are summarized in Table A5-1. A study is needed to assess all details of legal, financial, operational and administrative aspects for the setting up of a regional collection company. The regional collection concept is internationally widely used in thinly populated countries. It can be concluded that the regional approach is not resulting in higher costs as compared to the single municipal approach.

Table A5-1: Collection and transport costs (BAM/ton)

Single municipality Regional LF at 15km LF at 30km LF at 60km LF at 30km Truck size 10m³ 20m³ 10m³ 20m³ 10m³ 20m³ 10m³ 20m³ BAM/ton 51 49 65 57 88 71 50 40 Average 50 62 79.5 45 Source: Consultant’s calculations.

Implementation of regional landfills will involve extra transport costs due to the larger transport distances and many times the relatively small size and condition of the existing truck fleet doesn’t allow long haul transport. This is a bottleneck at existing regional landfills, as some municipalities despite the fact that they have signed a cooperation agreement do not dispose at regional landfills. High transport costs could be reduced by introducing transfer stations with long haul transport to the regional landfill by high capacity trucks. However, the limited waste quantities in each municipality and the road conditions could hamper the introduction of transfer stations (see chapterA1.1).

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Therefore, it is recommended that municipalities procure as far as possible large capacity collection trucks (20m³ and larger) enabling them to transport over long distances directly to the landfill. An estimate of required trucks in 2025 can be made when we assume an equal mix of 10m³ and 20m³ trucks as follows:

Table A5-2: Required number of collection trucks

Average distance to RL (km) 30 Annual waste quantity (tons) 653,910 Mixed waste 579,362 Recyclables 74,546 Average load (tons) 7.5 Trips/day (Annex A4.5) 1.5 0.56 Days/year 260 Capacity/truck/year (tons) 2,925 1,092 Trucks needed 198 68 Availability (85%) 233 80 Existing capacity (15%) 35 12 Required collection trucks 198 68

In addition to the compactor trucks for mixed waste collection it will be required to procure also skip trucks for collection of industrial waste (5-8 m³ containers). The required number is estimated as follows:

Table A5-3: Required number of skip trucks

Average distance to RL (km) 30 Annual waste quantity (tons) 65,000 Average load (tons) 5 Cycle time: 2x30km: 75 Loading: 20 Unloading: 15 Total (minutes) 110 Available/day (one shift) 410 Trips/day 3.7 Days/year 260 Capacity/truck/year (tons) 4,810 Trucks needed 13.5 Availability (%) 85 Required 16

Bulky waste can be collected through so-called “bring stations” or by “door-to-door” service on request. As no reliable statistical information is available it is proposed not to construct so-called “bring stations” but to introduce door-to-door collection. Normally, most of the bulky waste (furniture, mattresses, timber, etc.) is collected with open trucks. A number of flatbed trucks might be needed for collection of white goods and electrical appliances as it is expected that the EPR scheme for WEEE might contract the waste collection company. A rough estimate can be made based on the EU requirement of minimum 4kg/cap/year to be collected or approximately 8,800 t/y. This would mean that only 5-6 trucks operating 260 days/year would be sufficient for the Federation. Also, private transport companies could be hired in occasionally.

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The required number of containers can be determined on basis of (i) the annual volumes and collection frequency, or (ii) the service level to be provided i.e. number of households/container considering the walking distances and separate containers for CII entities. The minimum number of containers required on basis of waste volumes in 2025 and 5days collection/week can be calculated as follows:

Table A5-4: Required number of containers

1,100 litre 240 litre Collected (t/y) 769,304X0.85= 653,908 Recyclables (33%x35%) 74,546 Mixed waste (t/y) 579,362 Tons/day (260 days) 2,228 287 Density (kg/m³) 185 80 Volumes (m³) 12,045 3,584 Cap/cont. (m³) 0.8x1.1=0.88 0.8x0.24=0.192 Number containers(5/week) 13,687 18,667 Number of containers (2.5/week) 27,374 37,334

In case containers will be emptied 2-3 times/week (average 2.5) the total number of required containers will be doubled but number of collection trucks will decrease as collection routes/truck will be shorter and thus more trips/day can be made. The actual number of containers will depend on the waste density. In Table A5-4 a density has been taken of 185kg/m3 for mixed MSW and 80kg/m3 for mixed dry recyclables (glass, paper, plastics, cans). These figures are based on existing literature in BiH such as the SIDA/Grontmij reports and Waste Weight Determination published by the Agency for Statistics and also taking into account international publications. Densities reported by Municipalities in their questionnaires for mixed municipal waste are varying between 125-450 kg/m3. It is obvious that regulations are needed for regular sampling and analysis by waste collection companies for getting more reliable information.

The above confirms that lack of reliable data on waste quantities is hampering the planning of equipment. All landfills handling more than a certain annual quantity (e.g.5,000t/y) should be obliged to install surface mounted weighing scales wit recording system. Thereto the FMET should adapt the legislation concerning landfill design criteria. In addition, legislation should oblige the Utility Companies to carry out regular waste sampling and analysis and the FMET should prepare the required guidelines.

A5.5.3 Transfer stations

The purpose of implementing transfer stations (TS) is to reduce transport costs to regional landfills as compared to direct transport by the collection trucks. The feasibility will depend on (i) annual throughput; (ii) distance to collection area; (iii) road conditions for high capacity trucks; (iv) investment costs. In FBiH currently no transfer stations are available except for an open space unloading of truck and loading the trailer with bulldozer employed in Visoko.

In order to calculate the need of a TS as compared to direct transport, in Annex A5.2the following types of transfer stations are compared:

(i) TS with intermediate storage to equalize any irregularity in input (collection trucks) and output (long haul truck). This type TS will consist of shed (avoiding waste to be soaked during rain and snow) where waste can be dumped on the floor. Thereafter it will be loaded with a front loader into a long haul truck consisting of truck and trailer (12 tons) with open top containers. The investment costs

71 FBiH Sector Reform Report are estimated at BAM 385,000 for civil works and BAM 175,000 for a front loader and BAM 275,000 for the truck/trailer combination with containers.

(ii) TS with ramp with direct transfer from collection truck into long haul truck/trailer (20 tons) with compression. Although investment costs are lower, the operational disadvantage is the matching between truck arrivals for input (collection trucks) and output (long haul truck), which might result in waiting time for the collection trucks. Moreover, the loading point is not protected from rain and snow. The investment is based on costs obtained from similar TS in Gradiska (only BAM 70,000) and BAM 400,000 for the long haul truck.

In Annex A5.3the costs are calculated for various types of transport viz. (i) truck and trailer with two open top containers transporting 12 tons waste (example in Visoko); (ii) truck with compaction trailer transporting 20 tons of waste (example in Gradiska); (iii) waste collection truck with 10 tons capacity; and (iv) waste collection truck with7.5 tons capacity.

The feasibility for the two types of TS as described above has been calculated on basis of 11,000 t/y for two options:

Option 1: direct transport from collection area with 7.5 and 10 tons trucks to a RL located at 50km distance; Option 2: transport by 7.5 and 10 tons collection trucks to a TS located at 15km and (a)intermediate storage or (b) direct transfer into large capacity long haul truck (12 or 20 tons) and transporting the waste over 50km to a RL.In addition, costs are calculated in case that TS is at 5km distance (c) and that RL is at 70km distance (d).

The results are presented in Table A5-5.

Table A5-5: Transfer and transport costs (BAM/ton excl. VAT)

Calculations for Distance Collection truck Long haul truck 11,000 t/y (km) 7.5 ton 10 ton 12 ton 20 ton Option 1: Direct 50 213/7.5=28.4 230/10=23 ------transport Option 2: TS with (a) Intermediate storage 15 2.13x30/7.5=8.5 2.3x30/10=6.9 To TS 14.9 14.9 Transfer 50 -- -- 261/12=21.8 349/20=17.5 To RL Total 20 t truck to RL 40.9 39.3 Total 12t truck to RL 45.2 43.6 (b) Direct transfer To TS 15 8.5 6.9 Transfer 3 3 To RL 50 -- -- 21.8 17.5 Total 20 t truck to RL 29 27.4 Total12t truck to RL 33.3 31.7 (c) Direct transfer To TS 5 2.8 2.3 Transfer 3 3 To RL 50 -- -- 21.8 17.5 Total 20 t truck to RL 23.3 22.8 Total 12t truck to RL 27.6 27.1

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Calculations for Distance Collection truck Long haul truck 11,000 t/y (km) 7.5 ton 10 ton 12 ton 20 ton (d) Direct transfer To TS 5 2.8 2.3 TS 3 3 To RL 70 30.5 24.4 Total 20 t truck to RL 30.2 29.7 Total 12t truck to RL 36.3 35.8 RL= regional landfill; TS=transfer station. Source: Annex A4.5 and A4.6.

Based on the figures given in tables above, the following can be concluded that distance to TS is an important cost item. The TS should be as close as possible to the collection area. Investment in construction of TS is an important cost item and can make the system not feasible. Low costs installation can also create operational problems and thus indirect costs (e.g. waiting of collection trucks). Direct transport with high capacity collection trucks (10 tons) is feasible up to about 50km distance.

In general, it can be concluded that the benefit of a transfer station is highly depending on the capacity of the collection trucks, the distance to the RL, location of the transfer station and the investment costs. In addition, the road conditions in the area are important to allow high capacity trucks for long haul transport. Therefore, the implementation of transfer stations should be carefully evaluated for each case individually.

A5.5.4 Separation and sorting

According to the Landfill Framework Directive no waste is allowed to be landfilled without treatment, which includes separation of waste. In addition, the LFD stipulates certain conditions for reduction of biodegradable waste (paper, cardboard, organic waste, wood and some textiles) to be landfilled.

The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system for packaging waste and WEEE is partly introduced in FBiH. The system implies a take back obligation of the individual importer/filler/packer/distributor of a certain percentage of the materials put on the market by him for the first time. However, the Producer can become a member of a joint organization taking over his individual responsibility. The joint organization may set up its own parallel waste collection system or can conclude contracts with third parties such as the municipal Utility Companies. The EPR system can substantially contribute to achieving the targets. Thereto a well-defined organizational system should be introduced with a clear allocation of responsibilities, tasks, financing, control, monitoring and reporting.

The implementation of any waste separation activity for dry recyclables and organic waste should be based on a detailed assessment of the market opportunities as current experience indicates that there is hardly a market for glass recycling and the same is reported for composting.

In order to improve waste separation at source so that the targets set in the Federal Waste Management Strategy are achieved, the Municipal Utility Companies may implement a uniform system using 240 litres containers for separation of dry recyclables in addition to 1,100 litres containers for mixed waste. It is assumed that households will separate in 2025 about 30% of the dry recyclables (out of 33% that is found in the mixed waste stream). The increase in collection costs for a separated collection system is expected to be BAM 22/ton (Annex A4.5).

In Annex A5.4 various options for integrated Waste Management services are presented for the year 2025 and the results are shown in Table A5-6. It is based on the following assumptions: (i) waste

73 FBiH Sector Reform Report generation rate 1kg/cap/day and 85% collection coverage; (ii) mixed waste separation 10%; (iii) separation at source 30%x 34%; (iv) 25% rejects during sorting. It clearly shows the financial advantages for regionalization of collection services. It also shows that separation of mixed waste is more expensive than separation at source with sorting. Moreover, the separation of mixed waste is limited to about 10%.

Currently various separation lines are available but operating at very low capacity. A pilot project is proposed to upscale the operations of existing lines before constructing any new lines. The findings can be used for upgrading other lines. A first pilot project could be started up in Sarajevo canton, as there is one cantonal collection company. The pilot project would comprise the delivery of containers for dry recyclables and Technical Assistance (TA) for management and awareness campaigns. At the landfill in Sarajevo is a sorting line installed with a capacity of 5 t/h or about 8,300 t/y. If we assume daily collection or 32tons pre-separated dry recyclables, it would result in the need of about 2,000 containers of 240 litres. In addition, extensive awareness campaigns with supporting materials (advertising, posters, TV spots, brochures, etc.) are proposed with a one-year support from international experts.

Table A5-6: Options for separation at source

BAM/ton Single municipality (30,000) Regional collection (120,000) Quantity ML at 15km RL at 30km Quantity Mixed Separation at (Tons) (tons) waste source Collection 9,307 50 62 37,230 45 45 Disposal 8,477 87 49 33,507 49 498 Separation 1,107 62 20 3723 16 9 Total 199 131 110 103 Tariff/hh/y ex VAT¹ 225 148 124 116 Current tariff excl. 87 VAT ¹ Assuming 1.13 t/hh/y. Note: Disposal costs as per Annex A5.5.

In addition to separation of dry recyclables it might be worthwhile to investigate other treatment options to reduce the quantities to be landfilled such as production of RDF for co-incineration in cement plants. It seems that cement plants in Bosnia are interested to buy RDF as an alternative fuel. A feasibility study is under preparation for the construction of such plant at the regional landfill in Zenica. A preliminary assessment (see Table A5-7) has been made for a plant with a waste input of 50,000t/y and a RDF production of 15,000t/y (without any grant financing or subsidies).

Table A5-7: RDF cost/revenue assessment (BAM excl. VAT)

Investments Unforeseen (10%) Design/supervision (8%)

Civil works 3,000,000 3,300,000 3,564,000 M/E works 13,700,000 15,070,000 16,275,000 Total 19,839,000 Amortization Amount Cost/ton Civil works (20 yrs, 3%) 239,530 M/E works (12 yrs, 3%)¹ 1,627,470 Total 1,867,000 124.5 Operations Wages 462,000 Electricity 320,000 Fuel 67,000

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Investments Unforeseen (10%) Design/supervision (8%)

M+R -civil works (1%) 33,000 -M/E works (3%) 452,00 Total 1,334,000 88.9 Total costs 213.4 Revenues Savings on landfill 15,000x45.7 685,500 Sales RDF² 15,000x78 1,170,000 Sales dry recyclables 8%x50,000 x 200 800,000 Total revenues 2,655,500 177 ¹Amortization of usable lifetime (12 years). ² Information from Feasibility study

The risks are (i) the sales prices for RDF to the cement factory as this very much depends on the energy/raw materials price on the world market and (ii) the sales price for dry recyclables as the market is strongly fluctuating.

Although not being a municipal waste, many municipalities are dealing with the problem of animal waste (slaughterhouse waste, dead animals) being disposed at the landfills. In view of the quantities involved and investments required it is recommended that municipalities will set up a joint facility (e.g. a small incinerator). Thereto the municipalities should initiate a feasibility study on expected quantities, collection and transport system, rendering of the waste, market assessment for livestock feed use and a financial analysis.

A5.5.5 Disposal

Cost calculations are presented in Annex A5.4and summarized in Table A5-8for a compliant regional landfill (120,000 inhabitants) and for a single municipal landfill (30,000 inhabitants) in 2025.

Table A5-8: Landfill cost calculations (BAM/ton) Regional Municipal OPEX 20.19 39.83 CAPEX 29.21 46.69 Total excl. VAT 49.40 86.52 incl. VAT 58 101

It can be seen that the cost/ton for a single compliant municipal landfill is substantially higher than for a sanitary regional landfill. This emphasizes the need for implementation of regional landfills. However, the success of regional landfills fully depends on its accessibility i.e. the road system and thus the annual quantities affecting the cost/ton. This is a problem in FBiH and therefore the upgrading of non-compliant municipal landfills into controlled landfills is an alternative for municipalities that have problem with accessibility to RLs.

As explained in Chapter A3.4, BiH is divided into 16 waste allocation districts (waste sheds), each to include a regional landfill (10 RLs in the FBiH and 6 RLs in the RS), whereby a separation is maintained between RS and FBiH (See Figure A3-2). In practice, however, it might be difficult to impose a certain regional concept upon municipalities, as they will face higher costs for transport and landfilling, while lower cost solutions might be available depending on the local conditions. In fact, there are currently a few municipalities in FBiH that are transporting waste to landfills located in RS for economic reasons (Sapna, Kalesija, Zivinice to Zvornik; Teocak to Bijeljina; Doboj Istok, Doboj Jug, Usora, Lukavac, Srebrenik, and part of Zivinice to Doboj).

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Out of the originally planned regional landfills covering the 16 waste shed areas in the BiH, 8 regional landfills were established between 2000 and 2017. The approximate locations and planned service areas of these 8 RLs are shown in Figure A5-4. These regional landfills include:

(i) Sarajevo (FBiH) (ii) Zenica (FBiH) (iii) Mostar (FBiH) (iv) Livno (FBiH) (v) Banja Luka (RS) (vi) Bijeljina (RS) (vii) Prijedor (RS) (viii) Zvornik (RS)

Figure A5-4: Existing Regional Landfills and theirService Areas in BiH

According to the 2000 Waste Management Strategy, the planned regional landfills are needed to improve environmental conditions. Construction of the above-mentioned 8 regional landfills, and subsequent closure of the dump sites and wild landfills, have significantly improved the environmental conditions in BiH. However, the past 17-year implementation experience has shown that some of the originally planned waste sheds (shown in Figure A3-2), are not practically feasible due to various reasons. Lack of appropriate land for the planned RL, public resistance against selected location for new RL, haul distance and/or road conditions from certain municipalities to the allocated

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RL are amongst the main reasons that has made realization of some of the originally planned 16 RL very challenging.

An alternative solution to this problem, and to achieve the Strategy’s main goal, would be realization of local and case-by-case solutions based on the “proximity” principle. In some cases (i.e. in some areas of the BiH), the regional landfill concept should continue to be pursued as long as the road travel distance to the RL does not exceed ~ 45 kilometres (or 30km circle radius) and the road conditions are suitable (or can be improved) for waste transportation trucks. However, there are areas in the country where upgrading of non-compliant municipal landfills into controlled landfills could be the only feasible and economically viable option in order to achieve improvement of the BiH disposal system.

Suggested Approach for FBiH: In this section, the existing, the upcoming and the future possible RLs for the FBiH are assessed and described case by case. Suggestions and possible options presented here are subject to the limitations inherent to availability of site-specific information, and based on expert assessment, experience and knowledge about the on the ground situations at each particular site. Where deviation from an originally planned RL is suggested, it is highly recommended that the region-specific information be further reviewed in detail. We recommend detailed (pre-)feasibility studies for technical and economical comparison of options such as construction of a transfer station versus construction of (or upgrading to) a sanitary municipal landfill to be conducted.

In this assessment, and to provide the recommendations, the municipalities are grouped into 4 major groups based on: (A) municipalities that are being serviced by a RL (previously shown in Figure A5-4, also shown in Figure A5-10), (B) municipalities that will be served by a RL in FBiH(shown in Figure A5-5, coloured in blue), (C) municipalities that will be served by a RL in RS (shown in Figure A5-5, coloured in green), and (D) where RL concept is not feasible for (at least without a low-cost transfer station) in which case a controlled ML is a possible solution that has to be studied in detail and compered with transfer station option (shown in Figure A5-5, coloured in grey). In the following sections, these four (4) groups are described in detail. It should be noted that in addition to planning for construction of new regional and/or municipal landfills, sustainability of the existing facilities should be taken into account for planning of the required investments. For example, regional landfills at Sarajevo, Livno, Mostar and Zenica require investments for urgent expansion and/or leachate and LFG system upgrading. Moreover, it should be noted that along with implementation of new sanitary RLs and MLs, substantial investments will be needed for closure of non-compliant municipal landfills and dumpsites.

A summary of recommendations for possible landfill site planning based on the existing situation are illustrated in Figure A5-5 below. The overall disposal system including the existing regional landfills and the possible additions for the future are summarized and illustrated in Figure A5-10 at the end of this chapter.

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Figure A5-5: Possible additional ML and RL development in FBiH

Group A is consisted of municipalities that are already in catchment area of one of the 4 existing RLs of (1) Sarajevo, (2) Zenica, (3) Mostar, and (4) Livno. This group includes 28municipalities, with total population of 1,053,304, and estimated to produce 409,098tons/year of MSW in 2025 (see Annex A1.3). This form 53% of the overall waste generation in FBiH.

A1 – Sarajevo Regional Landfill:

Sarajevo Regional Landfill serves 9 municipalities shown in Figure A5-6 and listed below with estimated annual MSW of 190,000 tons/year. The amount may be slightly underestimated since average federal waste generation rate is used for calculation. Since Canton Sarajevo is 90% urbanised, the actual generated waste amount and can be up to 20% higher.

Centar 26,821 Hadzici 6,689 Ilidza 32,434 Ilijas 5,784 Novi Grad 57,623 Novo Sarajevo 31,503 Stari Grad 17,972 Trnovo 340 Vogosca 8,875 (potential addition) Total 188,041 tons/year

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Figure A5-6: Sarajevo Regional Landfill Service Area

Sarajevo RL is the largest landfill in the BiH requiring approximately 1 ha sanitary cell expansion every year. Furthermore, in order to maintain sustainability of this landfill, immediate investments are required to minimize leachate generation by implementation of progressive closure (capping) system, upgrade leachate treatment system and upgrade landfill gas collection and flaring system.

A2 – Zenica Regional Landfill:

Zenica Regional Landfill serves 10 municipalities shown in Figure A5-7 and listed below with estimated potential annual MSW of 125,000 tons/year. This regional landfill received about 56,000 tons of MSW in 2016, indicating difficulties that some of the included municipalities have been facing in transportation of high quantities of waste to this facility and the associated costs. Visoko 12,034 Zavidovici 10,535 Zenica 44,184 Zepce 8,343 Busovaca 5,108 Travnik 16,392 Travnik-Nova Bila 8,868 Vitez 7,570 Kakanj 11,651 (potential addition) Total 124,685 tons/year Total (Actual 2016) ~ 56,000 tons/year

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Figure A5-7: Zenica Regional Landfill Service Area

Zenica regional landfill is approaching full design capacity of its current disposal cell and requires investment for construction of a new sanitary cell and partial closure of the completed area before end of 2018. This facility is also required to install a leachate treatment plant. Tendering procedure for purchase of the plant is currently under preparation.

A3 – Mostar Regional Landfill:

Mostar Regional Landfill is currently serving 4 municipalities of Mostar, Široki Brijeg, Ljubuški, Grude and received about 41,000 tons of MSW in 2016. This RL can potentially serve two additional municipalities shown in the list below and bringing up the total potential annual tonnage to approximately 74,000 tons/year. However, Mostar RL requires immediate construction of new cell expansion in order to be able to receive additional waste in the near future. Posusje is another possible addition to Mostar RL service area, subject to feasibility of a low-cost transfer station and waste transport from this municipality). Mostar 40,894 Grude 5,058 Ljubuski 7,518 Siroki Brijeg 8,213 Citluk 4,980 (potential addition) Capljina 7,562 (potential addition) Posusje ---- (subject to feasibility of a low-cost transfer station) Total 74,225 tons/year Total Actual (2016) 41,000 tons/year

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Figure A5-8: Mostar Regional Landfill Service Area

A technical review of Mostar landfill existing layout and operations was recently completed. Full report is available as a separate document.

Sustainability of Mostar RL depends on availability of investments for expansion, closure of the old phases as well as new landfill operation equipment. This site is urgently required to install a leachate treatment plant (LTP). Procurement process for supply and installation of an LTP for Mostar RL is currently ongoing.

A4 – Livno Regional Landfill

Livno Regional Landfill was recently constructed and will soon start serving three municipalities of Glamoc, Kupres, and Livno with estimated annual tonnages shown below. Livno RL can also potentially serve Tomislavgrad, bringing the total potential annual tonnage to 22,000 tons/year MSW.

Glamoc 1,385 Kupres 1,949 Livno 10,072 Tomislavgrad 8,640 (potential addition) Total 22,046 tons/year

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Figure A5-9: Livno Regional Landfill Service Area

Livno RL currently does not have a leachate treatment plant and will soon require investments.

Group B is consisted of municipalities that will be served by one of the 8 possible (future) RLs of (1) Zivinice, (2) Bosanska Krupa, (3) Gornji Vakuf, (4) Gradacac, (5) Fojnica, (6) Gorazde, (7) Stolac, (8) Bosanski Petrovac described below. Total population that will be served by these 8 RLs is approximately 540,798, estimated to generate about 184,367tons/year of MSW. These 8 possible RLs and their service areas are shown in Figure A5-5 and Figure A5-10.

B1 – Zivinice Regional Landfill:

Zivinice Regional Landfill is one of the originally planned RLs for the FBiH. Preparation phases (feasibility study, environmental assessment, and detailed designs) for development of this site are fully completed and pending availability of funds, construction of this RL can start immediately. This site is planned to receive approximately 25,000 tons/year of MSW. However, with potential addition of Lukavac, Srebrenik, and Kladanj municipalities to the service area of this landfill, total annual waste tonnage of approximately 52,000 tons/year is anticipated. Another possible addition that needs to be studied in detail is city of Tuzla which is currently operating its own city landfill 6-7 years remaining lifespan. Zivinice 17,615 Banovici 6,891 Lukavac 13,322 (potential addition) Srebrenik 10,842 (potential addition) Kladanj 3,894 (potential addition – temporarily to use Zvornik) Tuzla ---- (need to be further studied) Total 52,564 tons/year

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Investment for construction of Zivinice RL is required. Considering the size of the potential catchment area for this landfill (52,000 tons/year), as well as level of readiness for this development, priority shall be made to this investment.

B2 – Bosanska Krupa Regional Landfill:

Three municipalities of Cazin, Buzim, and Bosanska Krupa have been constructively cooperating for about 20 years. These three municipalities used to dispose their waste at old Bosanska Krupa controlled landfill and were planned to be served by a potential RL in Bihac. Considering closure of the controlled Bosanska Krupa landfill, the fact that no RL was constructed in Bihac, and the long- haul distance between these municipalities and the current Bihac ML, these municipalities started using a new site as a uncontrolled landfill located between the cities. This site, which has been used for about 10 years now, has the potential to be upgraded to a potential RL continuing to service these three municipalities. The estimated annual waste tonnage based on the population of the municipalities is about 32,000 tons/year.

Cazin 18,693 Buzim 4,973 Bosanska Krupa 8,772

Total 32,438 tons/year

A full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study is required to assess suitability of the location for the potential RL.

B3 – Gornji Vakuf Regional Landfill:

Gornji Vakuf Regional Landfill is one of the RLs that was originally planned to be constructed, however, the selected location has faced public objections. This regional landfill would serve four municipalities of Gornji Vakuf, Bugojno, Donji Vakuf, and Prozor Rama with total estimated annual waste tonnage of 27,000 tons/year.

Gornji Vakuf 6,090 Bugojno 11,596 Donji Vakuf 5,017 Prozor Rama 4,232

Total 26,935 tons/year

Conducting a complementary ESIA study is recommended for in-depth review of existing issues related to the selected site, and if not resolvable by additional public consultations, availability of alternative locations should be investigated.

B4 – Gradacac Regional Landfill:

Gradacac Regional landfill is a possible RL that could serve four municipalities listed below (and potentially a fifth one). The annual waste tonnage that will be disposed in this possible RL is approximated to be about 26,000 tons/year.

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Gradacac 12,404 Domaljevac-Samac 2,039 Odzak 6,639 Orasje 5,478 Gracanica ---- (need to be further studied, see Doboj RL under RS report) Total 26,560 tons/year

Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA are required to evaluate the existing conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials.

B5 – Fojnica Regional Landfill:

Fojnica Regional landfill is a possible RL that could serve three municipalities listed below. The annual waste tonnage that will be disposed in this possible RL is approximated to be about 11,000 tons/year.

Fojnica 3,803 Kiseljak 5,668 Kresevo 1,472

Total 10,943 tons/year

Region-specific assessment, (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA are required to evaluate the existing conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials.

B6 – Gorazde Regional Landfill:

City of Gorazde is currently using a uncontrolled municipal landfill with severe environmental impacts. This city has allocated a new location that could potentially be used for a sanitary municipal or regional landfill. This possible RL could potentially serve Pale Praca and Foca-Ustikolina in addition to the City of Gorazde. Therefore, it is estimated that this possible RL could serve about 23.734 people generating approximately 8,600 tons/year of MSW. Possible additions that needs to be studied in detail are municipalities from Republika Srpska that are found in the Gorazde RL catchment area including Foca, Cajnice, Rogatica and Rudo.

Goradze 7,980 Pale Praca 204 Foca-Ustikolina 437 Foca (RS) ---- (need to be further studied) Cajnice (RS) ---- (need to be further studied) Rogatica (RS) ---- (need to be further studied) Rudo (RS) ---- (need to be further studied) Total 8,621 tons/year

A full ESIA study is needed for the selected site. Due to the severe conditions observed at the existing Gorazde uncontrolled municipal landfill, it is highly recommended that a priority be given to advance this project.Possible additions from RS needs to be further studied.

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B7 – Stolac Regional Landfill:

Stolac Regional landfill is a possible RL that could potentially serve three municipalities of Stolac, Neum, and Ravno, listed below. The annual waste tonnage that will be disposed in this possible RL is approximated to be about 7000 tons/year of MSW.

Stolac 4,309 Neum 1,893 Ravno 728 Total 6,930 tons/year

Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA are required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials.

B8 – Bosanski Petrovac Regional Landfill:

Bosanski Petrovac Regional landfill is a possible RL that could potentially serve three municipalities of Bosanski Petrovac, Drvar, Bosansko Grahovo and possibly Kljuc. These four municipalities are approximated to generated about 11,000 tons/year of MSW.

Bosanski Petrovac 2,640 Drvar 2,621 Bosansko Grahovo 782 Kljuc 5,193 (potential addition if Mrkonjic Grad RL is not feasible) Total 11,236 tons/year

Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA are required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials.

Group Cis consisted of municipalities that could possibly contribute their waste to one of the regional landfills in Republika Srpska. As mentioned before, this is already being practiced in some areas due to feasibility and economic incentives. The three regional landfills in RS that are already receiving waste from neighbour municipalities in FBiH are (1) Zvornik, (2) Doboj, and (3) Bijeljina. Furthermore, a possible regional landfill in Mrkonjic Grad (RS) can also serve additional municipalities from FBiH. The municipalities from FBiH that may potentially be serviced by one of these four RLs in RS are highlighted in green in Figure A5-5 and Figure A5-10.

C1 – Zvornik Regional Landfill (RS):

Zvornik Regional Landfill in RS is currently receiving waste from municipalities of Kladanj, and Sapna located in FBiH. In this reform plan, it is suggested that municipality of Kalesija can possible join Zvornik RL service area.

Kalesija 8,052 Sapna 3,066 Kladanj 3,894 (potential addition until Zivinice RL is ready) Total 15,012 tons/year

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C2 – Doboj Landfill (RS):

Doboj Landfill is an existing non-sanitary landfill in RS which is currently acting as a regional landfill receiving waste from several municipalities in RS and FBiH. There is high demand and will have to relocate operations of this facility to a new site so it becomes one of the main sanitary regional landfill in the RS. In light of such an improvement, it is suggested in this reform plan that additional municipalities from FBiH can contribute this RL. Current municipalities and potential additions are listed below.

Lukavac 13,322 (temporary until Zivinice RL is ready) Doboj Istok 2,318 Doboj Jug 936 Maglaj 6,098 (potential addition) Tesanj 11,174 (potential addition) Usora 1,494 (potential addition) Total 35,342 tons/year

A site selection study and full ESIA study are needed for any potential new site for this RL.

C3 – Bijeljina Regional Landfill (RS):

Bijeljina Regional Landfill is a well-established RL in RS which is currently receiving waste from municipalities Teocak located in FBiH. Celic municipality also signed inter municipal agreement but is not disposing its waste yet.

Celic 3,309 Teocak 2,411 Total 5,720 tons/year

C4 – Mrkonjic Grad Regional Landfill (RS):

Mrkonjic Grad is one of the locations in RS that is suggested to be upgraded to a possible RL serving municipalities both in the RS and FBiH. The municipalities that could potentially benefit from contributing their waste to the possible Mrkonjic Grad RL includes Kljuc, Dobretici, and Jajce with total estimated waste tonnage od 13,791 tons/year.

Kljuc 5,153 Dobretici 368 Jajce 8,270 Total 13,791 tons/year

Region-specific (pre-)feasibility study and full ESIA study are required to evaluate suitability of the existing ML location for RL.

C5 – Prijedor Regional Landfill (RS):

Prijedor Regional Landfill is one of the originally planned RLs in RS. This landfill is currently not receiving any waste from FBiH. However, there is possibility that the waste from Sanski Most (~ 30

86 FBiH Sector Reform Report km from Prijedor RL) to be transported to this regional landfill. Estimated waste generation in municipality of Sanski Most is approximately 12,000 tons/year

Site-specific (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA study are required to evaluate suitability of the proposed option.

Group Dis consisted of municipalities which are not within feasible distance from of the existing or possible RLs in FBiH or RS. One alternative solution that should be investigated in detail and based on the site-specific information and road conditions, is construction of low-cost transfer stations (individual and/or joint transfer statins). These possible waste transfer options are shown in Figure A5-5. The general cost calculations presented previously were not in favour of this alternative. Therefore, the second option, which is upgrading of non-compliant municipal landfills into controlled municipal landfills (ML) is suggested in the following section as an alternative to the originally planned RLs. For the FBiH, this includes municipalities of Bihac, Velika Kladusa, Posusje, and Olovo. Similar possibility applies to municipalities of Konjic and Jablanica (to jointly share one ML) and municipalities of Breza and Vares (jointly). The possible municipal landfills are highlighted in grey in Figure A5-5 and Figure A5-10.

D1 – Bihac Controlled Municipal Landfill:

The current Bihac ML is expected to have sufficient capacity for the next 10-15 years. It is suggested, pending positive results from a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study, that this site be upgraded to a controlled ML, serving the municipality of Bihac with estimated annual tonnage of 23,896 tons/year.

A(pre-)feasibility study and full ESIA study required to evaluate suitability of the existing ML to be upgraded to a Controlled (or Sanitary) ML.

D2 – Velika Kladusa Controlled Municipal Landfill:

The current Velika Kladuša ML is expected to have sufficient capacity for the next 10 years if waste separation is to be introduced. This site has limited space but can be upgraded to a controlled ML, serving the municipality of Velika Kladusa with estimated annual tonnage of 10,446 tons/year.

A(pre-)feasibility study and full ESIA study required to evaluate suitability of the existing ML to be upgraded to a Controlled ML possibly serving other municipalities as well.

D3 – Olovo Controlled Municipal Landfill:

The current Olovo ML is expected to have sufficient capacity for the next 20 years. The investment – technical and environmental studies have been completed based on which urban permit and environmental permit are obtained for rehabilitation and closure of existing landfill. However, according to the permit, this site can be upgraded to a controlled ML by extending it to the surrounding municipality own land, serving the municipality of Olovo with estimated annual tonnage of 2,973 t/y tons/year.

A(pre-)feasibility study and full ESIA study required to evaluate suitability of the existing ML to be upgraded to a Controlled ML.

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D4 – Konjic-Jablanica Joint Controlled Municipal Landfill:

Municipalities of Konjic and Jablanica are among the municipalities which were originally planned to be serviced by Mostar Regional Landfill. However, this appeared not to be feasible due to the very long haul distance between these cities and the location of the regional landfill. There might be a possibility that a joint low-cost transfer station be feasible for waste transport to Mostar and/or Sarajevo landfills. However, this has to be investigated in detail. A different approach could be use of a controlled municipal landfill shared by the two municipalities. This potential joint municipal landfill could potentially receive 12,000 tons/year of MSW which are currently being disposed in uncontrolled municipal landfills.

Konjic 8,590 Jablanica 3,380 Total 11,970 tons/year

Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA is required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials.

D5 – Breza-Vares Joint Controlled Municipal Landfill:

Municipalities of Breza and Vares are among the municipalities which are originally planned to be serviced by Zenica Regional Landfill. However, this appeared not to be feasible due to very long haul distance between these municipalities and the location of the regional landfill. A different approach could be in this case use of a controlled municipal landfill shared by the two municipalities. This potential joint municipal landfill could potentially receive 7,000 tons/year of MSW which are currently being disposed in uncontrolled municipal landfills. Alternative solution that should be studied in detail is construction of a low cost joint transfer station for waste transport to Zenica Regional Landfill.

Breza 4,019 Vares 2,822 Total 6,841 tons/year

Region-specific assessment and (pre-)feasibility study is required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials.

Figure A5-10 below summarizes the overall disposal system for FBiH, including the existing regional landfills (coloured in orange) possible regional landfills (coloured in dark blue, with service area coloured in light blue), possible municipal landfills (coloured in grey), and municipalities in FBiH that could potentially transport their waste to one of the regional landfills in RS (coloured in green). It should be noted that these possibilities are subject to detailed technical (pre-)feasibility studies and economic analyses and comparison of options such as construction of transfer stations versus construction of (or upgrading to) a sanitary municipal landfill.

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Figure A5-10: Overall disposal system at FBiH – existing and possible future facilities

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A6 INVESTMENTS

Institutional

Authority Proposals Costs (USD)

FMET Strengthening of Waste Management 1.2 million Department. Problem: Present staff would consist of only one person Tasks: -Preparation of amendments to legislation (Law on Waste management, Tax Code in view of VAT payments by households) -Preparation of by laws -Preparation of guidelines (financial, technical, operational, etc.) -Setting up of WIS (reporting, database management) -Development of FWMS/FWMP after 2018 -Setting up and leading Work Group with all stakeholders as members on implementation of Reforms -Preparing operational manual for EPR system -Preparation of Operational manuals (landfills) -Consultation with Cantons and municipal Waste Management Departments -Preparation of re-organization proposals inside/outside ministry to increase effectiveness and efficiency (FEP, Municipalities) Approach: - Employ staff members and - Contract outside company for three years for in- house working, capacity training and transfer of know how. Specialists to include: (i) legal;(ii) financial;(iii) SWM; (iv) PA/capacity training assisted by back up specialists. Contract party: FMET Municipalities Reorganisation of Department for Communal Utilities comprising a separate and autonomous Waste Management section. Problem: No clear operational/financial division of Waste Management services from other services. No accountability. No cost allocation transparency. Contracting and tariff collection. Lack of financing for investments. Tasks: Preparation of a study to formulate the tasks, responsibilities, financial and operational procedures especially in view of tariff collection and possible participation in a regional scheme. Approach: 150,000

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Select a large, middle and small municipality as pilot subjects for the study. Contract specialist company to prepare the restructuring study with special attention to division of tasks (collection and disposal), costs/revenues, tariff collection, legal aspects, future tasks and responsibilities in view of regionalization. Contract party: Association of Municipalities or directly with three (interested) municipalities Region/Canton Problem: High cost/ton, lack of Key Performance Indicators to assess efficiency Tasks: Assessment of current operations at regional level. Approach: Prepare a technical, operational and financial assessment to obtain “lessons learned” of a regional 250,000 company (RAD Sarajevo). Client: Canton Sarajevo. Region/Canton Problem: Waste separation at source is in its infancy Task: Set up a pilot project for one year to introduce separation of dry recyclables in Sarajevo Canton Approach: -Prepare an assessment in Sarajevo canton to set up the pilot project for one year defining all parameters and contractual conditions 400,000 - Purchase of 2,000 containers (240 liters) for storage of 32 t/day and daily collection . -Recruit from RAD Sarajevo two PA experts for daily tasks (24 mm) -Provide materials for distribution, publications, advertising, etc. - Provide trainer at sorting line -Provide outside project manager Client:RAD Sarajevo Association of Problem: 500,000 Municipalities/ Technically and financially weak organizations Association of Communal Task: Enterprises Institutional strengthening to act as a discussion partner towards Ministry/Canton and for support to their members. Approach -Appoint/recruit trainers to be trained (two per association) -Arrange for international training with associations of municipalities and through technical/ operational courses -Trainers to be responsible for giving regular courses to members, to advise and response to questions, to prepare manuals/guidelines -Financial support for a period of 3 years for “Training of trainers”. Local costs (salaries, office, etc) to be financed through membership fee.

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Clients: Association of Municipalities. Association of Communal Enterprises Equipment New waste collection trucks Collection trucks Problem: Approx. 85% of existing trucks are older than 10 years. New trucks are needed in view of increase in collection coverage, separation at source and replacement old trucks.

Tasks: -Procure preferably on a regional scale new hydraulic back loaders (preferably 10 and 20m³) for mixed municipal including training for maintenance -Procure skip loaders and containers (5-7m³) Approach: Prepare tender documents and issue a tender. Total number of trucks for the Federation is: -Back loaders:266x 135,000 plus spare parts and 35.9 million training -Skip loaders: 16 x120,000 plus spare parts and 2.0 million training Containers New 1,100 litre and 240 litre containers Problem: Existing containers are not sufficient for increase in waste collection coverage and introduction of separation at source. Lifetime of existing containers Tasks: Procurement of new containers by municipality or regional collection company Approach: Prepare tender documents. Total number of containers needed in the Federation (based on 2.5/week collection): 1,100 litres: 27,374 x 250 plus spare wheels 7.4 million 240 litres: 37,334 x75 2.8 million

Landfills A) Upgrading existing RL’s Sarajevo The following works and facilities are needed: (High priority to resolve - Leachate treatment plant **(recommended to be 1 million leachate management issue done together with leachate minimization) by leachate minimization - Closure of 10 ha (reduce leachate generation, can 3.8 million (landfill closure) and be done in one or two phases) treatment) - Expansion 7 ha * (can be done in one or two 2.6 million phases) Mostar The following works are needed: (high priority to due to - Leachate treatment plant ** 1 million significant environmental - Closure 5 ha 1.6 million impact from leachate from - Expansion 4 ha * 1.1 million old landfill) Zenica The following works are needed: (expansion is urgently - Closure of 3 ha 0.82 million

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required) - Expansion of 4 ha * 1.5 million Livno The following facility is needed: (green field, installation of - Leachate treatment plant * 0.5 million LTP is a priority task) B) Upgrading municipal landfills Bihac Annual quantity: 24,000 tons waste

The following works and facilities are needed: - Detailed technical (pre-)feasibility study and full to be ESIA study required. determined - Assuming suitability of the location, this work (tbd) requires: remediation and closure of 3 ha area with new cell on top; Infrastructure: gate house, roads, office, etc.; Equipment such as bulldozer, compactor, excavator. The investments are estimated at USD 2.35 million) Velika Kladusa Annual quantity: 10,000 tons waste

- Detailed (pre-)feasibility study and full ESIA tbd study required to evaluate suitability of the existing ML to be upgraded to a Controlled ML

Posusje Annual quantity: 6,300 tons waste

- Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and ESIA are required to evaluate the current tbd conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials. Possible options to be technically and economically investigated in detail are: Option 1: construction of a low-cost transfer station and transport of waste to Mostar Regional Landfill, Option 2: upgrading the existing landfill to a Controlled Municipal Landfill.

Konjic/Jablanica Annual quantity 11,970 tons.

- Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study tbd and ESIA is required to evaluate the current conditions and to assess possibilities for joint landfill (compared with joint transfer station for waste transport to one of the RLs, Mostar or Sarajevo) Olovo Annual quantity: 2,973 tons.

- Site-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and tbd ESIA is required to evaluate the current conditions and to assess possibilities for expansion the existing municipal landfill (compared with transfer station for waste transport to Zenica RLs) Breza/Vares Annual quantity 6,841 tons.

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Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and tbd ESIA is required to evaluate the current conditions and to assess possibilities for joint landfill (compared with joint transfer station for waste transport to Zenica Regional Landfill) C) Construction of New RL’s Zivinice ** Annual quantity approx. 52,000 tons (High priority due to level of readiness and - High level of readiness (feasibility study, 6 million magnitude of the results environmental assessment, and detailed designs from project completed) and large service area. implementation) - A 4ha cell or approx. 400,000m³ for 5 years would require an investment of approx. USD 6 million Bosanska Krupa* Annual quantity approx. 32,000 tons (priority due to environmental impacts, - Site-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study and tbd high quantity of waste, and ESIA is required to assess suitability of current ongoing municipal location for long term RL cooperation) - Subject to suitability of the site, total investment of 2.7 - 3 million is required (Closing existing landfill 3ha is roughly estimated at USD 1.2 million. Infrastructure facilities estimated at 0.8 million and equipment at USD 0.65 million) Gornji Vakuf Annual quantity approx. 26,000 tons

- Conducting a complementary ESIA study is recommended for in-depth review of existing tbd issues related to the selected site, and if not resolvable by additional public consultations, availability of alternative locations should be investigated Gradacac Annual quantity approx. 26,000 tons

- Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study tbd and ESIA are required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials Fojnica Annual quantity approx. 11,000 tons

- Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study tbd and ESIA are required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials Gorazde** Annual quantities approx. 8,500 tons (High priority due to severe environmental - Availability of potential site and conceptual level tbd impact posed by the design. existing conditions) - ESIA and technical review of the existing conditions and design is required to assess the suitability of the location and prepare next steps for detailed design. Stolac Annual quantity approx. 6,900 tons

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- Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study tbd and ESIA are required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials Bosanski Petrovac Annual quantity approx. 6,000 tons

- Region-specific technical (pre-)feasibility study tbd and ESIA are required to evaluate the current conditions and to define next steps based on the existing potentials Wild dumps It is proposed to prepare a stock taking study on wild tbd dumps to assess the number, surface, estimated quantities, works required and costs for closing. ** Very urgently required to be implemented immediately (First priority due to magnitude of the adverse environmental impact, or level of gain (environmental pollution prevention) in comparison with the amount of effort and investment required) * Urgently required to be implemented latest in two years (Second priority)

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ANNEXES

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Annex A1.1 Population per Municipality and Canton (2013)

Canton Municipality Population per Urban Rural municipality population % population %

Una-Sana Bihać 56,261 76.4 23.6 Canton Bosanska Krupa 25,545 45.1 54.9 Bosanski 7,328 51.6 48.4 Petrovac Bužim 19,340 11.9 88.1 Cazin 66,149 21.7 78.3 Ključ 16,744 32.3 67.7 Sanski Most 41,475 47.6 52.4 Velika Kladuša 40,419 12.4 87.6 Total 273,261 38.5 61.5 Posavina Domaljevac- 4,771 77.4 22.6 Canton Šamac Odžak 18,821 48.7 51.3 Orašje 19,861 19.1 80.9 Total 43,453 38.3 61.7 Banovići 22,773 29.4 70.6 Čelić 10,502 34.2 65.8

Tuzla Canton Doboj-istok 10,248 0 100 Gračanica 45,220 29.6 70.4 Gradačac 39,340 34.3 65.7 Kalesija 33,053 6.7 93.3 Kladanj 12,348 34.3 65.7 Lukavac 44,520 28.1 71.9 Sapna 11,178 18.5 81.5 Srebrenik 39,678 18.1 81.9 Teočak 7,424 37.9 62.1 Tuzla 110,979 72.6 27.4 Živinice 57,765 30.3 69.7 Total 445,028 37.4 62.6 Zenica-Doboj Breza 14,168 22.1 77.9 Canton Doboj-jug 4,137 0 100 Kakanj 37,441 32.7 67.3 Maglaj 23,146 27.8 72.2 Olovo 10,175 25.4 74.6 Tešanj 43,063 12.8 87.2 Vareš 8,892 35.1 64.9 Visoko 39,938 28.9 71.1 Zavidovići 35,988 25.6 74.4 Zenica 110,663 66.6 33.4 Žepče 30,219 19.2 80.8 Usora 6,603 0 100 Total 364,433 36.6 63.4 Bosnian- Foča-Ustikolina 1,933 0 100

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Canton Municipality Population per Urban Rural municipality population % population %

Podrinje Goražde 20,897 59.9 40.1 Canton Pale-Prača 904 0 100 Goražde Total 23,734 52.7 47.3 Central Bosnia Bugojno 31,470 54.7 45.3 Canton Busovača 17,910 22.7 77.3 Dobretići 1,629 0 100 Donji Vakuf 13,985 51 49 Fojnica 12,356 31.4 68.6 Gornji Vakuf- 20,933 24.9 75.1 Uskoplje Jajce 27,258 29.7 70.1 Kiseljak 20,722 18.2 81.8 Kreševo 5,273 20.4 79.6 Novi Travnik 23,832 40 60 Travnik 53,482 30.9 69.1 Vitez 25,836 25.7 64.3 Total 254,686 32.6 67.4 Herzegovina- Čapljina 26,157 24.2 75.8 Neretva Čitluk 18,140 18.6 81.4 Canton Grad Mostar 105,797 61.7 38.3 Jablanica 10,111 41.6 58.4 Konjic 25,148 44.4 55.6 Neum 4,653 69.5 30.5 Prozor 14,280 27 73 Ravno 3,219 0 100 Stolac 14,502 27.3 72.7 Total 222,007 45.7 54.3 West Grude 17,308 25.4 74.6 Herzegovina Ljubuški 28,184 15.6 84.4 Canton Posušje 20,477 31.2 68.8 Široki Brijeg 28,929 22.2 77.8 Total 94,898 22.8 77.2 Sarajevo Centar Sarajevo 55,181 100 0 Canton Hadžići 23,891 22.3 77.7 Ilidža 66,730 100 0 Ilijaš 19,603 26.5 73.5 Novi Grad 118,553 100 0 Sarajevo Novo Sarajevo 64,814 100 0 Stari Grad 36,976 100 0 Trnovo 1,502 0 100 Vogošća 26,343 42.6 57.4

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Canton Municipality Population per Urban Rural municipality population % population %

Total 413,593 91.1 8.9 Canton 10 Bosansko 2,449 35.8 64.2 Grahovo Drvar 7,036 56.3 43.7 Glamoč 3,860 51 49 Kupres-FBiH 5,057 61.3 38.7 Livno 34,133 26.5 73.5 Tomislavgrad 31,592 18.2 81.8 Total 84,127 29.4 70.6 Grand total 2,219,220 46.9 53.1

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Annex A1.2 Forecasted waste generation per municipality and canton

Canton Municipality Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total waste waste waste waste waste waste (tons (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ /year) year) year) year) year) year) 2013 2025 Bihać 16,473 2,665 19,139 20,892 3,004 23,896 Bosanska 4,415 2,815 7,231 5,600 3,172 8,772 Krupa Bosanski 1,449 712 2,161 1,838 802 2,640 Petrovac Una-Sana Bužim 882 3,420 4,303 1,119 3,854 4,973 Canton Cazin 5,501 10,398 15,899 6,977 11,716 18,693 Ključ 2,073 2,276 4,348 2,629 2,564 5,193 Sanski Most 7,566 4,363 11,929 9,596 4,916 14,512 Velika Kladuša 1,921 7,108 9,029 2,436 8,009 10,446 Total 40,281 33,758 74,039 51,086 38,039 89,125 Domaljevac- 1,415 216 1,632 1,795 244 2,039 Posavina Šamac Canton Odžak 3,513 1,938 5,451 4,455 2,184 6,639 Orašje 1,454 3,226 4,679 1,844 3,635 5,478 Total 6,382 5,380 11,762 8,094 6,063 14,156 Banovići 2,566 3,228 5,794 3,254 3,637 6,891 Čelić 1,377 1,387 2,764 1,746 1,563 3,309

Doboj-istok 0 2,057 2,057 0 2,318 2,318 Gračanica 5,130 6,391 11,521 6,506 7,201 13,707

Gradačac 5,171 5,189 10,360 6,559 5,847 12,405 Tuzla Canton Kalesija 849 6,191 7,040 1,076 6,976 8,052 Kladanj 1,623 1,629 3,252 2,059 1,835 3,894

Lukavac 4,795 6,426 11,220 6,081 7,241 13,322 Sapna 793 1,829 2,621 1,005 2,061 3,066

Srebrenik 2,752 6,524 9,276 3,491 7,351 10,842

Teočak 1,078 926 2,004 1,368 1,043 2,411 Tuzla 30,879 6,104 36,983 39,162 6,879 46,040 Živinice 6,708 8,083 14,791 8,507 9,108 17,615 Total 63,720 55,962 119,682 80,813 63,060 143,872 Breza 1,200 2,216 3,416 1,522 2,497 4,019 Zenica- Doboj Doboj-jug 0 831 831 0 936 936 Canton Kakanj 4,692 5,058 9,751 5,951 5,700 11,651

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Canton Municipality Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total waste waste waste waste waste waste (tons (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ /year) year) year) year) year) year) 2013 2025 Maglaj 2,466 3,355 5,821 3,128 3,780 6,908 Olovo 990 1,524 2,514 1,256 1,717 2,973 Tešanj 2,112 7,538 9,651 2,679 8,494 11,174 Vareš 1,196 1,159 2,355 1,517 1,305 2,822 Visoko 4,424 5,700 10,124 5,610 6,423 12,034 Zavidovići 3,531 5,375 8,906 4,478 6,057 10,535 Zenica 28,246 7,420 35,666 35,823 8,361 44,184 Žepče 2,224 4,902 7,125 2,820 5,523 8,343 Usora 0 1,326 1,326 0 1,494 1,494 Total 51,082 46,403 97,484 64,784 52,288 117,072 Bosnian- Foča-Ustikolina 0 388 388 0 437 437 Podrinje Goražde 4,797 1,682 6,479 6,084 1,896 7,980 Canton Goražde Pale-Prača 0 181 181 0 204 204 Total 4,797 2,252 7,049 6,084 2,537 8,621 Bugojno 6,597 2,862 9,459 8,367 3,225 11,592 Busovača 1,558 2,779 4,337 1,976 3,132 5,108 Dobretići 0 327 327 0 368 368 Donji Vakuf 2,733 1,376 4,109 3,467 1,550 5,017 Fojnica 1,487 1,702 3,189 1,886 1,917 3,803 Central Gornji Vakuf- 1,998 3,156 5,154 2,533 3,556 6,090 Bosnia Uskoplje Canton Jajce 3,103 3,847 6,949 3,935 4,335 8,270 Kiseljak 1,445 3,403 4,848 1,833 3,834 5,668 Kreševo 412 843 1,255 523 949 1,472 Novi Travnik 3,653 2,871 6,524 4,633 3,235 7,868 Travnik 6,334 7,419 13,752 8,032 8,360 16,392 Vitez 2,545 3,854 6,398 3,227 4,342 7,570 Total 31,865 34,437 66,302 40,413 38,804 79,217 Čapljina 2,426 3,980 6,406 3,077 4,485 7,562 Čitluk 1,293 2,964 4,257 1,640 3,340 4,980 Herzegov Grad Mostar 25,017 8,134 33,152 31,728 9,166 40,894 ina- Jablanica 1,612 1,185 2,797 2,044 1,336 3,380 Neretva Canton Konjic 4,279 2,807 7,086 5,427 3,163 8,590 Neum 1,239 285 1,524 1,572 321 1,893 Prozor 1,478 2,093 3,570 1,874 2,358 4,232

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Canton Municipality Urban Rural Total Urban Rural Total waste waste waste waste waste waste (tons (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ (tons/ /year) year) year) year) year) year) 2013 2025 Ravno 0 646 646 0 728 728 Stolac 1,517 2,116 3,634 1,924 2,385 4,309 Total 38,862 24,212 63,074 49,286 27,282 76,569 West Grude 1,685 2,592 4,277 2,137 2,921 5,058 Herzegov Ljubuški 1,685 4,775 6,460 2,137 5,381 7,518 ina Canton Posušje 2,449 2,828 5,277 3,105 3,187 6,292 Široki Brijeg 2,461 4,518 6,980 3,122 5,091 8,213 Total 8,280 14,714 22,994 10,501 16,580 27,081 Centar Sarajevo 21,148 0 21,148 26,821 0 26,821 Hadžići 2,042 3,727 5,768 2,590 4,199 6,789 Ilidža 25,574 0 25,574 32,434 0 32,434 Ilijaš 1,991 2,892 4,883 2,525 3,259 5,784 Sarajevo Novi Grad 45,435 0 45,435 57,623 0 57,623 Canton Sarajevo Novo Sarajevo 24,840 0 24,840 31,503 0 31,503 Stari Grad 14,171 0 14,171 17,972 0 17,972 Trnovo 0 302 302 0 340 340 Vogošća 4,301 3,036 7,336 5,455 3,420 8,875 Total 139,502 9,956 149,459 176,923 11,219 188,142 Bosansko 336 316 652 426 356 782 Grahovo Drvar 1,518 617 2,135 1,925 696 2,621 Glamoč 754 380 1,134 957 428 1,385 Canton 10 Kupres-FBiH 1,188 393 1,581 1,507 443 1,949 Livno 3,467 5,036 8,503 4,396 5,675 10,072 Tomislavgrad 2,204 5,188 7,391 2,795 5,846 8,640 Total 9,467 11,930 21,397 12,006 13,443 25,449 Grand 394,238 239,003 633,241 499,990 269,314 769,304 total

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Annex A1.3 Forecasted waste quantity to be disposed per disposal region

No. Name of the Municipality/Town Population Total waste Total waste Dry planned per quantity to quantity to recyclables regional municipality be be disposed collected landfill disposedper per in 2025 municipality municipality in 2013 in 2025 MUNICIPALITIES DISPOSING TO CURRENT AND PLANNED REGIONAL LANDFILLS IN FEDERATION BIH 1. "Karanovac" Grad Bihać 56,261 13,014 20,311 2,547 2. in Bihać Bosanska Krupa 25,545 4,917 7,456 935

3. Bosanski Petrovac 7,328 1,470 2,244 281

4. Bužim 19,340 2,926 4,227 530 5. Cazin 66,149 10,811 15,889 1,993 6. Ključ 16,744 2,957 4,414 554 7. Sanski Most 41,475 8,112 12,335 1,547 8. Velika Kladuša 40,419 6,140 8,879 1,113

9. Drvar 7,036 1,452 2,228 279 Total for the region 280,297 51,798 77,984 9,779 10. "Dusine" in Domaljevac – 4,771 1,110 1,733 217 Orašje Šamac 11. Odžak 18,821 3,707 5,643 708 12. Orašje 19,861 3,182 4,657 584 13. Gradačac 39,340 7,045 10,545 1,322 15. Brčko Distrikt 83,516 16,582 27,923 3,501

Total for the region 166,309 31,626 50,500 6,333 16. „Separacija Banovići 22,773 3,940 5,858 735 17. 1“ in Kladanj 12,348 2,211 3,310 415 Banovići 18. Živinice 57,765 10,058 14,973 1,878 Total for the region 92,886 16,208 24,140 3,027 19. Regional Gračanica 45,220 7,834 11,651 1,461 landfill in 20. Lukavac 44,520 7,630 11,323 1,420 Srebrenik or 21. Lukavac Srebrenik 39,678 1,783 9,215 1,156

Total for the region 129,418 17,247 32,190 4,037 22. "Desetine" Sapna 11,178 1,783 2,606 327 23. in Tuzla Tuzla City 110,979 25,149 39,134 4,907 Total for the region 122,157 26,931 41,740 5,234

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24. "Mošćanica" Kakanj 37,441 6,630 9,903 1,242 Zenica 25. Visoko 39,938 6,884 10,228 1,283 26. Zavidovići 35,988 6,056 8,955 1,123 27. Grad Zenica 110,663 24,253 37,556 4,710 28. Žepče 30,219 4,845 7,092 889 29. Busovača 17,910 2,949 4,342 544 30. Travnik 53,482 9,352 13,933 1,747 31. Novi Travnik- 23,832 4,436 6,688 839 Nova Bila 32. Vitez 25,836 4,351 6,434 807 Total for the region 375,309 69,757 105,132 13,184 33. „Gračanica“ Bugojno 31,470 6,432 9,853 1,236 34. in Gornji Donji Vakuf 13,985 2,949 4,342 544 Vakuf- 35. Uskoplje Gornji Vakuf - 20,933 222 313 39 Uskoplje 36. Jajce 27,258 2,794 4,264 535 Total for the region 93,646 12,398 18,772 2,354 37. "Uborak" u Čapljina 26,157 4,356 6,428 806 38. Mostaru Čitluk 18,140 2,895 4,233 531 39. Jablanica 10,111 22,543 34,760 4,359 40. Konjic 25,148 1,902 2,873 360 41. Mostar City 105,797 4,819 7,302 916 42. Neum 4,653 1,036 1,609 202 43. Ravno 3,219 2,428 3,597 451 44. Stolac 14,502 439 619 78 45. Široki Brijeg 28,929 2,471 3,663 459 Total for the region 236,656 42,890 65,083 8,161 46. „Trešnjica“ Foča - Ustikolina 1,933 264 372 47 in Goražde 47. Goražde 20,897 4,406 6,783 851 48. Pale - Prača 904 123 174 22 Total for the region 23,734 4,793 7,328 919 49. "Smiljevići" Centar Sarajevo 55,181 14,381 22,798 2,859 50. in Sarajevo Hadžići 23,891 3,923 5,770 724 51. Ilidža 66,730 17,391 27,569 3,457 52. Ilijaš 19,603 3,321 4,917 617 53. Novi Grad 118,553 30,896 48,980 6,142 Sarajevo 54. Novo Sarajevo 64,814 16,891 26,778 3,358 55. Stari Grad 36,976 9,636 15,276 1,916 Sarajevo

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56. Trnovo 1,502 205 289 36 57. Vogošća 26,343 4,989 7,544 946 Total for the region 413,593 101,632 159,920 20,054 58. "Korićine" Bosansko Grahovo 2,449 443 665 83 in Livno 59. Glamoč 3,860 1,452 2,228 279 60. Kupres-FBiH 5,057 771 1,177 148 61. Livno 34,133 1,075 1,657 208 62. Tomislavgrad 31,592 5,782 8,561 1,074 Total for the region 77,091 9,523 14,287 1,792 MUNICIPALITIES CURRENTLY DISPOSING TO REGIONAL LANDFILLS IN REPUBLIKA SRPSKA 63. “Eko-Dep” Čelić 10,502 1,879 2,813 353 64. Bijeljina Teočak 7,424 1,399 1,970 247 (RS) Total to the region 17,926 3,278 4,783 600 65. "Crni Vrh" Kalesija 33,053 7,045 10,545 1,322 Zvornik (RS) Total to the region 33,053 7,045 10,545 1,322 66. Lipac Doboj Srebrenik 39,678 2,211 3,310 415 67. (RS) Doboj – Istok 10,248 7,630 11,323 1,420 68. Doboj - Jug 4,137 1,783 2,606 327 69. Tešanj 43,063 6,308 9,215 1,156 70. Usora 6,603 1,363 2,049 257 71. Maglaj 23,146 25,149 39,134 4,907 Total to the region 126,875 44,443 67,638 8,482

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Annex A1.4 Forecasted waste composition per canton

CANTON WASTE 2013 2025 COMPOSITION Una-Sana Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 16,128 18,065 Recyclables 13,306 19,264 Other 10,886 13,807 Total 40,320 51,136 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 13,495 13,430 Recyclables 11,133 14,321 Other 9,109 10,264 Total 33,737 38,016 Posavina Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 2,551 2,858 Recyclables 2,105 3,047 Other 1,722 2,184 Total 6,378 8,089 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 2,153 2,143 Recyclables 1,776 2,285 Other 1,453 1,637 Total 5,382 6,065 Tuzla Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 25,515 28,580 Recyclables 21,050 30,476 Other 17,223 21,843 Total 63,788 80,899 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 22,371 22,264 Recyclables 18,456 23,741 Other 15,100 17,015 Total 55,926 63,019 Zenica-Doboj Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 20,448 22,904 Recyclables 16,869 24,423 Other 13,802 17,504 Total 51,119 64,831 RURAL WASTE (tons/year)

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CANTON WASTE 2013 2025 COMPOSITION Organics 18,553 18,465 Recyclables 15,307 19,690 Other 12,524 14,112 Total 46,383 52,266 Bosnia Podrinje Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 1,917 2,148 Recyclables 1,582 2,290 Other 1,294 1,641 Total 4,794 6,079 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 901 897 Recyclables 744 957 Other 608 686 Total 2,254 2,539 Central Bosnia Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 12,728 14,257 Recyclables 10,501 15,203 Other 8,591 10,896 Total 31,820 40,356 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 13,784 13,718 Recyclables 11,372 14,628 Other 9,304 10,484 Total 34,460 38,831 Herzegovina Neretva URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Canton Organics 15,553 17,422 Recyclables 12,832 18,577 Other 10,499 13,315 Total 38,883 49,314 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 9,680 9,634 Recyclables 7,986 10,273 Other 6,534 7,363 Total 24,200 27,270 West Herzegovina URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 3,317 3,715 Recyclables 2,736 3,962 Other 2,239 2,839 Total 8,292 10,517 RURAL WASTE (tons/year)

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CANTON WASTE 2013 2025 COMPOSITION Organics 5,883 5,855 Recyclables 4,853 6,243 Other 3,971 4,475 Total 14,707 16,572 Sarajevo Canton URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 57,761 64,699 Recyclables 47,653 68,991 Other 38,989 49,447 Total 144,402 183,137 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 2,956 2,942 Recyclables 2,439 3,137 Other 1,995 2,248 Total 7,390 8,327 Canton 10 URBAN WASTE (tons/year) Organics 3,792 4,247 Recyclables 3,128 4,529 Other 2,559 3,246 Total 9,479 12,022 RURAL WASTE (tons/year) Organics 4,769 4,746 Recyclables 3,935 5,061 Other 3,219 3,628 Total 11,923 13,435

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Annex A2.1 Detailed description of provision of the Law on Waste Management

Article 1 of the Law on Waste Management regulates the categories of waste, except for radioactive waste, gases emitted into the atmosphere and waste water, and all waste management activities, operations and installations.

Article 2 defines the objective of the Law, which is to promote and ensure the most significant conditions for prevention of waste generation, processing of waste for reuse and recycling, extraction of raw materials and its use for energy production and safe disposal.

Article 3 highlights the priorities in waste management, whilst taking into account the environmental benefits, the technical feasibility for using best available technologies, and economic feasibility. It stipulates that waste management will be carried out in such a way that all measures are taken to ensure the treatment and disposal of waste do not endanger human health and do not cause harm or substantial risk to the environment, and in particular:

• poses no risk to water, air, soil, animals and plants; • does not cause nuisance through noise or odours; and • without adversely affecting nature or areas of particular interest.

In order to achieve these objectives and to prevent pollution and mitigate effects on human health and the environment, waste management will be conducted in a manner to ensure:

• minimal waste generation, and in particular reduction of hazardous characteristics of waste to a minimum; • reduction of waste by quantity, particularly taking into account the waste streams; • waste treatment in a manner that guarantees return of raw materials from waste; • incineration or landfilling in environmentally sound way of those waste types that cannot be recovered, reused or subject to energy production.

The provisions of Article 5 define the basic principles of waste management, among which are included:

• prevention - prevention of waste generation or reduction of quantity and harmfulness of generated waste in order to reduce the risk to human health and the environment and to avoid environmental degradation; • waste producer responsibility –the waste producer is responsible for selection of environmentally most sound solution according to product characteristics and production technology, including the product life cycle and use of the best available technologies; • polluter pays principle - the producer or owner of waste bears all the costs of prevention, treatment and disposal of waste, including after care and monitoring.

The Law also contains provisions on the planning of waste management, where the authorities are obliged to develop waste management plans that contain strategic objectives with detailed priorities, general technical requirements, a list of measures to be taken etc.

These provisions require the development of strategic Waste Management Plan at FBiH level, as part of the Strategy on Environmental Protection. The Strategy is brought by the Parliament of FBiH for a period of ten years, upon proposal from the Government of FBiH.

Articles 9 and 10 stipulate the obligation of developing waste management plans at the cantonal level, where these plans have to be consistent with the Waste Management Strategy of FBiH. Cantonal regulations will further define the obligations of municipalities in the development of municipal waste management plans, which need to include at least:

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• programs on the collection of household hazardous waste; • programs for the use of municipal waste fractions; • programs for reduction of the percentage of biodegradable waste and packaging waste in municipal waste; • programs to raise public awareness on waste management; • locations of waste management facilities; • modes of cooperation between municipalities in order to achieve these objectives.

Article 15 provides general provisions related to waste management and, inter alia, states:

• produced waste may be used if it is ecologically beneficial, technically and economically feasible; • waste is disposed of only if it and/or its energy is impossible to be used in the existing technical and economic conditions and if the costs of recovery are unreasonably high compared to the cost of disposal.

Article 25 lists the provisions for municipal waste management, where it is emphasized that the collection and treatment of municipal waste is carried out in accordance with special regulation on public utilities, the establishment and operation of utility companies is regulated by legislation at cantonal level (i.e. cantonal laws on communal affairs), households are obliged hand over their waste to waste management utility companies and hazardous waste to collection centres, or entity responsible for the provision of waste management services, waste producers other than households shall use the public service for the waste they produce, if their waste has the same or similar properties to household waste.

Article 26 stipulates that performance of public services, particularly services for the selective treatment of waste, will be regulated by cantonal legislation, where public services include:

• collection of waste from households and other premises producing municipal waste; • treatment of municipal waste, including the management of recovery and/ or disposal; • locations for selective waste collection.

The provisions of Articles 29, 30 and 31 relate to the treatment, collection and use of waste, respectively, in which case the operator of waste treatment plant is considered as producer of waste if waste is produced during treatment, and the operator will keep a record of data on waste taken to treatment and that is generated during treatment and inform the competent authority, in accordance with special regulations at least once a year. The waste collection operator collects waste from producers and holders and transports it to waste collection sites, transfer stations or areas for reuse and recycling, treatment or disposal. A waste collection operator may take over waste from the owner at collection sites. Waste may be reused as material and through energy recovery. Waste will be used in such a way that products resulting from its use does not cause greater environmental load than products from basic raw materials.

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Annex A3.1 List of collection and disposal companies

No. Canton Municipality Name of the company Address Director /City

1. Una Sana Bihać JKP „KOMRAD" Ivana Frane Jukića 61 Hadis Jusić Canton d.o.o. Bihać Tel. +387 37 318 018 Fax. +387 37 318 025 [email protected] JP „Regionalna Tim za implementaciju projekta - - deponija“ d.o.o. Bihać PIT (Project Implementation (regional landfill, still Team) not constructed) Ul.V korpusa 15/11 77000 Bihać Bosna i Hercegovina Tel/fax: + +387 37 224-058; 228- 311: 228-310 E-mail: [email protected] 2. Bosanska JKP „10 Juli“ d.o.o. Džemaludina Čauševića 4 Nijaz Krupa Bosanska Krupa Tel. +387 37 471 072 Tatarević Fax. +387 37 471 072 [email protected] 3. Bosanski „Komunalno“ d.o.o. Titova bb Duško Bosnić Petrovac Bosanski Petrovac Tel. +387 37 881 426 Fax. +387 37 881 427 4. Bužim JKP „KOMB“ d.o.o. Viteške brigade 26 Hamid Bužim Tel. +387 37 410 086 Šahinović Fax. +387 37 410 031 5. Cazin JKP „Čistoća“ d.o.o. Generala Izeta Nanića bb Sedin Šišić Cazin Tel. +387 37 512 735 Fax: +387 37 514 273 [email protected] 6. Ključ JKP „Rad“ d.o.o. Ključ Ul. Braniaca BiH Sanela Tel. +387 37 661 226 Draganović [email protected] 7. Sanski Most JKP „Sana“ d.o.o. Meše Selimovića bb Stečajni Sanski Most Tel. +387 37 686 019 upravnik – Fax. +387 37 686 311 Mirzet Kasić [email protected] 8. Velika JKUP „Komunalije” Ul. Ive Marinkovića Almir Kladuša d.o.o. Velika Kladuša +387 37 775 195 Pajazetović +387 37 775 196 9. Posavina Domaljevac- Independent Ul. Sv. Ane 102 Upravitelj Canton Šamac department for Tel. +387 31 716 600 službe – Šimo communal affairs of Leovac Domaljevac – Šamac Municipality 10. Odžak JKP „Komunalac“ Ul. R. Milovanovića br. 13 Devad Pobrić d.o.o. Odžak Tel. +387 31 762 347 Fax. +387 31 762 347 11. Orašje JP „Komunalac“ d.o.o. Treća ulica br. 73 Ahmet Orašje Tel. +387 31 713 266; +387 31 Nurispahić 712 019 Fax. +387 31 712 019 12. Tuzla Banovići JKP „Komunalac“ Branilaca Banovića 23 Canton d.o.o. Banovići Tel. +387 35 875 355 Fax. +387 35 875 354 13. Čelić JKP „Čistoća“ d.o.o. Ul. Zlatnih Ljiljana Fahir Subasic

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No. Canton Municipality Name of the company Address Director /City

Čelić Tel. +387 35 668 001 Fax. +387 35 668 002 [email protected] 14. Doboj-Istok JKP „Čisto“ d.o.o. Doboj Istok bb Asim Hodžić Doboj-Istok Tel. +387 35 722 697 Fax. +387 35 722 697 15. Gračanica JP „Komus“ d.o.o. M. Ahmetbegovića 9 Sead Memić Gračanica Tel. +387 35 703 381 [email protected] 16. Gradačac JP „Komunalac“ d.d. H.K. Gradašćevića 114 Damir Gradačac Tel. +387 35 817 219 Okanović Fax. 387 35 816 106 17. Kalesija KP „Komunalac“ d.d. Kalesijskih Brigada bb Osmo Kalesija Tel. +387 35 6631 214 Muminović [email protected] 18. Kladanj JP „Komunalac“ d.d. Jaz 10 / Kladanj Tel. +387 35 622 026 Fax +387 35 622 026 19. Lukavac JP „Rad“ Lukavac Partizanski put bb Nehrudin Tel. +387 35 554 439 Osmić Fax. +387 35 554 439 [email protected] 20. Sapna „Fontana“ d.o.o. Sapna Sapna bb Tel. +387 35 597 072 21. Srebrenik JP „9 septembar“ d.d. Kiseljaci bb Mirzad Fazlić Srebrenik Tel. +387 35 645 714 Fax. +387 35 644 032 22. Teočak JKP „Teočak“ d.o.o. Centar bb Mirzet Husić Teočak +387 35756 338 +387 35756 338 23. Tuzla JKP „Komunalac“ Husinskih rudara bb Admir d.o.o. Tuzla Tel. +387 35 302 555 Bećirović Fax. +387 35 302 556 [email protected] 24. Živinice JKP „Komunalno“ d.d. Prva ulica 190 Sead Živinice Tel. +387 35 774 473 Muminović Fax. +387 35 773 551 „Rif – Post“ d.o.o. Đurđevik bb / Živinice Tel. +387 35 747 579 „Akva Invest“ d.o.o. Alije Izetbegovića br. 91 / Živinice Tel. +387 35 740 350 Fax. +387 35 740 351 [email protected] 25. Zenica Breza J.P. „Komunalno“ ZavnoBiH-a br. 6 Bulbulušić Doboj d.o.o. Breza Tel. +387 32 783 491 Esmir Canton Fax. +387 32 783 615 26. Doboj-Jug JKP „Vis“ d.o.o. Matuzići bb Adnan Sprečo Doboj-Jug Tel. +387 032 691 423 27. Kakanj JP „Vodokom“ d.o.o. Alije Izetbegovića 51 Sead Kakanj Tel. +387 32 557 951 Imamović Fax. +387 32 557 956 [email protected] 28. Maglaj JKP „Komunalno“ Ulica Mladih 4 Amira Zukić d.o.o. Maglaj Tel: + 387 32 603 523 Fax: + 387 32 603 689 [email protected]

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No. Canton Municipality Name of the company Address Director /City

29. Olovo JKP „Bioštica“ d.o.o. Školska br 3 Kasim Kljaljić Olovo Tel. +387 32 825 152 Fax. +387 32 825 338 30. Tešanj JP „Rad“ d.d. Tešanj Trg Žrtava 3 augusta bb Mirsad Tel. +387 32 65 566 Šaranović Fax. +387 32 650 428 [email protected] 31. Usora JKP „Usora“ d.o.o. Sivša bb Ibrahim Agić Usora Tel. +387 32 893 889 Fax. +387 32 893 080 32. Vareš JKP „Vareš“ d.o.o. Put mira bb Zafer Vareš Tel. +387 32 843 054 Kamenjaš 33. Visoko JKP „Visoko“ d.o.o. Naselje Luke II br 16 - Visoko Te. +387 32 738 600 [email protected] 34. Zavidovići JKP „Radnik“ d.o.o. Podubravlje, br. 3 Midhat Zavidovići Tel. +387 32 870-442 Bajramović Fax. +387 32 870-441 [email protected] 35. Zenica PD „Alba Zenica“ Sarajevska bb Miralem d.o.o. Zenica Tel. +387 32 442 840 Galijašević Fax. +387 32 440 611 [email protected] PD „Regionalna Ul. Mošćanica bb, Emir Zukić deponija Mošćanica“ Tel. 387 32 446 360 d.o.o. Zenica (landfill) [email protected] 36. Žepče JP „Komunalno“ d.o.o. Ul. Željeznička br. 3 Jozo Dunđer Žepče Tel. +387 32 880 127 37. Bosnia Foča- JKP „Ušće“ d.o.o. Ustikolina bb Hamid Podrinje Ustikolina Ustikolina Tel. +387 38 518 564 Kušundžija 38. Canton Goražde JKP „6. Mart“ d.o.o. Selvera Sijerčića br 21 Sadik Goražde Tel. +387 38 221 126 Silajdžić Fax. +387 38 221 358 39. Pale-Prača JKP „Prača“ d.o.o. Magistralni put 46 Meho Brdarić Prača Tel. +387 38 799 275 [email protected] 40. Central Bugojno JKUP „Čistoća“ d.o.o. Slobode bb Emir Sarajlić Bosnia Bugojno +387 30 256 856 Canton +387 30 270 031 [email protected] 41. Busovača JKP „Komunalac“ Matice hrvatske b.b. Vladimir d.o.o. Busovača Tel. +387 30 735 030 Jurišić Fax. +387 30 735 031 [email protected] 42. Dobretići JKP „Vodovod i Dobretići bb kanalizacija“ d.o.o. Dobretići 43. Donji Vakuf JKUP „Čistoća“ d.o.o. Ul. 770 Slavne brdske brigade Nahid Šarić Donji Vakuf Tel. +387 30 205 554 Fax. +387 30 205 554 44. Fojnica JKP „Šćona“ d.o.o. Hadrovići br. 15 Abas Nišić Fojnica Tel. +387 30 544 171 Fax. +387 30 544 172 [email protected] 45. Gornji JKP „Radovina“ d.o.o. Mehmed Bega Stočanina bb Nahid Šehić Vakuf- Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje Tel. + 387 30 266 789

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No. Canton Municipality Name of the company Address Director /City

Uskoplje Fax. + 387 30 266 789 46. Jajce JKP „Čistoća i H.V. Hrvatinića br 1 Safet Redžić zelenilo“ d.o.o. Jajce Tel. +387 30 656 149 Fax: +387 30 656 149 [email protected] 47. Kiseljak JP „Vodovod i Žrtava domovinskog rata br 6 - kanalizacija“ Tel. +387 30 879 127 d.o.o.Kiseljak Fax. +387 30 879 129 [email protected] 48. Kreševo JKP „Komunalno“ Ul. Fra Grge Martića 143 Josip Miletić d.o.o. Kreševo Tel. +387 30 806 808 Fax. +387 30 806 808 [email protected] 49. Novi JKP „Vilenica-Čistoća“ Stjepana Tomaševića bb Drago Travnik d.o.o. Novi Travnik Tel. +387 30 791 096 Radeljak Fax. +387 30 793 076 50. Travnik JKP „Bašbunar“ d.o.o. Kalibunar 3a - Travnik Tel. +387 30 509 788 Fax. +387 30 511 345 [email protected] JKP „Trebišnjica“ Nova bila bb - d.o.o. Travnik-Nova Tel. 030 707 812 Bila Fax. 030 707 812 Cell: 063 334 062

51. Vitez JKP „Vitkom“ d.o.o. Kralja Tvrka bb Igor Miličević Vitez +387 30 711-572 +387 30 711-369 52. Herzegovina Čapljina JKP „Čapljina“ d.o.o. Don Ilije Tomasa 12 - Neretva Čapljina Tel. +387 36 806 124 Canton Fax. +387 36 806 124 [email protected] 53. Čitluk JP „Broćanac“ d.o.o. Duhanski put bb Željko Čitluk Tel. +387 36 640 283 Dugandžić Fax. +387 36 640 283 JP „Broting“ d.o.o. Ulica Kralja Tomislava,bb Marin Čitluk Tel. +387 36 640 063 Barbarić [email protected] 54. Jablanica JKP „Jablanica“ d.d. Ul. Omladinsko šetalište, b.b. Muhamed Jablanica Tel. +387 36 752 378 Idrizović Fax. +387 36 753 183 [email protected] 55. Konjic JKP „STANDARD“ Musala bb. Enver d.d. Konjic Tel. +387 36 726 308 Tehirović Fax. +387 36 726 308 56. Neum JP „Komunalno Neum“ Put sv. Ante bb Ljuba Goluža d.o.o. Neum Tel. +387 36 880 123 Fax: +387 36 880 238 [email protected] et.ba 57. Prozor- JKP „Vodograd“ Ul.Ćire Truhelke bb Prozor/Rama Branko Burlić Rama d.o.o.Prozor-Rama Tel. +387 36 771 378 [email protected] (direktor) 58. Ravno JKP „Popovo“ d.o.o. Ul. Igrište b.b. Vida Blažević Ravno Tel. +387 36 891 465

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No. Canton Municipality Name of the company Address Director /City

Fax. +387 36 891 466 59. Stolac JP „Komunalno“ d.o.o. Humska bb Marinko Stolac Tel. +387 36 853 423 Papac Fax. +387 36 853 423 60. Mostar JP „Komunalno“ d.o.o. Zagrebačka bb Esad Pobrić Mostar Tel. +387 36 576 931 [email protected] JP „Parkovi“ d.o.o. Zagrebačka bb Esad Pobrić Mostar (podugovarač Tel. +387 36 576 931 od JP „Komunalno“ [email protected] d.o.o. Mostar) JP „Komos“ d.d. Zagrebačka bb - Mostar (podugovarač Tel. +387 36 576 931 od JP „Komunalno“ [email protected] d.o.o. Mostar) JP „Deponija“ d.o.o. Ul. Vrapčići b.b. Hasan Stupac Mostar (landfill) Tel. +387 36 282 011, 282 019 Fax. +387 36 282 011 [email protected]

61. West Grude JP „Komunalno“ d.o.o. Ul. Republike Hrvatske 15a Vjekoslav Herzegovina Grude +387 39 662 142 Filipović Canton +387 39 662 202 [email protected] 62. Ljubuški „Alba BH“ d.o.o. Rodoč bb Vlado Jerkić Mostar PJ Alba BH Tel. +387 63 326 288 Ljubuški 63. Posušje JP „Vodovod“ Fra Grge Matića 42 Frano Lebo d.o.o.Posušje Tel. + 387 39 681 983 Fax. + 387 39 681 984 64. Široki Brijeg JKP „Čistoća“ Kranjčićeva 1 - d.o.o.Široki Brijeg Tel. +387 39 705 253 Fax. +387 705 253 65. Sarajevo Centar KJKP „Rad“ d.o.o. 387 33 420 350 Canton Sarajevo Sarajevo 66. Hadžići 387 33 623 914 67. Ilidža (managing also the 387 33 400 476 68. Ilijaš regional Landfill 387 33 658 038 lok. 115 69. Novi Grad Smiljevici) 387 33 658 038 lok. 146 Sarajevo 70. Novo 387 33 658 038 lok. 115 Sarajevo Selim Babić 71. Stari Grad Sarajevo 72. Trnovo 387 33 658 038 lok. 146 73. Vogošća 74. Canton 10 Bosansko JKP „GRAHOVO“ Kralja Tvrtka 15 Trtić Anđelko Grahovo d.o.o. Bosansko Tel. +387 34 850 121 Grahovo Fax. +387 34 850 121 75. Drvar JP „KOMUNALAC“ Titova 48 d.o.o. Drvar Tel. +387 34 820 064 Fax. +387 34 819 753 76. Glamoč JP „Komunalac Dalmatinska bb Dragan Glamoč“ d.o.o. Glamoč Tel. +387 34 272 421 Talijan Fax. +387 34 272 421

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No. Canton Municipality Name of the company Address Director /City

77. Kupres JKP „Kupres“ d.o.o. Splitska 5 Tomislav Kupres Tel. +387 34 274 381 Pašalić Fax. +387 34 274 381 78. Livno J.P. „Komunalno“ Zgona bb Tomislav d.o.o. Livno Tel. +387 34 201 778 Vrdoljak Fax. +387 34 201 778 JP „Li-Čistoća“ d.o.o. Trg Branitelja 1 Ivica Krivić Livno (landfill Tel. +387 34 203 513 Koričina) Fax. +387 34 203 513 79. Tomislavgra JKP „Tomislavgrad“ Kulina Bana 6 Petar Radoš d d.o.o. Tomislavgrad Tel. +387 34 352 174 Fax. +387 34 352 917 „EKO Stojkić“ d.o.o. Borčani b.b. Stojko Tomislavgrad Tel: +387 34 368 810 Martinović Tel/Fax: +387 34 368 811 [email protected] „EKO Bužan“ d.o.o. Dobrići bb - Tomislavgrad Tel. +387 34 366 820 Fax. +387 34 366 820

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Annex A3.2 Summary of questionnaires from waste collectors

Inhabitants Quantities (2015) tons/year Generation Staffing Municipality Census 2013 Questionnaire Served Households CII Industries Separated Kg/cap/year No/1,000t

Zivinice 57,765 12,200 contracts 10,455 39,262 6,384 ------1,455 74/45= (36,600) (86%) 1.6 Zepce 30,219 31,000 12,000 772 ------64 8/077= (39%) 10 Zavidovici 35,988 18,000 40% 7,570 100 ------1,065 24/7.67= (7,200) 3.1 Visoko 39,938 ------50% 8,337 ------417 30/8.3= (19,970) 3.6 Srebrenik 39,678 6,292 contracts 55.7% 7,040 2,680 480 ------924 51/10.2= (18,876) (10,513) 5 Sarajevo 387,250 ------95% 197,000 538 535 ------(367,887) Sanski Most 41,475 6,750 contracts 85% 6,500 614 ------54 413 18/7,2= (20,250) (17,213) 2.5 Lukavac 44,520 46,731 27,700 15,000 ------542 38/15= (59%) 2.5 Kupres 5,357 ------80% ------(4,285) Konjic 25,148 ------80% 4,800 ------239 44/4.8= (20,118) 9.2 Kljuc 16,744 18,714 16,461 4,900 45 298 19/4.9= (88%) 3.9 Kiseljak 20,722 20,722 6,321 1,600 ------253 6/1.6= (31%) 3.75 Gracanica 45,220 37,030 20,998 8,627 3,049 ----- 56 553 41/11.6= (57%) 3.5 Glamoc 3,860 2,255 2,160 320 315 ------294 3/065= 4.6 Doboj Istok 10,248 10,866 4,974 1,377 550 ------387 7/1.9=

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Inhabitants Quantities (2015) tons/year Generation Staffing Municipality Census 2013 Questionnaire Served Households CII Industries Separated Kg/cap/year No/1,000t

(46%) 3.7 Busovaca 17,910 18,000 9,000 1,310 80 154 11/1.39= (50%) 7.9 Banovici 22,773 22,773 13,663 16,692 3,210 1,498 ----- 1,456 40/19.9= (60%) 2 Travnik------5,600 4,760 305 20 19 18 68 4/0.343= Nova Bila (85%) 12 Total 575,678 339,107 (excl. industrial)/575.678=689kg or 1.6kg/cap/day

Municipality Tariff/household/year (incl. 17% VAT) Operational and amortization Remarks Costs KM/m² Other Collection (%) Annual KM/Ton (KM/hh/yr) Households CII Amount (KM) Zivinice ---- 6x12=72 82 80 1,124,417✶ 25 ✶ Data incomplete Zepce 0.14 ------✶Average 75m²/apartment (126/hh/yr)✶ Zavidovici 0.12 ---- 98 91 537,772 70 (108/hh/yr) Visiko ---- 3.51x3x12= ------✶ Average 3 persons/household 126✶ Srebrenik 0.095 ----- 76 86 748,972 73 (86/hh/yr) Sarajevo 0.11m²+1.06 ------81 86 24,803,614 126 (112/hh/yr) Sanski Most ----- 10x12= 120 85 85 465,248 65 Lukovac ----- 7.9x12=95 92 76 951,907 63 Kupres ----- 2.34x3x12=84 ------Konjic ------68 98 ------

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Municipality Tariff/household/year (incl. 17% VAT) Operational and amortization Remarks Costs KM/m² Other Collection (%) Annual KM/Ton (KM/hh/yr) Households CII Amount (KM) Kljuc ------2.5+3x2.3x12= 97 94 635,797 130 113 Kiseljak ----- 1.88x3x12= 84 84 212,704 133 68 Gracanica ---- 8x12=96 100 93 626,096 54 Glamoc ---- ? 80 60 ? ? Doboj Istok ---- 848-84✶ 85 86 193,690 100 ✶2 or 4 removals/month Busovaca ---- (6-6-10)x12= 80 307,511 221 ✶1 or 2 or 3 and more persons 72-96-120✶ Banovici ---- 2.05x3x12= 100 100 1,297,746 61 74 Travnik- --- ? 37 95 115,779 338 Nova Bila

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Annex A3.3 Current landfills overview

No. Canton Municipality/Town Name of the planned Status regional landfill 1. Una Sana Canton Grad Bihać "Karanovac" in Bihać The first proposal was to construct regional landfill at the location 2. Bosanska Krupa "Grabež - Drenovo Tijesno". The feasibility study for landfill 3. Bosanski Petrovac construction was developed, however the suggested location was 4. Bužim not approved by local communities. 5. Cazin The alternative location "Karanovac" in Bihać is found. 6. Ključ Preliminary design and EIA study are prepared in 2015. The 7. Sanski Most process of environmental permitting for the operator Public 8. Velika Kladuša Enterprise (PE) „Regionalna deponija“ d.o.o. Bihać is on-going. 9. Canton 10 Drvar Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism stopped the procedure in 2016 after complaints from inhabitants from settlements Ripač and Pritoka. 10. Posavina Canton Domaljevac – Šamac "Dusine" in Orašje These municipalities showed interest to join into a region and 11. Odžak establish joint public enterprise for waste management. The 12. Orašje tendering procedure for investment and design documents is on- 13. Tuzla Canton Gradačac going. Currently only municipalities, Orašje, Odžak and 14. Brcko District Brčko Distrikt Domaljevac – Šamac signed the Agreement on disposal to regional landfill. 15. Tuzla Canton Banovići „Separacija 1“ in Site selection is completed and design documents are ready. 16. Kladanj Živinice Municipalities are currently using their own municipal landfills. 17. Živinice Two private collection companies from Zivinice that are serving outskirts of municipalities are disposing their waste to Doboj and Zvornik, respectively. 18. Gračanica Regional landfill in An idea on assessment of opportunities for construction and 19. Lukavac Srebrenik or Lukavac location selection on the border between municipalities Srebrenik 20. Srebrenik and Lukavac are put on table but no concrete steps toward realisation. Srebrenik and Lukavac are currently disposing to Doboj, while Gračanica is using its own landfill. 21. Sapna "Desetine" in Tuzla The primary intention was to use landfill „Desetine“ in Tuzla as a 22. Tuzla City regional sanitary landfill for all municipalities in Tuzla Canton.

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After preliminary considerations, an alternative location „Huskići“ in Municipality Lukavac was proposed so that the idea of construction of sanitary regional landfill Desetine was abandoned and Desetine was continued to be used as a city landfill serving Tuzla City. In the meantime, the alternative location „Huskići“ was also abandoned. No other solution for Tuzla is proposed. Sapna is currently disposing to Zvornik. 23. Zenica Doboj Kakanj "Mošćanica" Zenica All municipalities signed the Agreement on joining the waste 24. Canton Visoko management project and use of regional landfill Mošćanica in 25. Zavidovići Zenica, also committing to transport and dispose their waste to RD 26. Grad Zenica Mošćanica. 27. Žepče 28. Middle Bosnia Busovača Currently only Kakanj is not disposing at the landfill while other 29. Canton Travnik municipalities bring their waste in a certain %. Only Visoko and 30. Travnik-Nova Bila Zenica are disposing 100% of their collected waste to Mošćanica 31. Vitez landfill. 32. Middle Bosnia Bugojno „Gračanica“ in Gornji Development of investment, technical and environmental 33. Canton Donji Vakuf Vakuf-Uskoplje documentation is currently on-going. Process is stopped at the 34. Gornji Vakuf - environmental permitting stage due the disagreement of local Uskoplje communities. 35. Jajce 36. Herzegovina Čapljina "Uborak" in Mostar Currently operational but only municipalities Grude, Ljubuški, 37. Neretva Canton Čitluk Široki Brijeg and Mostar City currently dispose of their waste at 38. Jablanica Regional landfill Uborak. 39. Konjic Other municipalities are continuing to use their municipal 40. Mostar City landfills. 41. Neum 42. Ravno For municipalities Jablanica, Konjic, Neum, Ravno and Stolac it 43. Stolac would be necessary to construct Transfer stations due to their 44. West Herzegovina Široki Brijeg distance to regional landfill Uborak. Canton 45. Bosnia Podrinje Foča - Ustikolina „Trešnjica“ in Goražde Urban permit and preliminary design for Trešnica are completed. Canton Development of investment, technical and environmental documentation is pending availability of financial resources. All

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three municipalities dispose waste at their own municipal landfills. 46. Goražde 47. Pale - Prača 48. Canton Sarajevo Centar Sarajevo "Smiljevići" in Landfill is operation and all municipalities in Canton Sarajevo 49. Hadžići Sarajevo dispose their waste on Smiljevići landfill 50. Ilidža 51. Ilijaš 52. Novi Grad Sarajevo 53. Novo Sarajevo 54. Stari Grad Sarajevo 55. Trnovo 56. Vogošća 57. Canton10 Bosansko Grahovo "Korićine" in Livno First proposed location was „Pakline“ in municipality Kupres (at 58. Glamoč the border with Municipality Tomislavgrad). The location was 59. Kupres assessed for its suitability to construct regional landfill that would 60. Livno serve municipalities in Canton 10. However, it was concluded that 61. Tomislavgrad landfill is not feasible due to the small number of inhabitants. Currently, a new location in Livno municipality is considered to be used as regional landfill. At present, municipalities Glamoč, Kupres and Livno are disposing their waste on Korićine landfill. Koričine landfill is transformed into sanitary regional landfill. 62. Tuzla Canton Čelić “Eko-Dep” Bijeljina Municipalities Čelić and Teočak are joined to the regional landfill 63. Teočak (RS) "Eko-Dep" in Bijeljina (RS). They signed the Agreement on establishment of joint company Eko-dep Bijeljina. Only Teočak municipaliyis transporting its waste to Bijeljina. Čelić is using its own municipal landfill. 64. Kalesija "Crni Vrh" Zvornik Municipality Kalesija joined regional landfill Crni Vrh in Zvornik (RS) and is disposing waste there. 65. Doboj – Istok "Lipac" Doboj (RS) The municipalities signed the Agreement to establish Regional 66. Zenica Doboj Doboj - Jug board for waste management in region of Doboj-Tešanj in 2005. 67. Canton Tešanj Only municipalities Doboj – Istok, Doboj – Jug and Usora are 68. Usora disposing waste on Lipac landfill. Lipac is currently used as inter- 69. Maglaj municipal dumpsite and will be transformed into sanitary regional landfill.

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70. Zenica Doboj Breza Planned for transport to Due to the large distances, sometimes over 60 km from the Canton "Smiljevići" Sarajevo foreseen regional landfill, these municipalities are still using local /"Mošćanica" Zenica dumpsites. The only solution seems to be construction of transfer 71. Olovo Planned for transport to station. "Smiljevići" Sarajevo 72. Vareš Planned for transport to "Mošćanica Zenica 73. Dobretići Planned for transport to "Gračanica" Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje 74. Middle Bosnia Fojnica Planned for transport to Canton "Smiljevići" Sarajevo 75. Kiseljak Planned for transport to "Smiljevići" Sarajevo 76. Kreševo Planned for transport to "Smiljevići" Sarajevo 77. Herzegovina Prozor - Rama Planned for transport to Neretva Canton "Uborak" Mostar 78. West Herzegovina Grude Planned for transport to "Uborak" Mostar 79. Ljubuški Planned for transport to "Uborak" Mostar 80. Posušje Unknown ("Uborak" Mostar)

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Annex A3.4 Waste transport distances per region

No. Name of the Municipality/Town Waste quantity / Waste Distances from planned municipality quantity heart of regional / region municipality to landfill(RL) proposed RL (km) MUNICIPALITIES DISPOSING TO REGIONAL LANDFILLS IN FEDERATION BIH

1. "Karanovac" Grad Bihać 23.896 10 in Bihać 91,746 2. Bosanska Krupa 8.772 42

3. Bosanski Petrovac 2.640 46 4. Bužim 4.973 54

5. Cazin 18.693 35

6. Ključ 5.193 83

7. Sanski Most 14.512 108

8. Velika Kladuša 10.446 67 9. Drvar 2.621 71 Weighted average distance for the region 49.44

10. "Dusine" in Domaljevac – 2.039 13 Orašje Šamac 70,253

11. Odžak 6.639 38

12. Orašje 5.478 4

13. Gradačac 12.405 36

14. Srebrenik 10.842 44

15. Brčko Distrikt 32.850 26 Weighted average distance for the region 32.73

16. „Separacija Banovići 6.891 3 1“ in 28,400 17. Kladanj 3.894 43 Banovići 18. Živinice 17615,01612 15 Weighted average distance for the region 15,93

19. Regional Gračanica 13.707 24 landfill in 37,870 20. Lukavac 13.322 28 Srebrenik or 21. Lukavac Srebrenik 10.842 10 Weighted average distance for the region 21

22. "Desetine" Sapna 3.066 54 in Tuzla 49,106 23. Tuzla City 46.040 5 Weighted average distance for the region 8.06

24. "Mošćanica" Kakanj 11.651 27 Zenica 123,684

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25. Visoko 12.034 43

26. Zavidovići 10.535 63

27. Grad Zenica 44.184 13

28. Žepče 8.343 51

29. Busovača 5.108 21

30. Travnik 16.392 39

31. Novi Travnik-Nova 7.868 31 Bila 32. Vitez 7.570 25 Weighted average distance for the region 29.72

33. „Gračanica“ Bugojno 11.592 10 in Gornji 30,968 34. Donji Vakuf 5.017 22 Vakuf- 35. Uskoplje Gornji Vakuf - 6.090 10 Uskoplje 36. Jajce 8.270 56 Weighted average distance for the region 24.23

37. "Uborak" u Čapljina 7.562 39 Mostaru 80,549 38. Čitluk 4.980 27

39. Jablanica 3.380 41

40. Konjic 8.590 63

41. Mostar City 40.894 8

42. Neum 1.893 94

43. Ravno 728 82

44. Stolac 4.309 42

45. Široki Brijeg 8.213 28 Weighted average distance for the region 25.88

46. „Trešnjica“ Foča - Ustikolina 437 27 in Goražde 8,621 47. Goražde 7.980 5

48. Pale - Prača 204 34 Weighted average distance for the region 6.80

49. "Smiljevići" Centar Sarajevo 26.821 7 in Sarajevo 188,142 50. Hadžići 6.789 15

51. Ilidža 32.434 4

52. Ilijaš 5.784 22

53. Novi Grad 57.623 2 54. Novo Sarajevo 31.503 5 55. Stari Grad 17.972 11 56. Trnovo 340 28

57. Vogošća 8.875 11

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Weighted average distance for the region 5.98

58. "Korićine" Bosansko Grahovo 782 73 59. in Livno Glamoč 1.385 22,828 33

60. Kupres-FBiH 1.949 44

61. Livno 10.072 4

62. Tomislavgrad 8.640 40 Weighted average distance for the region 25.16

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Annex A4.1 Cost breakdown obtained from waste collection companies (actual)

Municipality Sarajevo Srebrenik Sanski Lukovac Kljuc Kiseljak Gracanica Doboj Busovaca Banovici Travnik Most Istok Served population 367,887 10,513 17,213 27,700 16,461 6,321 20,998 4,974 9,000 13,663 4,760 Waste quantity 197,538 10,200 7,168 15,000 4,800 1,600 11,732 1,927 1,390 21,400 362 (Tons) Total annual cost 24,803,614 748,972 465,248 951,907 635,797 212,704 626,096 193,690 307,511 1,297,746 115,779 (BAM) Disposal (%) 0 15.25 13.31 0 0 0.00 22.14 31.56 0.00 13.53 Salaries (%) 40.67 48.57 38.46 51.44 23.87 39.44 41.20 54.42 45.89 14.19 Administration (%) 15.24 0.51 28.09 3.98 17.57 14.37 2.20 1.60 8.56 42.56 Fuel (%) 10.79 12.31 7.31 7.56 10.42 11.39 10.83 6.65 7.57 4.36 9.85 Tyres (%) 0.67 1.38 0.85 1.26 0.59 1.00 1.76 4.85 0.45 1.32 1.47 Other expenses (%) 1.05 1.09 5.78 6.80 43.00 19.22 20.85 2.37 26.65 3.32 Amortization (%) 12.50 4.58 5.58 5.53 4.75 3.18 14.37 2.10 2.04 3.88 4.75 Other operational 19.07 16.82 86.27 22.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.35 10.32 costs¹ ¹ No specification available.

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Comparison with calculated costs (Annex A4.2: 15km to landfill and Annex A4.3: landfill operations)

Collection and transport Landfill Total 10m³ 20m³ Average % Cost/y % Cost/y %

Salaries 106,881 90,343 98,612 27.35 182,160 27,25 280,772 27.3 Administration 26,720 22,585 24,652.5 6.84 10,000 1.5 34,652.5 3.37 M&R 38,568 43,986 41,277 11.45 25,200 3.77 66,477 6.5 Tyres 5,492 5,326 5,409 1.50 0 5,409 0.5 Fuel/energy 39,131 25,299 32,215 8.94 60,660 9.1 92,875 9.0 Lubricants 4,119 2,663 3,391 0.94 0 3,391 0.3 Insurance 7,099 8,183 7,641 2.12 4,599 0.7 12,240 1.2 Other 18,000 2.7 18,000 1.75 Amortization 138,585 155,978 147,281.5 40.85 367,632 55.0 514,913 50.0 Total 366,595 354,363 360,479 99.99 668,250 100 1,028,729 99.9

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Annex A4.2 Collection cost calculation

Distance to landfill 30km to RL 60km to RL 15km to LF Average 30km to RL Collection system Municipal collection Regional collection Container system 1100.00 1100.00 1100.00 1100 Inhabitants 30000.00 30000.00 30000.00 120000 Generation (kg/cap/day) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.8 Waste quantity (tons/year) 8760.00 8760.00 8760.00 35040 Collected (70%) 6132.00 6132.00 6132.00 24528

Collection truck-airvolume 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 Compaction 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Volume/truckx90%(m³) 27.00 54.00 27.00 54.00 27.00 54.00 27.00 54.00 Load/truck(550kg/m³) 4.95 9.90 4.95 9.90 4.95 9.90 4.95 9.9 Price truck (KM) 220000.00 300000.00 220000.00 300000.00 220000.00 300000.00 200000.00 270000.00 Price container -1100 litre(KM) 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 500.00 500.00 Working days/year 260.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 260.00 Waste density (kg/m³) 185.00 185.00 185.00 185.00 185.00 185.00 185.00 185.00 Calculation trucks/containers Time/shift (minutes) 480.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 480.00 600.00 600.00 Fuelling, etc. 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Garage to collection area 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 30.00 30.00 Lunch break 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 Available for collection and 410.00 410.00 410.00 410.00 410.00 410.00 520.00 520.00 transport Cycle time truck

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Collection/container (minutes) 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4 4 Containers/truck 24.55 49.09 24.55 49.09 24.55 49.09 24.55 49.09 Collection time (minutes) 122.73 245.45 122.73 245.45 122.73 245.45 98.18 196.36 Transport to landfill 40.00 40.00 72.00 72.00 20.00 20.00 40 40 Unloading at landfill 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Transport to collection area 40.00 40.00 72.00 72.00 20.00 20.00 40.00 40.00 Total(minutes) 217.73 340.45 281.73 404.45 177.73 300.45 193.18 291.36 Trips/shift/truck 1.88 1.20 1.46 1.01 2.31 1.36 2.69 1.78 Weight/shift/truck (tons) 9.32 11.92 7.20 10.04 11.42 13.51 13.32 17.67 Shifts/day (8-10 hrs/day) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Capacity/year/truck 2423.51 3099.84 1872.98 2609.29 2968.99 3512.48 3464.30 4593.85 Number/trucks 2.53 1.98 3.27 2.35 2.07 1.75 7.08 5.34 Truck availability 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.85 Actual truck number 3.16 2.47 4.09 2.94 2.58 2.18 8.33 6.28 Containers/day (collection 163.76 204.66 163.73 163.73 163.73 163.73 654.91 654.91 5xweek) Filling degree 80% 255.82 255.82 204.66 204.66 204.66 204.66 818.64 818.64 Investments (KM) Collection trucks 695810.07 741812.85 900329.18 881273.55 567971.46 654666.01 1665933.13 1696017.93 Containers 153494.91 153494.91 122795.93 122795.93 122795.93 122795.93 409319.77 409319.77 Operational costs Wages 1 Driver+2 8.73 6.82 11.30 8.11 7.13 6.02 30.53 23.03 loadersx1.15=3.45/truck Average costs (KM/year) 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000 12000 Costs/year (KM) 104751.04 81896.14 135540.47 97292.60 85505.52 72275.13 366401.17 276309.59 Total Including management 130938.80 102370.17 169425.58 121615.75 106881.90 90343.91 458001.46 345386.98 (25%) Fuel

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km/cycle Garage to collection area 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 Collection route 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 13.00 25.00 To landfill 30.00 30.00 60.00 60.00 15.00 15.00 30 30 To collection area 30.00 30.00 60.00 60.00 15.00 15.00 30 30 Total km/day 358.82 210.36 652.13 357.02 211.24 136.57 1497.46 890.07 Total km/year 93293.72 54694.75 169554.63 92825.31 54921.43 35508.71 389338.90 231417.27 Liter (0,3 liter/km) 27988.12 16408.43 50866.39 27847.59 16476.43 10652.61 116801.67 69425.18 Costs/year (KM1.9/liter) 53177.42 31176.01 96646.14 52910.43 31305.21 20239.97 221923.17 131907.84 Lubricants (1.5ltr/100km) 5597.62 3281.69 10173.28 5569.52 3295.29 2130.52 23360.33 13885.04 Tires 4-6/truck; 30,000km 12.44 10.94 22.61 18.57 7.32 7.10 51.91 46.28 Cost (500-600KM/tire) 7463.50 6563.37 13564.37 11139.04 4393.71 4261.05 25955.93 23141.73 M&R Truck (3-5%) 34790.50 37090.64 45016.46 44063.68 28398.57 32733.30 49977.99 50880.54 Containers (2%) 3069.90 3069.90 2455.92 2455.92 2455.92 2455.92 8186.40 8186.40 Total 37860.40 40160.54 47472.38 46519.60 30854.49 35189.22 58164.39 59066.93 Insurance Trucks (1,0%) 6958.10 7418.13 9003.29 8812.74 5679.71 6546.66 16659.33 16960.18 Sub-total OPEX 241995.85 190969.91 346285.04 246567.07 182410.32 158711.32 804064.62 590348.70 Miscellaneous (10%) 24199.58 19096.99 34628.50 24656.71 18241.03 15871.13 80406.46 59034.87 Total OPEX 266195.43 210066.90 380913.54 271223.77 200651.35 174582.46 884471.08 649383.57 Amortization Trucks (7 years, 3%) 111677.516 119060.9627 144502.83 141444.40 91159.42 105073.89 267382.27 272210.88 Containers (7 years, 3%) 24635.93306 24635.93306 19708.75 19708.75 19708.75 19708.75 65695.82 65695.82 Sub total CAPEX 136313.4491 143696.8958 161153.15 161153.15 110868.17 124782.64 333078.09 337906.70 Grand total 402508.88 353763.79 542066.69 432376.93 311519.52 299365.10 1217549.17 987290.28 Cost/ton (KM) 65.64 57.69 88.40 70.51 50.80 48.82 49.64 40.25

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Combined KM/ton 61.67 79.46 49.81 44.95 Regional collection savings on: 1. Procurement equipment (10%) 2. Less M+R as it will be centralized 3. Collection efficiency improvement Depreciation equipment based on official indicators and not on useful life

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Annex A4.3 Landfill cost calculations 2015

Assumptions Regional Single municipality Quantity (tons/year) 24528 6132 Annual increase: 1% 1st cell (tons/5 years) 125706 31426.5 Average/year (tons) 25141.2 6285.3 Storage density (t/m³) 0.7 0.7 Storage height (m) 20 15 Storage volume 1st cell (m³) 206517.00 51629.25 Storage area: 160x150m² 24000 10000 Service area 150 x50m² 7500 5000

Civil works Description unit total units cost/unit total(KM) unit total units cost/unit total(KM) Service area m² 7500 35 262500 m² 3000 35 105000 Garage/repair shop incl. tools m² 125 750 93750 m² 100 750 75000 Gas flare 250000 150000 Electricity network 150000 75000 Water supply system 200000 75000 Fence m 580 100 58000 m 400 100 40000 Gatehouse area m² 250 900 225000 m² 100 900 90000 Portacabin offices 100000 50000 Surface water ditch m 440 350 154000 m 300 350 105000 Leachate ponds l.s. 2 75000 150000 1 75000 75000 Subtotal civil works (20 years depr.) 1493250 840000 Storage cell m² 24000 70 1680000 m² 10000 70 700000

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Closing after 5 years m² 24000 50 1200000 m² 10000 50 500000 Subtotal civil works (5 years depr.) 2880000 1200000 Grand total civil works 4373250 2040000 Equipment Compactor/compactor l.s. 1 400000 400000 350000 Excavator l.s. 1 235000 235000 Weighbridge l.s. 1 80000 80000 40000 Tractor trailer l.s. 1 55000 55000 Aerators leachate ponds 2 30000 60000 30000 Wheel washing 1 70000 70000 Various tools 1 20000 20000 Total equipment 920000 420000

Amortization costs/year Civil works Cell (5 years,3%) 628704 261960 Remaining works (20 years,3%) 100346.4 56448 Equipment (10 years,3%) 107824 49224 Total amortization 836874.4 367632

OPEX/year Wages month Landfill manager 1 3000 36000 1 3000 36000 Assistant manager 1 2000 24000 0 2000 0 Gatehouse weighbridge operator 2 1500 36000 1 1500 18000 Site controller 2 1500 36000 1 1500 18000 Drivers 3 1500 54000 1 1500 18000 Guard 2 1200 28800 1 1200 14400

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Technician workshop 1 1500 18000 1 1500 18000 Engineers 1 2000 24000 Administrator 3 1500 54000 1 1500 18000 Secretary 1 1500 18000 1 1500 18000 Sub-total 328800 158400 Overhead 378120 182160 Energy Bulldozer/Compactor(6hrsx260daysx300kw) 1 ltr=10.6kwh 374400 67109.43 208000 37283.02 Excavator(3 hours x 260 days x250kw) 93600 16777.36 0 Site:100kwx10hrsx312days 249600 29203.2 156000 18252 Leachate aerators (8hrsx15kwx2=240kwh/day) 87600 10249.2 43800 5124.6 Sub-total 113089.99 60659.62 M&R Civil works (0,5%) 7466.25 4200 Equipment(5%) 46000 21000 Sub total m+r 53466.25 25200 Waste covering 15% of tonnage x km 5/ton 22500 4599 Insurance equipment 920 420 Environmental monitoring 30000 15000 Office : consumables 15000 5000 Office: phone, utilities 5000 3000 Office: audit 5000 5000 Total 25000 13000 Total OPEX 24.78 623096.24 47.83 300618.62 Total CAPEX 33.29 836874.4 58.49 367632 Grand total 1459970.642 668250.62 Cost/ton (excl.VAT) 58.07 106.32 Cost/ton (incl. VAT) 67.94 124.39

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Annex A4.4 Sorting line cost calculations

Separation at source Separation at source Mixed waste separation Separation at source

Quantities (2025) 5 tph 5 tph 15tph 5 tph

Inhabitants 120000 30000 120000 120000

Generation(kg/cap/day) 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 Waste/year(tons) 70% collection 24528 6132.00 24528 85% 37230

Recyclables total (%) 30 7358.40 30 1839.60 30 7358.4 33 12285.9

Recyclables separation (%) 35 2575.44 35 643.86 10.00 2452.8 35 4300.07

Composition

Paper/Cardboard(%) 27 695.37 27 173.84 662.256 1161.02 Plastics(%) 53 1364.98 53 341.25 1299.984 2279.03 Glass (%) 17 437.82 17 109.46 416.976 731.01 Cans (%) 3 77.26 3 19.32 73.584 129.00 2575.44 643.86 2452.8 4300.07

Collection system

One container for paper/ cardboard and one container for glass, plastics, cans Sortingline needed for sorting (i) paper and cardboard and (ii) glass, plastics, cans

Existing sorting lines (5tph installed capacity)

Annual capacity(tons) 8320 8320 24960 8320

Input (tpy) 2575.44 643.86 24528 4300.07 Rejects (impurities in pre sorted 20% materials) 1287.72 50% landfill 321.93 50% landfill 22075.2 landfill 1075.00 landfill

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Output of saleable materials (tons/year) 1287.72 321.93 2452.8 3225.05

Cost calculation

Investments

Item costs (KM) total total

M/E works 1500000 3000000 1500000

civil works 900000 1800000 900000

total 2400000 4800000 2400000

Costs/year

Amortization 210480 81.73 210480 326.90 420960 17.16 210480 48.95

M/E works (12 years/3%) 150000 300000 150000

Civil works (20 years,3%) 60480 120960 60480 6438.60 1609.65 22075.2 110376 5375 Transport landfill rejects 5 54000 54000 186000 84000 M+R

M/E (%) 3 45000 45000 150000 75000

civil (%) 1 9000 9000 36000 9000

Labour (one shift) 97290.00 77970.00 shift 8hrs 24000 24000 1 24000 1 24000 manager 1 2000 18000 18000 1 18000 0.5 9000 engineer 1 1500 12000 12000 1 12000 1 12000 baler 1 1000 15600 15600 1 15600 1 15600 drivers 1 1300 72000 48000 8 96000 6 72000 sorters 6 1000 9600 0 1 9600 0 0 guards 1 800 18000 18000 1 36000 1 18000 administr 1 1500 0 0 1 15600 0 secretary 0 1300

169200 135600 226800 150600

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84600.00 67800.00 260820.00 173190 working time 50%-85%

97290.00 77970.00 299943 199168.5 overhead (15%)

Energy 6026.5296 1506.6324

20kWh/ton 0.117 51508.8 6026.529 12877.2 490560 57395.52 86001.3 10062.15 Office 5000 1000 5000 2500

Total (excl VAT) 379235.13 147.25 346566.28 538.26 1079674.52 28.86 511585.65

cost/ton 147.25 538.26 44.02 118.97 Revenues (assumption: operator =collector)

Savings on landfill 73400.04 18350.01 2452.8 139809.6 3225.05 183827.78

Quantity (tons) 1287.72 321.93 Disposal: KM/ton(excl VAT) 57 57 Sales ex sorting line 262051.02 65512.76 456098.16

Paper/cardboard 140 347.68 48675.82 86.92 12168.95 662.256 49669.2 870.76 121906.842 Plastics 300 682.49 204747.48 170.62 51186.87 1299.984 389995.2 1709.28 512782.751 Glass 20 218.91 4378.25 54.73 1094.56 416.976 8339.52 548.26 10965.1657 Cans 110 38.63 4249.48 9.66 1062.37 73.584 8094.24 96.75 10642.6608 Total (tons) 1287.72 262051.02 321.93 65512.76 2452.8 456098.16 3225.05 656297.420

Total 335451.06 83862.77 595907.76 840125.199

Price KM/ton 130.25 130.25 24.30 195.375

Net result (KM/ton) -17.00 -408.01 -19.72 76.40

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Annex A4.5 Cost estimates for collection of mix of containers

15 km to LF 60 km to RL COLLECTION Large truck (20m³) Small truck (10m³) Large truck (20m³) Small truck (10m³) Assumptions Mix of containers Mix of containers Mix of containers Mix of containers Container system (liters) 1100 240 1100 240 1100 240 1100 240 Inhabitants collection area 30000 30000 30000 30000 (kg/cap/day) 1 1 1 1 waste volume/year(ton) 10950 10950 10950 10950 collected 85% (tons) 9307.5 9307.5 9307.5 9307.5 Recyclables:35%x33% in 240 ltr 8232.48 1075.02 8232.48 1075.02 8232.48 1075.01625 8232.4837 1075.01625 5 Collection truck-airvolume 20 20 10 10 20 20 10 10 compaction 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 volume/truckx90%(m³) 54 54 27 27 54 54 27 27 Load (550kg/m³/300kg/m³) 9.9 5.4 4.95 2.7 9.9 5.4 4.95 2.7 Price truck (KM) 300000 300000 220000 220000 300000 300000 220000 220000 Price container -1100 litre(KM) 600 150 600 150 600 150 600 150 Working days/year 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 waste density (kg/m³) 185 80 185 80 185 80 185 80 Calculation number trucks and containers Time/shift (minutes) 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 Fuelling,etc. 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Garage to collection area(10km- 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20km) Lunch break 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Landfill to garage Available for collection and transport 410 410 410 410 410 410 410 410 Cycle time truck

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Collection/container(minutes) 5 4 5 4.00 5 4 5 4 Containers/truck 49.09 225 24.55 112.50 49.09 225 24.55 112.5 Collection time (minutes) 245.45 900 122.75 450.00 245.45 900.00 122.73 450.00 Transport to landfill 20 20 20 20.00 72 72 72 72 Unloading at landfill/sorting line 15 15 15 15.00 15 15 15 15 Transport to collection area 20 20 20 20.00 72 72 72 72 total(minutes) 300.45 955 177.75 505.00 404.45 1059.00 281.73 609.00 trips/shift/truck 1.36 0.43 2.31 0.81 1.01 0.39 1.46 0.67 Weight/shift/truck (tons) 13.51 2.32 11.42 2.19 10.04 2.09 7.20 1.82 Shifts/day 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 Capacity/year/truck 3512.53 602.76 2968.61 569.94 2609.29 543.57 1872.98 472.61 Number/trucks 2.34 1.78 2.77 1.89 3.16 1.98 4.40 2.27 truck availability 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.80 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 actual truck number 2.93 2.23 3.47 2.36 3.94 2.47 5.49 2.84 containers/day(collection 5xweek) 157.01 172.28 157.04 172.28 157.01 172.28 157.01 172.28 filling degree 80% 221.89 215.35 196.30 215.35 196.26 215.35 196.26 215.35 Investments (KM) Collection trucks 878905.05 668803.76 762624.5 518702.2 1183149.08 741636.84 966985.70 625524.1 5 5 2 Containers 133134.00 32302.17 117778.2 32302.17 117756.442 32302.17 117756.44 32302.17 5 7 Operational costs Wages 1 Driver+2 loadersx1,15=3.45/truck 8.09 6.15 9.57 6.51 10.88 6.82 15.16 7.85 Average costs (KM/year) 12000.00 12000 12000.00 12000.00 12000.00 12000 12000 12000.00 Costs/year(KM) 97031.12 73835.93 114809.6 78088.27 130619.66 81876.71 181969.13 94169.81 6 Total Including management (25%) 121288.90 92294.92 143512.0 97610.33 163274.57 102345.88 227461.41 117712.26 7 Fuel

140 FBiH Sector Reform Report km/cycle Garage to collection area 10 10 10 10.00 10 10 10 10 collection route 24.545 90 12.28 45.00 24.55 90 12.27 45 To landfill 15 15 15 15.00 60 60 60 60 to collection area 15 15 15 15.00 60 60 60 60 Total km/day/all trucks 199.35 109.72 296.39 133.71 495.31 180.57 888.31 275.42 Total km/year 51829.76 28526.29 77061.65 34765.66 128779.95 46948.20 230960.91 71609.48 Liter (0,3 litre/km) 15548.93 8557.89 23118.49 10429.70 38633.98 14084.46 69288.27 21482.85 Costs/year( KM1,9/liter) 29542.96 16259.98 43925.14 19816.42 73404.57 26760.48 131647.72 40817.41 Lubricants (1.5ltr/100km) 3109.79 1711.58 4623.70 2085.94 7726.80 2816.89 13857.65 4296.57 Tires 4-6/truck; 30,000km 10.37 5.71 10.27 4.64 25.7559898 9.39 30.79 9.55 3 Cost (600KM/tire) 6219.57 3423.15 6164.93 2781.25 15453.59 5633.78 18476.87 5728.76 M&R Truck (5%) 43945.25241 33440.19 38131.23 25935.11 59157.4541 37081.8418 48349.28 31276.21 1 Containers (2%) 2662.68 646.04 2355.56 646.04 2355.12885 646.043419 2355.13 646.043419 4 5 5 Total 46607.93 34086.23 40486.79 26581.16 61512.58 37727.89 50704.41 31922.25 Insurance Trucks(1,0%) 8789.05 6688.04 7626.25 5187.02 11831.4908 7416.36836 9669.86 6255.241 2 Sub-total OPEX 215558.20 154463.90 246338.8 154062.1 333203.61 182701.29 451817.93 206732.49 8 3 Miscellaneous (10%) 21555.82 15446.39043 24633.89 15406.21 33320.3609 18270.13 45181.79 20673.25 Total OPEX 237114.02 169910.29 270972.7 159249.1 366523.97 200971.42 496999.72 227405.73 7 5 Amortization Trucks (5-7 years,3%) 141064.26 107343.00 122401.2 83251.71 189895.43 119032.71 155201.20 100396.62 4 Containers (7 years,3%) 21368.01 5184.50 18903.41 5184.50 18899.91 5184.50 18899.91 5184.50

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Total CAPEX 162432.27 112527.50 141304.6 88436.21 208795.34 124217.21 174101.11 105581.12 5 Grand total 399546.29 282437.80 412277.4 247685.3 575319.31 325188.63 671100.83 332986.85 2 6 Cost/ton (BAM) 48.53 262.73 50.08 230.40 69.88 302.50 81.52 309.75 Combined BAM/ton 73.27 70.91 96.75 107.88 Average 72.09 102.32 ANNEX A4.2 48.82 50.8 70.51 88.4 (only 1,100 litres containers) Average 49,81 79.46 Difference 22,28 22,86

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Annex A5.1 Eurostat/OECD Definition of municipal waste

Municipal waste includes household waste and similar waste.

It also includes:

▪ bulky waste (e.g. white goods, old furniture, mattresses), and ▪ yard waste, leaves, grass clippings, street sweepings, the content of litter containers, and market cleansing waste, if managed as waste.

It includes waste originating from:

▪ households, ▪ commerce and trade, small businesses, office buildings and institutions (schools, hospitals, government buildings).

It also includes: ▪ waste from selected municipal services i.e. waste from park and garden maintenance, waste from street cleaning services (street sweepings, the content of litter containers, market cleansing waste), if managed as waste.

It includes waste from these sources collected:

▪ door-to-door trough traditional collection (mixed household waste), and ▪ fractions collected separately for recovery operations (through door-to-door collection and/or through voluntary deposits).

For the purpose of this questionnaire municipal waste refers to waste defined as above, collected by or on behalf of municipalities.

The definition also includes waste from the same sources and similar in nature and composition which: ▪ are collected directly by the private sector (business or private non-profit institutions) not on behalf of municipalities (mainly separate collection for recovery purposes), ▪ originate from rural areas not served by a regular waste service, even if they are disposed by the generator.

The definition excludes: ▪ waste from municipal sewage network and treatment, ▪ municipal construction and demolition waste.

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Annex A5.2Transfer station cost estimates

Storage shed Ramp Cost estimate Units Unit price Total Total Civil works Shed (20x30m²) 600 500 300000 ramp 70000 Pavements(m²) 500 150 75000 75000 Interior shed/elec. connection 10000 10000 Total 385000 ramp 145000 M/E works Frontloader (2 m³ bucket) 175000 Amortization costs Civil works (20 yrs/3%) 25872 9744 M/E (7 yrs/3%) 28087.5 Total 53959.5 Operational costs Wages Coordinator 1 1500 18000 1 12000 Driver 1 1100 13200 Cleaners 2 800 19200 Sub total 50400 Holidays. sickness (15%) 57960 13800 Overhead (25%) 72450 17250 Energy Site (25kw;260days; 10hrs/day 52000 0.117 6084 26000 3042 Frontloader (100kw) 4 hrs/day;260 days/year) 7849.06 1.9 14913.21 Total 20997.21 M+R Civil works (2%) 7700 2900 M/e (5%) 8750 Total 16450 23192 Opex 109897.21 2.11 23192 Capex 53959.50 0.89 9744 Grand total(BAM) 163856.71 32936 Cost/ton (BAM excl. VAT) 11000 14.90 2.99

Note: Ramp cost based on Gradiska information.

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Annex A5.3 Transport costs calculation - transfer stations to regional landfill (50 km)

Truck +trailer Trailer with Collection Collection compression truck 10 t truck 7.5 t Quantity(t/y) 11000 5500 11000 11000 11000 11000 Days/year 260 260 260 260 260 260 Distance(km) 50 50 50 50 50 50 Truck ( tons) 12 12 20 15 10 7.5 Time available 480 480 480 480 480 480 Lunch break 30 30 30 30 30 30 Fuelling etc. 20 20 20 20 20 20 Available/day 430 430 430 430 430 430 Trips/day Loading(1.5min/2m³) 45 45 60 60 0 0 To RL (40km/hr) 75 75 75 75 75 75 Back RL 75 75 75 75 75 75 Unloading at RL 20 20 20 20 20 20 Total/trip(min) 215 215 230.00 230 170 170 Trips/day 2.00 2.00 1.87 1.87 2.53 2.53 Km/day/truck 200.00 200.00 186.96 186.96 252.94 252.94 Cap/day (tons) 24.00 24.00 37.39 28.04 25.29 18.97 Cap/year(tons) 6240.00 6240.00 9721.74 7291.30 6576.47 4932.35 Trucks 1.76 0.88 1.13 1.51 1.67 2.23 Trucks availability 2.20 1.10 1.41 1.89 2.09 2.79 (80%) Cost/truck 275000 275000.00 400000.00 400000.00 300000.00 260000.00 Investment(BAM) 605969.55 302984.78 565742.40 754323.20 627236.14 724806.20 Amortization 97258.11 48629.06 90801.65 121068.87 100671.40 116331.40 (7 yrs. 3%) Operational costs Wages Driver (x 1.15 x 1.25) 33449.52 16724.76 21469.92 28626.57 31738.15 42317.53 M+r (5%) 30298.48 15149.24 28287.12 37716.16 31361.81 36240.31 Fuel Km/year 91666.67 45833.33 55000 73333.33 110000.00 146666.67 Liters/year 27500.00 13750.00 16500 22000 33000.00 44000.00 Cost (BAM1.9/liter) 52250.00 26125.00 31350 41800 62700.00 83600.00 Lubricants 5500.00 2750.00 3300 4400 6600.00 8800.00 Total 57750.00 28875.00 34650 46200 69300.00 92400.00 Tyres 24.44 12.22 18.33 24.44 22.00 29.33 Cost 14666.67 7333.33 11000.00 14666.67 13200.00 17600.00 Insurance(1%) 6059.70 3029.85 5657.42 7543.23 6272.36 7248.06 Opex 142224.36 71112.18 101064.47 134752.62 151872.32 195805.90

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Cost/ton 12.93 12.93 9.19 12.25 13.81 17.80 Capex 97258.11 48629.06 90801.65 121068.87 100671.40 116331.40 Cost/ton 8.84 8.84 8.25 11.01 9.15 10.58 Total cost/ton 21.77 21.77 17.44 23.26 22.96 28.38

Truck trip (excl VAT) 261.25 348.85 348.85 229.59 212.82 Cost/km 2.61 3.49 3.49 2.30 2.13 Cost/ton/km 0.22 0.17 0.23 0.23 0.28 Gradiska Loading time depending on collection scheme. No intermediate storage. Assumption: collection trucks 7.5 tons. Assumption: 3 collection trucks will unload within one hour.

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Annex A5.4 Summary of options for waste separation

Single municipality collection (30.000 inhabitants) Regional collection (120.000 inhabitants) Separation at source Mixed waste collection Separation at source ML at 15km RL at 30km RL at 30km RL at 30km tons/year unit cost tons/year unit cost tons/year unit cost ton/year unit cost rate rate rate rate Collection/transport 9307 50 465350 9307 62 577034 37230 45 1675350 37230 45 1675350 Disposal 8477 86.5 733260.5 8477 49.4 418763.8 33507 49.4 1655245,8 33908,00 49.4 1675055.2 Collection and disposal/t 136.5 111.4 94.4 94.4 Separation/sorting Collection 9307 22 204754 9307 22 204754 37230 22 819060 Sorting 1107 408 451656 1107 17 18819 37230 20 744600 4430 -76 -336680 1855020. 1219370, 5 8 4075195.8 3832785.2 Cost/ton 199.31 131,02 109.46 102.95

Assumptions: (i) Dry recyclables separation 35%x34% with 25% rejects (ii) Mixed waste separation 10% (iii) Disposal rates as per annex A5.5.

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Annex A5.5 Landfill cost calculations 2025

Assumptions Regional landfill (120.000 inhabitants) Single municipality landfill (30.000 inhabitants) Start quantity (tons/year) 37230 9307.5 Annual increase: 1% 1st cell (5 years) 190803.75 47700.9375 Total tons 190803.75 Volume (m³) 272576.7857 Total storage volume incl covering (m³) 313463.3036 Storage 1st cell (m³) 313463.3036 78365.82589 Storage density (t/m³) 0.7 0.7 Storage height (m) 20 15 Lifetime first storage cell (years) 5 5 Leachate generation: 30m³/day First cell storage area: 250x150m² 37500 100x130 13000 Service area 150 x50m² 7500 5500 Total area 45000 18500

Civil works Description unit total units cost/unit total(KM) total units cost/unit Total(KM) Service area m² 7500 35 262500 5500 35 192500 Garage/repairshop incl tools m² 250 750 187500 150 750 112500 Gas flare 250000 250000 Electricity network 150000 100000 Water supply system 100000 75000 Fence m 900 100 90000 560 100 56000

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Assumptions Regional landfill (120.000 inhabitants) Single municipality landfill (30.000 inhabitants) Start quantity (tons/year) 37230 9307.5 Gatehouse area m² 250 900 225000 150 900 135000 Portacabin offices 100000 50000 Surface water ditch m 750 100 75000 460 100 46000 Leachate ponds l.s. 2 75000 150000 1 75000 75000 Subtotal civil works (20 years depr.) 1440000 1092000 Storage cell m² 37500 70 2625000 13000 70 910000 Closing after 5 years m² 37500 40 1500000 13000 40 520000 Subtotal civil works (5 years depr.) 4125000 1430000 Grand total civil works 5565000 2522000 Equipment Compactor/compactor l.s. 1 500000 500000 350000 Excavator l.s. 1 235000 235000 0 Weighbridge l.s. 1 60000 60000 1 50000 50000 Tractor trailer l.s. 1 55000 55000 0 55000 Aerators leachate ponds 2 30000 60000 1 30000 30000 Wheels washing 1 70000 70000 1 70000 70000 Various tools 1 20000 20000 1 10000 10000 Total equipment 1000000 510000

Amortization costs/year Civil works Cell (5 years.3%) 900712.60 312247.04 Remaining works (20 years.3%) 96768 73382.4 Equipment (10 years.3%) 117200 59787.3 Total amortization 1114680.601 445416.74

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Assumptions Regional landfill (120.000 inhabitants) Single municipality landfill (30.000 inhabitants) Start quantity (tons/year) 37230 9307.5

OPEX/year Wages month Landfill manager 1 2000 24000 1.00 2000 24000 Assistant manager 1 1750 21000 0 Gatehouse weighbridge operator 2 1000 24000 1.00 1000 12000 Site controller 2 1000 24000 1.00 1000 12000 Drivers 3 1100 39600 1.00 1100 13200 Guard 2 900 21600 1.00 900 10800 Technician workshop 1 1100 13200 1.00 1100 13200 Engineers 1 1400 16800 0 Administrator 4 1200 57600 2.00 1200 28800 Secretary 1 1100 13200 1.00 1100 13200 Sub-total 255000 127200 Overhead (social charges. 65.8%) 422790 210897.6 Energy Bulldozer/Compactor(5hrsx260daysx250kw) 1 ltr=10.6kwh 260000 46603.77 208000 37283.02 Excavator (3 hours x 260 days x250kw) 156000 27962.26 0 0.00 Site:100kwx10hrsx260days 208000 24336 104000 12168 Leachate aerators (8hrsx15kwx2=240kwh/day) 87600 102492 35040 40996.8 Sub-total 201394.04 90447.82 M&R Civil works (0.5%) 7200 5460 Equipment (5%) 50000 25500 Subtotal m+r 57200 30960

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Assumptions Regional landfill (120.000 inhabitants) Single municipality landfill (30.000 inhabitants) Start quantity (tons/year) 37230 9307.5 Waste covering 15% of tonnage x km 5/ton 28125 7155.14 Insurance equipment 1000 510 Environmental monitoring 30000 25000 Office: consumables 20000 Office: phone. utilities 5000 Office: audit 5000 Total 30000 15000 Total OPEX 770509.04 20.19 379970.56 39.83 Total CAPEX 1114680.60 29.21 445416.74 46.69 Grand total 1885189.64 825387.29 Cost/ton (excl.VAT) 49.40 86.52 Cost/ton (incl. VAT) 57.80 101.23

152