The Visoko Complex: Communitas in the Shadow of the Bosnian Pyramids

CEU eTD Collection

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master for of the ofdegree of partialfulfillment the In requirements Arts T HE S V HADOW OF THE Department of Sociology and Social and Department Sociology of Anthropology ISOKO Supervisors:

Central European University Central European C OMPLEX Budapest, Hungary Budapest,

Submitted to

John Parle John

2014 B By

OSNIAN : Prem Kumar Rajaram Kumar Prem Alexandra Kowalski Alexandra

C OMMUN

P YRAMIDS

ITAS

IN THE

CEU eTD Collection

Figure Figure 1 . Illustration on the Visoko ofwall a café i

CEU eTD Collection have left th Viktoria Kum For their It a he miracle was wasn’t already ext inclined tolose hisway,Iand around and him topush wouldhave pull ofobstacles. all kinds numbers withno inclined torun away. threeThe aproblemcow exam, legged statistics a of was looming Imy finalcould remainingat carry papers. all at atime themonebutnot once, were and they Inswamp, pass. aforest andathemor mountain with guidingan a elderlymammoth, three cow, legged and several children lost through a Acknowledgments approachcentred on Victor Turner’s communitas concept o (1969) supporters. argumentAn is made against scientific establishment, thepyramidforeign proponentsand their and themselves, local day.this I andconsider incontext, examinethephenomenon inturnthe pyramids. aThis event inprocess diverse prompted andinternational still national to reaction, Visoko inBosnia, a man according asacomplex well. psychological tosome ofpurportedlycomplex ofvariousarchaeological aand complex factions, sites, social Abstract ar Rajaram, At some point intheAt somep point takesThis thesis upthe“Visoko case ofthe simultaneously Complex”, a physical men“If asreal, define situations they arereal theirconsequences” in

Fomina help help

eir mark in what follows. follows. inwhat eir mark along the way along the , Vlad Naumescu obvious Marko BalazevicMarko

declared thatwhat be were wereinfact to thought hills buried

solu

I wouldlike reparation of tion. tion. The wasHe thesis. mammoth this was

and and , Roksolana Mashkova I indebted am tomy alsomuch inct. Now, t Anna Loutfi Anna the mainstream critique, with an alternativethe mainstream critique, with an to thank to thank

this document, I Itasked document, this a dream had that was ii

ning my best guess the children best my that ning were was he has mammoth reachedhisdestination. ; my

and myZlatko colleagues Close toaClose decade thetownof ago in advisors

and

Çiçek Alexandra Kowalski, Alexandra ffered place. its in

family and mygood Ilengiz

critique from the critique massive ; allofwhom

(Thomas 1928). (Thomas Custovic

but

Prem infirm , ,

CEU eTD Collection Refere Chapter8. Conclusion Chapter7. TheLocal Perspective Chapter6. TheExtra Chapter5. TheFoundation Chapter4. TheoreticalFramework Chapter3. TheCritique Chapter2. Context Chapter1. Introduction Acknowledgments Abstract of Contents Table Visoko, whom without oftimes stress. friends 7.2 Local7.2 Survey 7.1 Word onthe street Volunteers6.2 6.1 Tourists Liminal5.1 Discourse Practical4.4 and Discursive Consciousnessin a Stratified Agent 4.3 The Transcendental Social 4.2 Structural4.1 Nostalgia Rational3.2 versus Romantic Hoaxers,3.1 Sectarians, or Pyramidiots 2.2 The townVisoko of Bosnia2.1 andHerzegovina Methodology1.3 Research1.2 Focus Semir1.1 Osmanagićand theValley Bosnian the of Pyramids Communitas nces

in Budapest

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...... I special also must extend thanks

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...... who have ......

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...... tonic in ...... friends ......

in .. 56 54 41 37 37 33 30 30 26 26 24 23 20 18 18 14 11 11

9 8 8 7 5 1 1

ii ii

CEU eTD Collection for thedramatic. catching one. oneAfter returned expatriate’s however, visit fateful were things a totake turn sum its outlying a forest limbs, mid onits its on houses pointed outthe window, and there was Visočica, Bosnian ofthe Sun. the Pyramid grandfather,and head. shookhis His however, reverently. nodded he atthat moment Just with some happened, they offeredI sharewith me.youngest, theira to askedvia their lunch boy them and thelocal hospitality, Bosnia’sI remember heartland. still the wasway onmycalled toaplace Visoko, a tothe uninitiated, relatively in town inconspicuous and Osmanagić 1.1 Semir Chapter mit, mit, Visočica has for ofhistory most albeit regarded been aneye as a simply hill, InI offoundI myself ona 2012ofSarajevo, thesummer train headingnorthwest. out This striking, risessteeply angularform from theBosna. river Sporting Visoko’s pr 1. Introduction imary

school English: “Do you English: “DoMy believeinthe pyramid?” school grinned translator

I three with sharedcabin my Figure Figure the Valley Pyramidsofthe Bosnian

2 . Visočica

sh , better known as ort journeyclearly. quite E 1 -

sectionmedieval anda theruinscapital of on

“ generations ofa family. local A Piramida Sunca Piramida

”

njoying the fine we thefine njoying

s often s often - ather

CEU eTD Collection toextra civilization Osmanagić’s (Woodard previous writings 2009). linking includedThese theMaya claims exception being pyramids amidstnational media fanf afterwardsmore commencedexcavations ambitious aimed at exposing thesurface ofthe year,geological drillings thatsame at ownexpense didso his followed” (Osmanagić 2005a). Iaccidental. bethat thereshould coincidences learned thatwere inlife...signs only no Ithat outofall thebook thepages flipped tothepyramid one in thatshowsa wasn't Mexican openedseemedandcomparison, for there“The atofindconfirmation. a his textbook f he duringAmericancivilizations inthe UnitedStateshe (Foer histime 2007). Compelled, Plješe explored” (Osmanagić 2005a). of The and shape orientation Visočicaanother and nearby hill, On the contrary. IIfelt phenomenon thatthis needed more found out,theThe more tobe I high (2296.58 didnot ft.), shapes insymmetricalIngeometrical hills andregular form. of spite Visočica being 700m Osmanagićunusual remark shapeNature recalls, oftheattention. “That caughtmy hill. rarely Visočica’s summit 2005. theguideWhile speaking was withenthusiasm about Visoki, thesmallcitadel around Visokogivena whilebeingarea’s tourof the heritage inthe medieval summer of business (Woodard By 2009). first account, hisown s he war in1993,migrating toHouston, Texas, where started metal aworking he successful child ofaand a2007). Bosniakfather(Foer He Croatcountryeve motherleft on the theof vica, seemedfamiliar man,who tothis hadaficionado Pre an become of Semir Osmanagić is a Bosnian from Zenica OsmanagićSemir fromBosnian isa(Woodard 2009) o Not a mantomakeO idle claims, VukBacanovic which gives thename townits - terrestrials and Atlantis eliminate the possibilitya wasthat it humanactivity. a of product

, who struggled to highlight, whostruggledcontroversial to ideas the in are.Dissent was smanagić and sought receivedtomake permits (Osmanagić 2005b, 2

, he made, a throw sparse aw something inthe hills peculiar

among

(Osmanagić 2005a), (Osmanagić

cited in Woodard 2009). - st away comment aboutthe away comment

Bosnian journalists, oneBosnian f mixed parentage,f mixed the - Colombian Colombian and soon at act act CEU eTD Collection which extended theprotected area of the ruins around Visoki to include the whole hill, brought conclusion by a to provisional the federation’s primeminister (Woodard 2009). matterThe ofexcavations on Foundation’s 2007.He in was however permits digging overruled by Grahovac UNESCO application, likely and emboldenedconcerned government. of members the Bosnianto ceasegovernment its notably howeverwith aswift negative met responsefrom in Visoko as a candidatea for Koichiroinvited the Matsuura, the country be should supported. theBosnianchairmanThe presidency, of to the sites. project, anoffice the upwardsyears ofthousand twelve (Schoch 2006; Woodard 2009). and asystem,gave labyrinthineHe tunnel Ravne. this of the Bosnia thearea in aOsmanagić of whole network hadmonuments identified Earth. Plješevica became theBefore the likewise “Bosnian Moon”. Pyramid of long the “Bosnian Pyram (Woodard 2009). playfully how outlets These recounted media, includingBBC, the pieces bythe Press, Associated FranceAgence Nevertheless the nascent Sun Sun , For rar many thatthis there was politicians, noquestion

Foundation the Europ , minister ofBosniakminister ofthe culture

n Dragon, Pyramid ofthe th n the Earth, was ean ean Archaeological Association id of the Sun”,claiming largestid of as it the structureand oldestsuch on (hereafter referredtoasthe Foundation) opened in opened Visoko, todirect and thetown tourists set signage uparound project coverage found wider a charmed through international World Heritage sit director

support. - general of Commission Commission -

This move succeededThis inobstructing the Croat Federation,Croat e 3

(Woodard 2009).

mobilized prominent membersmobilized topetition UNESCO e Pyramid Love, ofa tumulus ternational scientific quarters.M Visoko Complex to Preserve Monuments National Osmanagić , tosend was toorganise established the e piece of positive attention fore piece ofpositive moved to suspend the moved tosuspend The Bosnian Pyramids Bosnian wereThe The Bosnian PyramidBosnian The of had had Nedzad BrankovicNedzad – a party to consider

including thePyramid including a tentative age of renamed Visočica hill - Presse and and Presse ABC Sulejman Sulejman Tihic Visočica at Vratnica Gavrilo itself was ost , the , , CEU eTD Collection to break though even, drawn revenue, tourist from which who come asof a part archaeological isnowundertaken inthe summerby work months volunteers, international only guides, threeminers, five tour security one inside and of outside circles. Foundation During in myfieldwork I 2014, April with interacted days funding widespread theoflimited amongst project,andtalk was of Visoko residents both Nevertheless observations, from own activities my have from and$350,000 government; the federal Malaysian quoted as the contributions estimatingto andgrants onlyaboutgovernment 10%from 2006). By (Bohannon 2009 his ownmoney, from $3 ground. and way inthis material which filled them expressed tomeinconversation, labyrinth, Osmanagić decision could beBosnian officials not overruled by elected (Woodard Undeterred, 2009). of the international semi purportedly cooperation (WoodardFoundation aftera from of lack the 2009). As Commentator’s ofmoniesinvolvedat the estimates height ofactivity in2006vary, 00,000

which he claims are claims which related he businessman

refocused his attention hisontheRavnerefocused tunnels. Thesean allegedartificial are (Bohannon 2006) to (Bohannon extend them theultimate goal with extend ofentering from thepyramid belowthe Osmanagić

supposedly summer campsummer organised theFoundation by

- Vincent Tan; $240,000from protectorateB over partly claims themajority hisbudgetcomesprivate from investors of the main goal of the projectthe main goaltunnelsof these oftoclear is through not enough to generatenot enoughprofits. to Osmana $ 500,000

to the pyramids. Currently,to the pyramids. as Foundation natural processes their construction,natural sometime after gić of hisownmoney(cited in Woodard 2009). osnia (Foer 2007). as large investing As well of sums

4 told mehe onastold theonly recognisedway early

guard and twooffice Most secretaries. and

Visoko’sgovernment local at over $1million: Herzegovina slowed

significantl

each year.each , the commission’s, the he and his tour guideshis tour and he $ Osmanagić 220,000 from yearly since the

Some ; $40,000 a component a

income is was CEU eTD Collection any value. out ofself Bosnian P research constraints. time Woodard 2009). isunable toinvestigate space theseits within This thesis allegations and Kujundzic legitimate themaintenance projectsNational such as the M of 2006; Woodard 2009). Others argueand fundingfrom isbeing thatattention more diverted M Osmanagić’s scientific establishment financial inFoer 2007). reasons” (quoted broadly ofThis assessment, representative beingare are people leading and along, who misled, people cynically, there fo in the pyramids… areTherewant believe fanatics to who stuff, this there areare people who of the f 1.2 Research powereven and intelligence. pyramid “energy” isa pamphlet how farI illustration outside the theitselfan mainstream projecthadlocated when saw megalith Foundation claim they discovered have by scientificcommunityas thewider archaeological edieval archaeology be might irst events in Visoko, suggested“…there are probably people threetypesinvolved of Anthony oftheEuropean president Harding, Association of at the time Archaeologists yearsAfter remarkablethis workeffort nine of yet has accepted produce anything to s, artificiallyIconcealed andevenrunic inscriptions. tunnels, get asense beganto of of a beam luminous ofenergyfrom the projectedtopofthe Pyra - yramids andin itself, coulda bad thereforeonlybe is cognizant cynic endorsed by

- My resea interest Vejzagic’s researchButmir culture Neolithic 2006;Foer the (Bohannon into 2007; project Focus

or for political reasonsforor rch question is whether is these againstrch an statements question ornot stand up . serious theallegation is most The that

purported non purported , l eads claims to ofvarying degrees harm being of done Ifocus instead on

damaged - material property of thematerial property sitesvariouslyassigned of healing sacred geometry,sacred masonryceramic ancient and

, or a delusional fanatic, ora whose delusional (for example as cited in Bohannon 2006; Rose 2006;Rose as cited inBohannon (for example a deeper claim implicit 5

ev idence. However, Osmanagić and his authent useum Sarajevo in : ic

that believing inthe

Neolithic, Roman or Roman Neolithic, ideas are ideas mid ofthe mid Sun. r political and

by ,

or devoid of devoid

Zilka the on a The CEU eTD Collection classic concept later whichconnects to theoretical it developments. testa thesis contributes totheliterature by to the persistence a negativeenvironment of structured Complex may valuable, be socially threegroups constituent oftheexplanations movement, andoffer internationalitself, its and I6, and 7 examinethethree parties forimpulse anti social sciences. centred My(Turner is hypothesis oncommunitas 1969),per a on the“truth”. purposes fraudfanaticism or geographic Chapter background 2,i in the phenomenon’s as detractors localexamine bothits andextra ruled roots of theissueare notaddressed ignored.Even As argued the socialproducing mechanisms (2007), are by Pruitt discourse the the role alternative hypothesis. in Visoko,the phenomenonalone toreducesimplificatio totheseisa counterproductive ble unnecessary A

conclusions l of investigation at least s o, as

in the case that in the case InI 4 Chapter offeran alternative theoreticalapproach using concepts from the

- noted by Uosukainen (2013), anynoted by(2013),picture must Uosukainen complete ofthe phenomenon s tructure which allows societalIn take transformationsto place. Chapters 5, .

–

about its origins its about andfuture trajectory

flow inpart fromflow This thesis argues thesis This irrational thatwhile andcynical . My mainimplications interpretation hastwo its its

local audiences. the project community, harmful host indeed its is to the - a party discourse. third inthe local supporters. a addsThis thesis this consideration to of )

should themselves not be not taken themselves should . Deeper investigation or.

in and second that its future its asand well that aspast second may its related be providing an unbiased and novel analysis oftheunbiased caseproviding anand novel analysis

the pyramid phenomenon,the pyramid respectively: the Foundation n Chapter 3 I n Chapterargue 3

a particular traditiona andworldview, particular and communitas as communitas I que 6

stion theadequacystion existing ofthe with nobetter ofaddress. means an encapsulates alternative which

, that their chief allegations that theirallegations chief

and a re and a any dialog After outliningandAfter thehistoric

as -

examination ofexamination Turner’s

possessing a monopoly possessing – ue with its producers its is with ue

firstly the that Visoko motives iodic human ( for the

reby may play a – social

of This , its its

n. CEU eTD Collection Pyramids ins and themedia in supplement theresults of duewas number tothe limited small ofstaff onduty (threeguar security miners, one excavations whichI continue though outsidethemain season, theinformation could glean have therefore interviews,intrusive, whichreactive, can beand inefficient logistically (Bernard Balancing randomlyfilled responses; using word simple main questions(e.g. 9a, 9b and 9 Itranslation. these by tominimise tried have contingency including questionsfollowing the to askfollow their Facebook forum. season figures their to ownfeelings. inaddition possibility oftheir aboutthe opinions family authority toask the and respondents other international volunteers). students aged twosmaller ( 16to18)and also carried out professionsgenerations, and and tourists. structured conve I2014. During time gathered that primarily data my through a large of semi number 1.3

Methodology (June throughI(June in2014),and using September conversed surveyed withvolunteers The limitations The limitations iscentredThis thesis of field ontheresults work ofthree weeks in Visoko in A Iwascarry participant ableoutsome to as observation a volunteer inthe the - se up questions,the possibility responses, ofspoiled

opted for aopted for balance ofthe twomethods.

three surveys drawbacks, it should benoted should it thatsurveysalsocertain advantagesdrawbacks, have over rsations with Foundation staffrsations

of the survey bear mentioning method here;

my own I logisticalfocused as school well for as onthe convenience – ome previous research. academic

one largone

in the local 7 survey inChapter

field work by reference to the coverage work byfield reference tothe of er survey in alocaler surveyschool(151 As IAs visited Visokomain volunteer outsideofthe 29 Pseudonymspu except for are used

responses from local adults, ing, anding, a acquiring local of translator. thehelp 7 and associates, ofdifferentand local people

and issues of wordingand and issues

); watching obviously for

in particu

responses from responses 18

responses from

the Bosnian lar the inability the lar blic figures. small 2006 - d ). :257). - pril of scale I

I

I

CEU eTD Collection also created twopoliticalRepublic of entities, Srpska and the‘Federation,’which issub qua rightsgovernment” levels atmost of(Bieber2006:xii types 13constitutions, government, and levelsmoreministries, veto and ofthanone hundred “stringent and wide to cater a government structure anxieties, complex towartime emerged Dayton: from hadintermixture been head, of onits a segregation turned into state (Bieber2006:29). Forced ethnicallyof the cou map polarised achieved someat notavoidfreezing in sense Dayton a legitimizing and could revised, thus cleansing of unheard since inEurope theSecond World War, and theceasefire finally wereBosnia. in drawn powerand and inSerbia Croatia, as edged thefederation disintegration, toward thebatt 2006:33). After Tito’s however, death toappear.cracks began movements took Nationalist suppressed thecountryeconomicallyand by was thestate mo Catholic diverse constituent ofthe has calledand exampleofcultural fine rare “a (2002:1). polyvalence” 2.1 in Visoko. below.These are outlined the country, approachare andtime space. Chapter gmire one for withthree predominant each presidents, ofthe ethno Bosnia Under Before Croats were itsterritory. widely dispersed over In was of spite nationalism this,

2. and Herzegovinaand its its all by partly thecomposition ofthe informed population,the recent of history

communist communist Yugoslavia, Bosnia Context examining the case inmoreexamining detail, the it economic and the political statespecific conditions, structureand the si The roots oftheThecritique phenomenon,theoretical roots the ofit,and own my - rangin The bloodyconfliThe

federation, g representationforgroup producedseven rules balanced different

ntry (Buturović 2002:1). ntry (Buturović The ofpre degree high

a mixture of Muslim Bosniaks ofMuslim a mixture ct of the 1990s witnessedct attempts oftheat ethnic and 8

Herzegovina Herzegovina is firstnecessary to - xiii). xiii). The“…a result was bureaucratic re or lessre (Bieber egalitarian or boasted what , Orthodox Orthodox As the - national national consider its context in in context consider its

Amila Buturović most ethnicallymost Serbs and groups - war war … It… tuation le lines - CEU eTD Collection Broz that thetownwas by byaJosip honoured personal visit Tito himself. This event is industry. leatherThe factorywas KTK employment,was sourceso successful and of a major helped by thestrong numer library. the relatively inthe onetown,likely of This is sign relations interethnic positive also youngof by manywhomreceive people, of Franciscansregarded are widely the as community. of pillars areespeciallyThey spoken well town owingFranciscan monastery toaduring established the Austro inthe town’sis visible many mosques Localgenerally informants current estimated the have populationhasincreased Muslim decreased whilethe themselv In was 75%Bos census the1991 the distribution the kingdom. hastheOttoman period, rootsin the its which town arrivalThe witnessed of modern attested by ruinsof the Visoki, thearea centreBosnian for an was important themedieval located between Sar 2.2 4. alternate for basis community,I Chapter hypothesis in tothis realised inthe pyramids. return The provide failure security theexistential perh state to of “ peace,hobbling butat theprice of th adivided into furthercantons” ten (Hopkins 2014). This convolutedarrangeme probablygovernedby theonlyworld country inthesu

Dervish tekke The town The of Visoko isatownof roughly 40,000inhabitants( Visoko prospered es Yugoslavs ( Visoko that remains remains that ajevo andajevo ofthe Zenica,Fojnica Bosna and inthe valley Općina Općina Visoko

during ical group. one predominance of active

the Yugoslav era, e country for the neareforBieberfuture. country claims to this day to this . 1991). The Catholic ChurchThe Catholic

free educational the monastery’sfrom free assistance Since that time the thattime numberSince of 9

. niak Muslim proportion atMuslim around 90%, and this Visoko has remaineda mainly town. Muslim in par , 16% Serb, 4% ch a system...” ( complex ch Federalni statistiku za zavod ticular as a centre as oftheticular leather apsan for creates appetite an , due towar

also hasa strong presenceinthe - Croat Hungarian period. Hungarian period. The - time displacements. time , and Serbs appears to

rivers. nt achieved 3.17% calling Bosnia is 2006:144

As

2012 ) ). CEU eTD Collection alternative asocialfrom science approach perspective. critical seen different tofill In ofmaterial kinds voids. and symbolic pocket orderata in cultural tospend it centre”. government wasn’t something doing toopentheinstead: “I factories new culturalcurrentlyconstruction under centre yearstwentyafter war. the Although Visoko suchas some developments positive seen a has Ibro country(37). versus Notably, the many whofrequently blamed locals, and privatization ineffectivegovernment oversight. factoryemerged physically unscathed,butnevertheless hascutbacks madeaccording to major large of totheindustrial infra destruction part answered that life w frequently expressed h Visoko, older generations describing as it aof time plenty,equalityand brotherhood. fondly rememberedinthe townalong witht

( in his in his

67,635 employed in 2003andan67,635 employed averagewage thelowest the in ofjust414.22KM, A majorwartheeconomic due consequence ofthe 1990shas of an been in downturn interpretations Lejla early twenties). early twenties). Zenica

One of those unable tofind ofthose regularandOne employment informant, was friend my ( aged 80 - as better inthe old as better Yugoslavia. Doboj Canton in Cantonin Doboj

of international and anIof inChapter commentators, 4 provide nostalgiaer the theera for manand ) kept apicture of ) kept wall onher Tito streets. walking through the She He at expressed progress hisfrustration thecountry lack in of which Visoko islocated had he Yugoslavgeneral, especially era in with structure (Bieber 2006:38). Visoko’s KTK 10

Inthese circumstances,pyramids may the be

–

a giftfrom Turkey

. O

f the adults If the adults surveyed, Chapter 3 I 3 Chapter 59,763 unemployed people

need –

he was an he examine thelargely

money inmy

My landlady in gry that 69%

the

also the CEU eTD Collection Schoch alleged: Foundation afterinspecting thesites personally. observersadded weight to “Pekara stand or food fast Piramida” town seefind. B what they quoted the formerBosnian PrimeMinisterHaris Silajdzic Anthonynot resist could Harding an unsuspectinghas publicnoplace and of genuine inthe world science” (2006). 2013 History?” of the Visokothan sitesrather documentaryFronza by prompting tojudgecynical, many observers a as it simply 3 of Iromanticworld, approach that the posit opponents tothe ofthe view Incritique. thesecond three in lines ofinterpretation ethnic, political andeconomic landscapeInabove.I chapter outlined this firstly examinethe Chapter .1 values which it does not shareuniversal.values which are itdoesnot and not which Hoaxers, or PyramidiotsSectarians, , ) –

. The European Association local businesses

the scientific ofrationalism. tradition The Harding’s of explanation is thephenomenon tripartite – 3

monetary the question mark the question . The Critique The . “I was told by was“I the a inscriptions were there told source reliable that when not esides, it's good (Harding it'sesides, for 2007). business”

attraction ’ ofthe pyramid exploitation label see, plain to is exampleinthe for section video productions, despite focusingcredibility onthearchaeological

the

further charges onthepart of ofdeception Osmanagić’s I implicitly

arg of the pyramid projectin of declaredis acruel on Archaeologists “This scheme hoax using ue that this thatthis ue

in detail

the prominent “Motel Piramida Sunca”. the pun“pyramid scheme” inanarticlewhere he

renderedobsolete

and identify motives

Considering thatthere 11 critique part particular isin rooted ina world On thesubject On ofancientrunes,

, used thetitle

their reproduction in the wider reproduction their the economic as saying, opportunist byend of the

pa rtly by thehistoric, informed Foundation Foundation Osmanagić Osmanagić “TheBiggest in Hoax

Indeedupon entering the exists “ ic deception. Let digwe'll and them

circumstances is plain, is circumstances the the

an alternative, film ( judge by a it set and Some Some Robert

Its president his Fronza A CEU eTD Collection storyresistance, Romanian ofheroic “proto struggling difficulty tobalance economic with nationalprestige. an with origin Notcontent 1991:2). ofThis kind castgame’s as the(‘European’) Romans against villains the (‘native’)Dacians (Verdery “the boardgame and ‘Dacians Romans’ beinginRomaniantoy in1987, which stores sold defiant people. conquerors.For symbolised Romans many Europeand the searching an found ( troubled phenomenon Woodard 2009) violence. beenreal inthecommand a of sign concern structure overpossibility attendant the of ethnic to the Visoko area afterth UosukainenForce Europeanover notes UnionPeace 5000 howthe (EUFOR) troops deployed become andwith Catholics popular Virgin centre pilgrimagewas inHerzegovina.Medjugorje of apparition thesite ofa ofthe purported This statement,from allegedly ofa the mouth NATO commander, a Catholic refersRoman to their own Medjugorje. getall th theCroats should Why been non since, added perhaps members team’ of the ‘pyramid initiallyentered the 1991) such recountshowjust a Rom place processinsocialist took Mary Oneof how doesfar totravel have not tofind examples Others suspectmotive. apolitical country No . . Church has the Although

. such violence

The found narrative

continued towarncontinued of appetite a driving nationalistic thepyramid can manipulate the historical manipulate can narrative to

outlet discour

e pyramid in the story of

ultimately came to pass, yetultimatelycame topass, someobservers se -

maliciously, perhaps (Schoch as a or 2006). downright hoax” was particularlyattractivewas ofa inthe context weak (83), state expression arguably as a for kindofethnic doubles Croats. totem phenomenon never never

the ancient the “Isn't it obvious? “Isn't obvious? The it Muslims are trying tocreate - chronism” was the chronism” officially 12

throughchannels, culturalfor diverse example:

beganand (2013:8),

autochthonous tunnels..

recognised the miracle, therecognised sitehas the miracle, e tourists?” (quotede inFoer tourists?” 2007). their the West; theDaci . The ‘an

vehicle for largerforvehicle claims. The nationalist factions in nationalist factions own ends. Katherineown ends. Verdery

Daciansand their Roman ania, where cient inscriptions’ had suggests this may this suggests have (for example(for ans a heroic national soul

a and

-

CEU eTD Collection could believe in this”(quoted Woodard 2009). Ipyramids aI thought very was it couldn't funny just joke. inthe thatanyone world believe of thein Sarajevo, National Museum Karapus, Amar figures initiallyBosnian foundtoeven the comment. Pyramidsabsurd too warrant A Woodard (2009) “ it, puts main line of “ knownas nearhill the townof Rtanj Boljevac. informant One Hungarian presenceinthe region 2014). (Salqvist claimed that the outside ofBosniaHerzegovina. and E like a trophy tallyboard onthe “not but forworship, a place of Islam,pyramids connectionsomewarn havemay that with noobvious theclaimed site be have flattered Visoko such observerscite disproportionate attention to Visoko evidence fromcountries as Muslim of narrativecommunity”,use “imagined tobolster its to Anderson’s ter for a (227).Revolution Verdery cites the anticipatedbetter events the in mo typical Serbian… they don’tthe biggest want tohave Bosnia pyramid”. vement

a precariously located particularly Therehave even fact someevidenceopen been isin topoliticization thatthepyramids Where seen not thephenomenon asorpolitical interests, is serving thethird personal mobilized intellectualsmobilized “ interpretation is ins reconstruction

Insame wayBosniancould conceivably the Pyramids the Bosniak claim on the pyramids. Iran, claimBosniak Libya, onthe pyramids. and especia Egypt criptions purportedly discovered at ofa the siteare evidence primordial with diplomatic and diplomatic financial e with

Pyramid m ethnic constructing historicalgrand group toreassert a itself, feverish -

publicized cultures of cultures publicized between

rather pilgrimageof,a as aplace thatsits place to toandboast of a peasant uprising of a into precursor the to look for Romanianto look developments culture in thathad ania has descended uponBosnia”.ania descended has

irrationality lements of the Hungarian ofthe lements the Bosniaks, 2007:37). the Croats,(Pruitt andSerbs” 13

Anthony Harding Harding Anthony

and Serbia nowalso ownpyramid, its boasts the ngagement (Foer 2007). ngagement 2007). (Foer recalls Western

fanaticism : “When I read: “When first a

Europe” (167). ForEurope”example, (167). half far Right , a flight from reasonflight, a from characterizes - jokingly m (1983) Some authoritativeSome

, for example, have, for

called this French serve as . Although the Although

his Some Some bout the lly Malaysia own

curator a waya .

As first just just

CEU eTD Collection 1973:268). consider sciencea self as society(t unparalleledmaster type, ofthe store symboliccapital,andthusa pre with the production species of multiple of themwithan a capital, function which endows N track demonstrable achievement record of notes, the establishment isobjective serious categorisedas ora eithermotives, an cynical exercise emotional departure withhidden from use Gieryn’s term 3 followers as the wideras Osmanagić above trend exemplified todismiss betrays a readiness and his Pruitt’s case accompanied verdicta this considerationof is by flourish despite scholarly uncharitablysometimes archaeology, Pruitt (quoted in Woodard 2009). organized faith: fundamentalist “ the affair reaction: “ . etw 2

Rational versus Romantic orks ofexperts, or “e knowledgeable

The above outlined threecritique of be can as linesseen of forms “Thus fortified, the scientist came“Thus toregard fortified, as thescientist independent himself and ofsociety to engagement withthe world. …” (Harding …” 2007). o use theterms authority of Since such claims obviously a claims fantasySince to such wo belonged

The n sociologyquestions this of science simply (1999:16, 26). (1999:16, alludes to theterm unsound i unsound

science refer to this grouprefer‘Pyramidiots,’ to this as butthe school continues to of Bourdieu -

anathemas”( validating wasenterprise which ofit” insociety butnot ( in As well as classifyingAs well theB reaching conclusions these Vuk Bacanovic f notdishonest. has

like a religion based The discourse pyramid

become entrenched in the public mind onlybecome intheentrenched public mind due toalong Although such explanations are explanations t such Although logical, 1985:724).

“pyramidiot”: Mertz

pistemic communities” pistemic –

that is, socially technologythat is, useful (1973:264)

1964 went further,went comparing 14

, quoted in Pruitt 2007:29, quotedinPruitt otion, otion,

“Pyramid on corrupted New ideology”Age osnian Pyramids as aosnian case Pyramids pseudo of

is is

not in not in pointing out placed beyond the paleplaced beyond and the deeper mystics… rld, Irld, toignore was inclined fact self (Haas 1992) - socio

eminent position in eminent in position the movement toan the movement

that science remains - “bound

evident. As Merton Egypt - economic factors, ). hat the scientific

Although in Although areassociated ologists ologists ary Merton work”, to

. - CEU eTD Collection reconcile withthe romantic science world dominant forms ofthought” (1996, 30 rationalistic view, haveeven are,ofwell and been, still outside impersonal andmechanicalview, and view theromantic oflife todistin sentimental thinking, onemight thepersonal what view of call life from todistinguish it the obs Inone. 1896 president’s his theSociety address to for Psychical Research, William James see as it This means incorporate to ora discard positing vitality,creativity and internal teleology in these assumptions. casefinds sufficient he groundsinthe historical recordtobegin questioning aconversation andan thataberrant illusion, phenomenaas telepathy such simply example thatorganisms are essentially mechanicalfixed laws. century (6). materialist has world it andmechanistic been view withwhich saddled si identifyingmodern“malaise” and science:by retarding a scrutinising aslowstrangulation view. Rupert Sheldrakemakes which presents it valid,culture area infactproduct as universally particular orworld of the tosubjectiveimmune interests, base thereisalsothe possibility its thateven assumptions, interference subject to erved

Sheldrake argues the unnecessary “division betweenthe unnecessary andprivate “division public rationalism (40) romanticism” living : “Religiousthinking, ethicalthinking, poeticalthinking, teleological, emotional, social dynamics

Mater ( Merton 1973, Merton 1973,

and ialism holds thatall realityholds ialism is isphysical,thatit mechanism, purposeful

Sheldrake for

ranging prestigefrom for struggles personal topolitical Collins 1993 Collins

the metaphor the

t least consider the intuitive sentimenttowardsconsider the thewordt least intuitive – exactly argument this in

as part of scientificinquiry.as part of examines - 31). robots, that , Jasanoff 1996 - of view, theyar As then,

ten resulting the 15

organism

nature is nature whereattempts are made e cast as controversialcast ate best, as ). The ScienceDelusion “ Just asthescientific fieldJust not is

dogmas (37). rather thus thanthe machine,

purposeless This argument infactis not anew - drilled scientific circles,drilled scientific the With approach this

” cannot exist (7) exist cannot

of modern science;of modern for guish it from it guish the , that conscious , that nce thenineteenthnce

(2012), today determined by . In. each

we canwe to – ness is

to a

.

CEU eTD Collection claims, whatever pre their source, are to tobesubjected comprising“ethosscience” the of ( four core “moral and Galileo theautonomy principle, the sensespursuit ofan inthedogged intuition. who workedagainst well as core its exampleone of Western science’sgreatluminaries, Galileo. we Here a see man theory whenalwayscanfound approac be challenge principle”“autonomy the qui evidence,contaminated “evidence” interpretations, because isunavoidably withsubjective theories (24) “consistency condition” which theevidencetheory went established (20) against and the moments ofdiscovery (14). a methodhasrepeatedly fixed been violat reassessed by Paul Feyerabend in anwithout excuse… alternateepistemologies; “literally Hiscomplaint (31). was that boundless” unchallenged andestabli inacademia other atexpression calledin so the fringes pseudo quackeryat worst. fact is in ofrationalism’s avalid criticism What given may monopoly be te possiblyby (21 being thetheory informed tested James did not hesitate didnot to James proclaim mankind’s science, to debt called which he . It totest atheory. better an is incommensurate against theory against the than as well asas well is a most shallowverdict”is amost Both (31). judge and hereare defendant

– - “

established theories, common senseestablished andcommon theapparent theories, evidence of the normwell that new be hypotheses consistent with of

technical” prescriptions Science

pure insanity,gratuitous pr of Against MethodAgainst 1973:

– has violates the

the assumption that facts disprovethe assumption a which would

in fact 268 ed in the historyed inthe ofscience, hing the world thattheory with the hing (26). shed epistemic communities. shed epistemic - - sc 270 16

ience and spirituality,ience remainsit while

been advanced by counter been By th contradicting

principle ofuniversalism. thefirstThis is of ).

scientists’ harsh characterisation of (1975).

Universalism is the tenet that“truthUniversalism thetenet is of science Merton by identified - 22). - established impersonal criteria:established impersonal This author finds thatthe This author finds eferencefor error, of This leads FeyerabendThis leadsalso to , thus ignoring, thus the econdition consistency not least

- inductive thinking, inductive

in its greatestin its The bo - superstition established , together

notion ofnotion ok takes - CEU eTD Collection practices sciencereperto enterprise ofvalue. ordevoid issinister more totherational romantic than world view, neutrally thephe into minded investigation Bosnian Pyramids constitu medicine, acupuncture).Its success thein apparent casts principlereductionism doubtover of Western of Chinese traditional m andexperts from the fantasiesof cranks” (33). an examplehereFeyerabendAs cites thecase is able tofindthem Forappear thecompetition. toloseinthe ‘experience’, ‘data’, try or will andratherthan the ‘facts’, he discard views toimprove that pluralistic methodology,he comparewith other theories will thanwith rather theories actively seek out ( demanFeyerabend an is impossible this consonant and observation withpreviously with knowledge”Forconfirmed (270). 1975: 14). For theonlyFeyerabend empirical test ofa true theory retain isto The purpose literature above ofthe to review has been His conclusion ent parts, ignoringand (37). contexts wholes behind the behind Visoko Complex. the idea propertiesa thatthe substancecan prope of predicted from be the irecana which provide –

and the alternatives,the from andallcorners -

from ancientfrom lucubrations myths prejudices; the of andmodem from : “The progress doesnotinhibit onlyprinciple that is:

establish thegrounds attemptingestablish withholdingjudgement and for a edicine (includingedicine practices such as he

n

d. In chapterI next explore concepts from the social alternative approach tounderstanding alternatives

nomenon 17

yet .

… The Foundation’s may activities appeal it does necessarilyit not followthat the . lucidscie The they may be taken fromthey may wherever be taken one framecritiquethe the of rbal and medicine ntist “… ntist anything goes anything –

the social

in fact to will adoptwill a rties of its rties of ” CEU eTD Collection became a local obsession. for holyand buried other icons relics. directives the saints,the from intheirsleep Virgin narrative theGreekconstruction Naxos(2012). on islandof exampleofonevivid such case ethnographyof inhis ofpresentkinds debris ofall thepast (1997:24).a purposes” Charles for provides Stewart Archaeology practice. tothis stranger isno As valueless,Merton’s against what of ( holds “disinterestedness” principle scientific Knowledge necessarilywithout alsoserveends of might outside and itselfcorrupt becoming the 4 world which may undergirded be by implicit conscious,something butgenerally felt notarticulated. Iargue afterGidden nationalist andreligiouscharacterisationsBosnian ofthe codified T type in“communitas” ofphenomenon analogous case of“structural nostalgia” Chapter .1 Structural Nostalgia he clarified opposedtocommunitas structure is as is nationalism and including that status, hegemonic As IAs inChapterneed production suggested 3,knowledge have notnecessarily follow InI chapterIn my this I thefirst detail theoretical section approach. identify an

religionBloch’s using (2008). “transcendental social” 4 . Theoretical. can

rational empirical approach, empirical materialisticrational and withits philosophy. mechanistic not bereduced to s ’

“structuration” theory (1984) that“structuration” (1984) theory

Framework

rather tha simple simple

When several items were items several When infactrecovered, thedre ,

an impulse (Herzfeld 1997:147). (Herzfeld n explicit logicn explicit insanity.

18 Michael

Mary in agents for amateur

It that follows the pyramid discourse Herzfeld asserts: “people deploy “people the Herzfeld asserts: , and her mother the Panagia,and her todig mother, the communitas , an intuitive engagement, an intuitive the with Pyramidsinadequate. may be The villagers of KoronosThe villagers

I locate rootsof this the then archaeologyand historical I therefore suggest that

anti - structure

is for part themost semi ( Turner 1973:275).

received 1969). Finally ams

- CEU eTD Collection begins thetruth” (104). from truetrue. because be should it whilemyth muses,“History theAs Stewart truth, aims for collec entirelywith external facts”(3). theBosnianand economic war on The of hardship scars representationscoherence which“mayeven true notcorrespond be intheir poetic ifthey do Throughoutdoe the bookhe empiricism, proposingmay other epistemologies equally that be valid (2012:197). symbolic; toagain employBourdieu’s P future ofthe fortunes villag also strengthand inanimagined spurtoaction past. parallels with Visokostriking are yethas not suffered thedeca of an edenic order phenomenon can as seen an“structural be incidence nostalgia…a of collective representation life narratives populationtransfer recalledwith the T 1830s, religious from from(39) Egyptexiles period, inthe refugees second Anatolia whose recounted heroic predecessorsmirroredwhose stories the trials owntimes: of thosein oftheir inwhichthesesituation haveexternal blocked been forces” by (104 Na Depressionand of 1930, local yramids promiseofan carriesimplicit capital redistribution xos mythxos paralleled. of theNaxiotedreamThe prophecies fulfilment explicitly were linked tothe control ofemery miningautonomy and inreligious practice tive may consciousness thenewbya remedy just myth find in thepyramids, invoked The three LikeFeyerabend and questions the Sheldrake,universality Stewart of Western was repeatedlywas returnedof“ toout waves –

a time before time a time

of dreaming of physical themid in displacements e (103), justasthe s not treat necessarilys not as accurate histories yaffects that everything (Herzfeld human” 1997:147). The

–

in both cases a stressed casescommunitya in both well of finds m terms arked upheaval:state of times social –

in which thebalanced ofsocialin which perfection relations

(1985:724). 19 mainstream acceptance Bosnian ofthe a desireagrace, for dignity, and enrichment ina Projections ofthethe twocases futureare in

urkey after the war of 1922 (191).after theurkey of war The

- 1990s (207). –

social, cultura in the 1830s (37), theGreatin the 1830s - 105). records In thisway the

The dreamersThe challenges to l, economic, andl, economic, , butratheras

CEU eTD Collection heterogeneity,and complexity, simplicity and technical sacred instruction transition andstate, totality and partiality, and inequality, equality homogeneity and communitas and structurebinary byalluding example: for toequivalent oppositions, and alternating”juxtaposed ( world ofeveryday life. ‘models’ “two constitute These major for humaninterrelatedness, period human beings,and (2000:35). between themand theworld...” “acommunitas is however recognition, abetweenall generalized fleeting, social bond of timeless, 1997:147) mute witnesses before toatime 4 nothing murder” shortof “cultural (1975:4). reality tobedestroyed thiskind rational of atisfor empiricism Paul theFeyerabend hands though throu 164). Visoko hasownprotrusions from its thewhich earth aregiven being voices, likewise orderBosnians toreconnect livingwith ashared ofall creeds andshared landscape past (5, whosemediev verse invokedthe SpeakerStone (2002), Buturović examinesAmila thework Mak of Dizdar, a poet, native to findnew momentum. Another analogue to VisokoIn can Bosniaitself. within be found “quandary Simi agency”(2012:213). of effectiveProviding predictions, life. myth instructionsand theNaxos advice for solveda experience(1999:27). ofitsvalidityRather, approach theyknowledgepragmatically, seeking .2 Communitas ically from an intuition ofunityically underlying fromand continuum anintuition and thestructured opposing Like Dizdar’s Mak ste Gieryn thatordinary out th points donotput people formless “ appealedthese instances nostalgia toin ofstructural gh archaeology rather thanpoetry. romanticFor representationsofhistory and

communitas Turner 1969: ćak ” social stratification social al stećak tombstones strewn around the Bosnian landscapeBosnian al strewn stećak aroundthe in tombstones

(1969). and theNaxiotes’s icons larly,Bosnian the Pyramids rally the As paraphrased by Rapport and Overing,andAs paraphrased by Rapport 360). 360). Turner emphasises thedistinction

20

.

The “time before time” , thepyramids are the implicitly eir faith inscience outofdirect This sentiment recalls Victor Turner’s knowledge, (366) (Herzfeld host host

appears toarise

community between

CEU eTD Collection lightning rod, in th been unrest involved inthe recent “generic” than isnone other Victor Turner’scommunitas. For the part most Visoko has not of the indemolishing generic, succeeds it Badiou for “…inthename theofpopular findsasentiment attheroot universal movements: rejectingwhich thestate “separating thepopulace sponsored conveniently (77). names” divide precisely momentum build se multiple theywhen reach outto Alain Badiou“historical semi describes how riots” (durable, kind ofcommunal thedivisivenationalisms feelingfundamental than ofthe more nineties. andpolitics recognising real inthe country, the inequalities material riots a the Serbian, tongues CroatianBosnian as official andseparate languages. Eschewing ethnic such reference exasperated protestor’s three read2014), a “we sign are hungry languages” in (Hopkins community Herzegovinaand 130 academics inBosnia signed by is division the sectarianism one expect from might the country’s recent history.stratification and Social h (369). Turner dialectic ofcommunitas thatthis and posits only structure isnot perennial to outsiders rites, monas Christian (372). Turner evokedfinds thesentiment insuch diverse phenomena as African initiation manifested structureedges at the of inthe marginalised, and beneath thesocially in it inferior asexcluded: well the now or and(370).future erupts is Communitas thepastwhere structureexcludes or uman society, (373). for butnecessary tofunction at it all Thein Bosnia recentrather appearthetone mass proteststocarry ofcommunitas than – to the policy which panders byto the policy which tonationalism erecting themutuallyintelligible

i from folk traditions of holy of from folktraditions the heroic beggars to lonestranger of Western films f anything target the anger, of as argued inopenletter tothe international as e pyramids. e pyramids. in ticism (367),ticism modern millenarian of movements, righteous andtales

“ liminal personae liminal

–

social dissentoutlet, perhaps akindof another finding ”

the power ofthe power (78). fiction…” theidentitarian This passing through is passing it structural interstices, 21

- organised demonstrations) mass ctions ofsociety (2013:33),

(LeftEast 2014). (LeftEast rea rooted in

O ne CEU eTD Collection of the structured system space, and transition between categories allowing undermining innovation without thelogic efficiencygroups. communitas other Periodicprovideinto dips versus a kindofmu ofstructured labour,enables division society systematic resource andmilitary management there would providegroups anand andcould advantage to individuals, evolutionary bothto canit a be balance speculatedthat between classificatory and the gap, theemptine wheelwhich theywouldbe arebutfor andtheuseless, attached tohethehole, nave… said, through“ parable: communitas. This cultural criticismrunsparallelBosnianby thatof of to the protests, linked thesentiment ofthedimension sp resemble aliving but organism a mechanism dead permeateda spiritual force, by and the Agers also argueagainst reductionism, materialism andmechanism: “the does universe not Creatorspirit, or man and created, Incriticism. betweenreaction againstand particular thereisastrong dualism, whether body discourseandof cultural by is varied unregulated,a butdistinguished common thread Renaissanceandesotericism 19thcentury which to Turner ofmass of areexpression communitas (1969:369). examples of a coming history reorderingand socialhas of relations (2013). out points volunteers, as Uosukainen The support foreselected conceivably bebothinculturalgenetic for and evolution. A regular In passage one Turner Not onlynationalistic explanation isasectarian for or thepyramid project’s local therefore

questionable, itignoresquestionable, thehugely significant … iritual itself cannotiritual itself topurely bereduced (291 materialprocesses” ss at the centre”ss at (Turner Fromcognitive science 1969:372). a perspective the story of Laothe story of –

as whenchiefascendsthrone tohis through rite a initiation an

expresses and nature (291). Holisticand alternatives nature(291). are encouraged. New - Tse’swheelchariotapposite. may be spokes oftheThe

the complementary rolesthe complementary structure ofcommunitas and occultism (Hanegraaf Newoccultism 2000:294), Age 22

ir New Age discour the aira millenarian of movement, anti role - classificatory thinking

of the international of se (Uosukainen 2013:32)(Uosukainen With rootsin its tation - 292).

CEU eTD Collection feature ofhuman societies ethnic orculturalcorporati contrastabstract hisasan (2056) to elder status The transactionalan for capacity individual, exampleof amay senile oldman, standinstark essentialized systemthis “ “process assertions continual and defeats” manipulation, Blo of (2008:2056). Ingroupsgeneral. therecertain inchimpanzees, hierarchy isa based animals andmakesrolesconnection between thepresence or areligion andessentialized of origins of compares lives humanswiththose ofoth ofreligion, author this thesocial defined a using Bloch.Pondering conceptbythepossible cognitive developed Maurice Transcendental4.3 The S environment long combating means persist as orso found. noother is of them Visoko Complex maylikely as thenegative be tocontinuesolong structures with the New Age pushes it back a and cultural against epistemological hegemony. structurally isthereaction against nostalgic malignpoliticalandeconomicstructures, while about theorigins both the phenomenon and trajectory. offuture its ratherpositive than necessarily social harmful process,andbecause it othercompetition with groups) determined evolved by(an biology cognitive or mechanism), by social structure (shaped in outside ofit. The oscillationbetween ofthinking therefore thetwomodes might be ofthewhich fixtures social does structure break not the because transactional social The “structure” which Turner can communitas beclearly putsinadialectic with more Communit , butwe differ inouradditional capacity roles which exist independently exist roles which indi of as brings an important perspective case a may it highlight tothe because ” ,

a social orderrooteda social inimmediate circumstances. also Humans

ons (Bloch 2008:2057) ocial

– ,

or a combination. Anderson’s communities” “imagined (1983) . Bloch calls systemabstract this statusesthe . of 23 . Equally,abstract

for abstraction,themany forfor example vidual s: man,woman, elder, professor. it is allowed tohappen isallowed it

groups such asgroups national, such Its withthe resonance up can be used totalk be can on an ongoingon

ch calls the this in the –

area perennial The The er employ

CEU eTD Collection understanding rises sometimes tothe levelnot always. consciousness, ofdiscursive but As continuing ‘theoretical understanding’grounds ofthetheir acti their monitoring” “reflexive theyfrom their and“a actions surroundings,which of maintain done” andbe consciousnessor“what can discursive said” (7). distinguishesWhat is agents structure: practical or“what unconscious characteristically motives, is consciousness s discreteLayers ona ofagency (1984:5). unitopposedtostructure spectrum exist with terms of 4 nationalism belong latter category, tothis the phenomena. New Positing that Ageism Transformations structu in way,“religion” be islikely a misleading termapplied to when toNew asin Ageism, Visoko. descentgroupreligion,In religion,etc.” womanreligion, man thesame (Bloch 2008:2057). religion. areelders And since of a part system,there the kindof things then there often thathave elder worship calledreligion, been isalsoelder or “If that whichsuggests ancestor theremerits the appellation isatype ofphenomenon worship, presumably ancestors asliving separate dead treatment arethesame infactaccorded making inappropriate even inthe it study of “ancestorAfrican religions”. There, the Kopyt understood as thetranscendental a subset of social. ratherexperience. thanindividual sensory “ transcendental social .4

Practical D and off (1971 Bloch argueswith social status andnationalism, thatalong religion be can best

Anthony Giddens’

agency. takes thanagent theviewa a that “stratification” more the is Giddens –

may actually ), which ), iscursive ” .

This kind ofThis kind social orderis based shows howcarries theword ofChristianity, “religion” thebaggage shows re, social, type happen i.e.the transcendental viacommunitas “

be antithesis. its structuration Consciousness in a Stratified a in Consciousness Agent n the

structured abstract s in general andthe ”

theory

24

helps locate

Inreferences work he of this the

is in thetraditionalis in sense, religion, junior Visoko Complex up ystem ofreligion on a collective mental projection

the origins of communitas in the origins ofcommunitas vity (5).vity This theoretical

in particular –

and

equally of Igor elders. imply imply CEU eTD Collection wasit pyramids. in the agent communita for feelstheimpulse as theweakdepressed apparatus, economy polarised and ethnic state ofBosnia labels transcendental social order discursiveonly. consciousness supporters reasoning of make thelevel madness theassumptionthathuman at occurs of latent andhalf clearin New political agenda, or functionwhere of discourse the Age factmayab that the participants notbe consciousness. A of logic understandingembodied, intuitive theand world by of Giddens located Taylor inpractical ‘menwholly in their wholeness attending’” (1969:373). withthe This idea resonates ‘humankindness,’ areepiphen not felt (1992:50). ease ofa navigating city, thestreets butata l Charles Taylor everydayof the world notes,our embodied is understanding : “The notion that there is a generic bond between men, and its related sentiment of: “The men,and thatthereisageneric related notion sentiment bondbetween its physical and landscape Ian thatagent’s when posit sub In passage, one Turner

- conscious” ( conscious”

anti

is met with ais metwith sufficiently negativestructuredenvironment Hanegraaf - cultural (Swidler “toolkit” structure can be seen in expressions ofcommunitas,structurecan inexpressions despite the be seen considers theconsciousnessconsiders level is of atwhich communitas

omena of some kind ofherd are instinct but omena of ofsome products s, andtendtouse will whatever resources are available 2000:291). le toarticulateitthemselves - discursive awar discursive oss for wordsasked whendirections oss for for 25

Commentators whoaccuse thepyramid eness ofthearbitrarinesseness of 1986: 277) –

to express it. to expressit. as in riots without a without as inriots social criticismis“o social –

weat may be In Visoko, the

– –

such the ften

CEU eTD Collection has have 14,000Bovis,the tunnels 25,000. A capable a healing touch,12,000; person of with speaking scaleaboutfor the “Bovis” used energy measuring as scientist During through twohour walk simultaneously the thetunnels,presented himself Osmanagić packagegroupwasof overana parttourfor expensive of a hundred Arabic everyone’s the outofhisvehicle.attention moment hestepped from His personal presence aboutjust everyonearoundelse and wearing histrade recalledthe marksfrom media, hadofcharismatic man. he all imagesa still inthe Taller th “energy stones” and supposedly curativewater bottled from the tunnels. cultural centrewithpyramidal complete buildings. giftThe offered shops cur such energyits projecting beam from skywards thesummit. Another showed plannedambitious an infor memorabilia and literature hadalong erected,seating been with and areas several large tomeetin aspiral any hadbeen placed approaching visitor. buildings selling Several wooden placechanged since had 5.1 sense sincere was thatthe convictions. manis inhis presencecommunita ofa sectarianism reveal norfanaticism discourse,I inhis argue and themselves instead for the central ofthe figure Chapter Foundation 5. The Liminal DiscourseLiminal mation displays When I When Iat the entrance arrived labyrinth, much the tothe Ravne struck was by how InI chapter this Iled by come ahimself. tojoin had tour Osmanagić Semir IThough than older - technician and mystictechnicianand Bosnian Pyramid Bosnian phenomenon, –

prominent amongprominent showing them,a Pyramid ofthe poster with the Sun summarise my first visit two yearsmy two first visit before. Aof stones “healing arranged maze” s ethic. Although it Although - visionary. these credentials He examplewhen mixed for

my experiences with the leader of the Foundation andmy leaderFoundation of experiences the withthe

is 26

difficult tocompletely deception, rule my out

Semir Osmanagić.Semir - mark fedora, he was the centre fedora,was mark he of

potential. “Apotential. temple Buddhist I that neither find

speaking tourists. iosities asiosities an CEU eTD Collection destinythat Bosnia and ownhands” freedependency“the inits would“take its itselffrom on who findsgets thepower technology gold.hunters want find to These areimportant notso Osmanagićgave an interesting want answer:“Archaeologists treasure findmummies, to technologycapable of manipulating “energy”. the pyramid builders toassign theman identity, than tosay other runes, he also decl for has it nothing 2,000…So nationalism orreligion.” todowith OntheofHungarian subject yearsIslam: 30,000 is far older old. “This than WeIslam have years. for 1,300 Christianity nationalist”,“Muslim but firmly rejected cla this knowingly deceiving people. attempt todenyfailure left me tofindit that feeling the way toit.” Theeffort seeminglysincere object, phantom andthe toreach lackany this of o anything.It better equipment. “Yes,yes. We were and digging digging meter didn’t about there, one find the effort tounearth abandonedwas it found toreach tobeimpossible afteritwaswithout I When what Osmanagić asked h presentationartificial aboutaground object looking strange by detected penetrating radar. samplesground toforeign labs, penetrati I seamlessly shift He of kind 18,000”. this have would from bject whichwas muchdeeper… When I When about asked politics, Irecalled thetour had lastvisit thaton my concluded withadisplay and short Returning toarchaeology, onegroup ofthe

seemed that, some expertswere that,seemed saying it ined to endorseclaim, simplywasined to the saying thatnotenoughknownabout

ad happened with it, he told me without any hetoldme without with it, ad happened hesitation that

Wethe place knowwhere findsomeotherwe is,maybe can he to rule the world.” He finished the tour by Heworld.” to rulethefinished tour predicting

acknowledged hehadaccusedbeing been that a of ng radar, carbontechnical dating and jargon. other 27

im andnotedhe thatthecivilization imaginesim

asked whatasked heexpected toultimately find.

– was reflection… some type of

Iwant findtechnology. to The one Osmanagić discourse that did not actdid not asif they had athey superior far

into talkofinto sending he

from an

were

CEU eTD Collection calleddoctrine which a could religion. be As epistemology being social withhierarchicalbeing is advocated, governance, of structures and wealth is explicitlyrejec redistribution for Bosnia cultural inhis criticismisalsoclearly predictions explicit becoming ofcapital visible, by and rejecting mechanism materialism and the layman todebunk. thesame time Osmanagićagainst setsAt himself “mainstream science” methods are atpretended to,employing least which a is language “borrowed authority”. factchargesThis standsagainst the offana symbol forOsmanagić’s doctrines” (1973:264). unscientific discourseexemplifiesthis inpart clothed inscientific jargon… theborrowedpowerfulauthoritya ofscience prestige becomes through telepathy…” youyouyouaura, sense;can auraexchange can ifthe expand thoughts spiritual develop heal, thesensespiritual in that,such combineIis to thetwo.”asked toclarify him hemeant what “Spiritual… “spiritual”: by with spiritualscienceyet, aI not science is isthatit but future theofhumanity wouldsay that mainstreamget science, isthattheycould fro somethings Thenplaces we understand likethis. can withtheThe physicalyou problem science, or know understand toview them is likethis through sites physical, threerealms: energy and spiritual. two modesof inquiry: sees “energy”to the pyramid builders’ as thekey technology, grou middle and the Osmanagić, the WestIMF”. andthe Once thepyramidtourists” of will isproven,come. “millions Semir For Robert Merton writes:populationatlarge “the becomefor mystici ripe new has path to this material revolution a is pre path this to ted. Rather there is a communitas ethic there isacommunitas ted. Rather slated

science and spirituality.science me:“Ihe to putit onl As the think

via a syncretic science

for demolition. places –

pyramids, tumulus, megalithic tumulus, pyramids, site At the same time thereAt thesame a clear isnot arguably is thecase thus appealing New tothe romantic. thus Ageism’s 28 . yet, ethnicityAnd feature not does

- requisite revolution inknowledge.requisite revolution He – m spiritual science. science. m spiritual The problem

a change inthe transcendental with New with New Ageism in in ticism Visoko understandably –

they expand yourthey expand , codified y to way difficult for nd between –

– rational

in fact it sms sms

CEU eTD Collection quite havingwithout at one. anew arrived general, andtransitional the ideology isliminal

29 –

in the processrejecting an oldstructure of CEU eTD Collection archaeology. 2 1 with me hiskeen inarchaeo interest Lanka. Sri group reg made than an independent clearlythis intelligent, minded man,healing critically pyramid energies were lessproblematic askedIreally meif He so. thought that for formerlyassistant judge an with Wahid 6.1 logic of respondents data local element inthe Visoko Complex andcommitted involved way as volunteers. latterto experience dayBosnian Pyramids come pilgrims the a project Chapter

Unlike Osmanagić’s pyramid builders, Garamantine the civilization is uncontroversial establishedin referendum 2014. a Scotland will hold autumn United from in Kingdom independence the on

a lega Tourists . Scotland might independentgets bean he time country by the there While e While , as will be outlined inthe following , asbe will outlined sections. While climbingWhile thePyramid ofthe Sun Ethnic interpretations further are challenged by Another member of the same groupAnothergeologist, member thea same was of Akbarage He (around 50). shared

anti l firm. He told me that hewasl firm.He told

6. The Extra6. The

- (around age30)

do not fit the picture the of“pyramidiots”. do notfit structure, communitas ethic the xemplars ofxemplars theromantic world view, ular trips to “spiritualsites” theworld, around ular trips Scotland.

, -

, but quit duetothe but quit Local a

Saudi man who had Saudi man whohad It transpiredthat Wahid anda large ofthetour component fo Element logy,chatting about happilythe ruinsof , und theprospect sampled through semi

t hinking of movinghinking toEdinburgh,Ito which quipped

InI chapter this provideof extra an this overview , reacting against thehegemony, reacting against ra of 30

“ a few days negative

been translating for Ifind thatmy and interviewees survey Ialso argue that Hailing

unlikely, the the energy after my tourof Ravne significance -

structured interviews andstructured interviews survey diversefrom backgrounds, these

two s tourists, or inamore or s tourists, citing ” of the job and nowworks the ” job of each year,each thelast beingto their displays a discourse

economic reasons.

Osmanagić of int . 1

Wahid the ernationals

Garamantine laughedand tionalism. ,

. He was. He Ichatted to For

the 2 -

CEU eTD Collection ball waslevitating still and remained it there nearergot he it to t measuring equipmentwa because he tour guides became developed theHari join job to Krishnas, she withwhom migrated to the senseand equality ofbrotherhood he fostere In the Yugoslavwas era shea self who every spentstaysixties almost week her day in two of Visoko Ravne tunnels. insidethe as important. epistemolog wha him of the fact that alternating was actually insitu naturally admitted first he asked him someone geological withboth knowledge andarchaeologicalperfect wouldbe the debunker. in civilization unnel megaliths. Toamazement his thereadinginstrument steadily his increased on

My were withatourist deepest conversations with One

chuckled politely andchuckled saidwas it difficult politely t interested inpyramids interested t hehad said.

he thoughtofwhat much

discretely doubts doubts , twoof sand and and saidwas this a stones,

y offeredplaces by like Visoko: perspective the romantic offered something just o

f the desertsof Danica Osmanagić had expressed interest in his opinion, Osmanagić hadopinion, his expressed interestin Akbar asked menottotell . heball. HeThen produceda released held pongover ping it thestone, it, about the ideology about the

who

if he could think of a natural ex could ofaif he think natural ,

’s stories spoke A critical rational thinker, thealternative wasAkbar interested still in hovering in the air.hovering inthe . m Danica

had passed her. itonto Once an his native Libya.his native – .

he askedaI ping or meif pong ball, had - pointed tothe layers ofconglomerate described Osmanagić s sceptical of theclaims of s sceptical of moved ontoother Ultimately things. , andshe soshe of

both her ownpersonalityandFoundation’s thatof the When heWhen returned thefollowin

communist, communist,

During occurred tourit theRavne to 31 said was artificiallysaid positioned

normal, d. In later yearsIn d. a she later left

o say, toburst. butthen seemed He planation for whatwere we seeing.

natural flood deposit profile.natural flooddeposit and spoke very of highly Tito and Sweden.

Danica American tourist came withAmerican tourist energyfrom emanating the , a , Later however she sprightly Croatian inhersprightly Croatian if knew if knew

in the tunnelwalls in the gday,

comfortable where she couldwhere she (the the pin megalith me that the In spite g pong office At , s) I CEU eTD Collection where shallowand consciousnessis unwieldy. discursive example ofgiving directions rational inquiry. conscious reasoning, discursive rather occurringconsciousness at level inpractical the than of stratific reality exclusivelyaempirical rational toepistemology, were individuals clearly these with intouch interviewed also above stand ofan ethniclimitations interpretation ofthe phenomenon. The oftho personalities (1973:277). “organized identified scepticism” by as Merton believe inconsistencies inthe tourguides’orbs. accounts ofthe training reawas not guruscould courseshesatisfied once the celibacyandisciple.of Shea walked aggressive byfemale makingpass out at For example,theHariKrishnasguru she aftershe abandoned a witnessedbreakvow of his she is intuitively butreadilyaccepts to, mistakes drawn when her she meets “theyexclaimed are energy beings! recorded, where looked like dust what screen(a by a methodsupposedly invented volunteer). intelligently, by visible ofanotherthe displayand oneat infront looking placing camera “orbs” inthe Ravne tunnel. areThesean blue buy one out totry it .

Thehold for appeal thean pyramidsaudience international tourist of ation modelof theagent, canresult these ofsub as be sentiments the understood The difference until disprovenuntil ratherproven. thandoubtuntil Although talesfantastic, her were

It clear not is th for is that they is herself. herself.

(1992:50) against the verdict of fanaticismagainst theverdict of Another experimentAnother sheconducted thestories of concerned at one is superior to the other. issuperiorat one As with

give priority to ”

particles , practical can and consciousness virtuosic be deep Danica d white points oflight points whichseemd white move to 32

another key component of theethos scienceanother keyof component of darted aroundan excitedtourguide while

their sees

This is a kind of inversion of the aof This is kindofinversion herself as a sceptic. She showed me a videoshe me hadShe showed intuitive feelings.intuitive Employing the For more itis her reasonable to

lly levitate. –

although not adheringalthough not Taylor’s everyday And she noted And She follows things She follows proof ofthe s

shows the an esoteric se - m. CEU eTD Collection the official volunteer that inside theRavne beclose tunnel“to tothe creatures”, had and volunteer howone mainstream the boycotting pyramid of project beer and th discussing was a particular favourite… and meditate. The topof Visocica aenergy have saidto huge hill, spa into shooting beam “ UFOs, ley subscription to diverseand origin inage national (though wheelbarrow. required.enthusiasm This saysofthe something typically involving wi digging 2014 each. 1 from June come all Age, ex did note howeverdrew that it Vis 6 Eveningfeatured hours often grou small . 2 - day people feel to that want somevibration.” oko had symbol becomean ethnic

Volunteers by standingontopof ).

V to

I olunteers work Uosukainen Antonio As IAs visited VisokoI outsideofthe season, volunteer mad - can say from experiencecan from say be of a part hippies, fifty sixties, - lines, conspiracy (2013:32).lines, lives and theories past st

until until September 21

a range Ne of

, a non , whoparticipatedin inavolunteer shift

what theywhat as see

Facebook forum e possible involvement ofFreemasonryIlluminatie the possible inthe alleged or - 36 hours per week,36 local formerspeci

Visočica, Alternatively, for opt goingbar, some would tothe orderinga w Agealternative topics; and - year pilgrims th pickaxes and shovels and carrying loads of rocks andcarryingth pickaxesand shovels loadsof and by soil st during fieldwork that this involves thatthis during fieldwork . This period - old crisis; old womenold crisis; old and twe it was possible toteleport possible was it

history in the making.history inthe . as arguablyis thecase for withMedjugorje Croat

of another“…hereyoukind: have instead theNew The survey receivedThe 18responses. survey Thou alist with theproject, alist with ps spontaneously going to one of the nearbygoing ps spontaneously tooneof sites

mostly Western). A common threadwas over sixdays,over ” (32). 33

is divided intoeightis divided lasting shifts twoweeks

The most committed of committed this most The motley cr

Ibro from to15:00 09:00

told meofsleepingtold volunteers

including Easternmysticism,

The volunteerThe 2014runs season in 2012, describes as thevolunteers

oneself anywhereworld.oneself inthe After a typical day’s aAfter typical work,

did not supportthe did not nty e a online small

- heavy manual labour, year - old

- ( smoking Foundation gh a small survey using believed notion that notion ew - s pot . He . He ce, -

CEU eTD Collection here the above. ofthe tocorroborate painted picture volunteers sample, therespondentswere likelytobethe more YesMaybeNo | | 8. YesMaybeNo | | 7. Yes 6. Left Wing 5. a Again, or isyour4. professional education What had the toalso option their ownprovide answer. plus alternativesreligions, including Respondents provided were listof a suggested answersall including major world 3. 16 2. | Female Male 1.

Where you standdo on politics? Where isyour age? What isyour gender? What - Do youDo the that agree example sites have special energies(for for healing)? youDo these that agree sites(in were built whole inpart) or by an intelligence? Have Visoko? you in visited sites youDo identify with the any of following religions? 19 |19 20

| No, No,

wide range range wide of

butI to intend - | 24 | 24 25 Right Wing

- 29 | 30

| suggested answers with the option to answers theoptionsuggested with to a enter one. new

| Centre No, No, and I todon’t intend - 39 |39 40

| Not interestedNot - 49 | 49 50

Atheist 34 - al background?al 59 | 60+

and

activeI users. the forum results include

|

Spiritual butnotreligious Unsure,butinterested

The format wasformat asThe follows:

. They They .

CEU eTD Collection scienceand spirituality treatmentsenergy andfree “science and“r quantum physics”, expressed interest at in le structures,were the whilesure 47%sites’ of specialenergy properties. describedLeft as themselves Wing. A were ofthoughapatheticabout third greater therespondents politics, (44%) a proportion 29%. One r popular answerforQ was received all groups age from except 16 another. separate bethey kept | should is more importantScience 10. (please enter) Parapsychology,ESP paranormalother and abilities UFOs 9. Ar What is your What e you interestede in alternative any other ofknowledge? kinds Most respondeMost

| Ancient | Astronauts

espondent being expressedirritationassoc at religion

position onspirituality? science and uestion 3,chosenrespondents, by 59%seconduestion of “Atheism” with at nts were inthe 20 :

ast oneof inQ theother topics ”. Questiona 10revealed trend towards ”.

| Spirituality important ismore Lost civilizations such as Lost civilizationsas such Atlantis, Mu Lemuria or emote Both Both important,are they and one complement 65% felt sure65% -

24 and viewing and astral “a and projection” viewing - 19. Table 35

“Spiritual but notreligious” but “Spiritual w 25

1

that - 29

the Visoko siteswere artificial age groups,age atresponse but least one uestion 9,and thenew added answers |

Conspiracy theories

iated with the pyramidsiated at withall. | Both important are syncretism regarding All respondents All respondents

as themost lternative

| Other , b

|

ut ut CEU eTD Collection to generalize theseas volunteers wide significantly approach more toenergy sceptical archaeology versus in Visoko make difficult it means express to Question 9show an excessive in communitasis alsovisible ethic which romantic engagement withthea world without supernatural but dogma. commonly understood over“Spiritual notreligious”. half but are terms,These imprecise but political apathydominant responseswere however. the tohalf Close “Left chose Wing” and dissatisfaction withthe transcendental structures o respondents apostates wereand religious a indicates third inpolitics uninterested a respondents, speculationresults. based possible sometentative but is ontheabove That most The limitations ofsurveyThe limitations prevent the ba deeper inquiry into 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 0.00% ly rationalised culturelyrationalised and toknowledge. approach a rummaging through this sentiment this Complement to implyto soci . At thesame time, thefavourablescience views of al equality - eyed fanatics. Science moreimportant

the

the New Ageat large, movement a reaction against cultural “tool kit” (Swidler “toolkit” cultural 1986:277) Table 36 as political priority as

2

f their home societies. atheism Neither nor

Separate but equal but Separate The minded responses open to , and cancalled what be, a ckgrounds ofthese respectively These areThese ofthe signs

in search of

are and the CEU eTD Collection 3 year formerfour and ofthe supporter veteran of project,haspublished scathing criticisms off itmyself”. alone scepticism.I inhis One waiter spoke tojoked he believe didnot i a tourguide withthe Foundation he began “energy”. stories tohear of asHe thereasontried he citedtobecome had this never hero tome” and throngs ofcurious visitors recountedfondly the specialists tome how lives ofmany local 7 for thelocalsand economic is political. it communitas. Ihowever Ageism ofthe and Foundation theinternationalsencapsulate not community, thelocal does nationalism, fanaticism, nor muchinevidecynical is exploitation as revealed by survey.I givean overview naturallyfeaturing rangea personalities wide of the second forFoundation from the pillar a of support comes population, more varied Chapter

All informants are from section this the in cited .1 Word streeton the There doubtthat the isno theinternationalsWhile assembledinterests, candue be toshared tohave presumed argue tothe locals’ islinked it structuralnostalgia by 7 . Fascinated byFascinated . thenotionof

. Where extra for the

The Local PerspectiveThe Some of local opinion, firstlyof localopinion, insemi as sampled n. people.

in thego townhave

From my conversationslocalI with people, that learned analyse

Ibro

had

3 my findings on both attheendfindings of thechapter. onboth my

- called 2006 the “golden year”.called 2006the“golden – emergence was the ain ofthelandmark event pyramids locals thestructureo

he could bring himselfto not pouredsmall hometown. his into ne further thancasual further ne remarks. Goran Bosniak Muslim community. Muslim Bosniak

with their arcaneequipment pyramids, pyramids, 37

–

the townsfolk of Visoko. “if that hill is a pyramid I’ll“if isapyramid that hill thetrees take pposed is cultural and epistemological,and pposed iscultural Ibro

however became conflicted when however became - structured and interviews, then

a common threada of “ tell tourists about somethingtell tourists

nce. J ust a

“ Semir OsmanagićSemir a was I that theNew find , child” media cameramedia crews In ch this

Ibro Neither Neither at the Čakić

is not is not time, hetime, , apterI a CEU eTD Collection project seriously, supportingand vocally university that it inhis could bedamaging. experiencean engineer. as artificial easilyeven Ravne tunnel insidethe deep went say onto thathe found owner, came toacceptembrace and him. pro that heownmoney,with his invested heavily and studying law support theproject. and one ofthem in the school varying ofsupport degrees Osmanagić past). the lack notably ofattention(which archaeology totheregion’s to medieval belongs Christian byexcavations. the FranciscansThe groundproject onreligious either party but comment, for project the andwhat unsafeworkingas hesees practices unprofessional

ject. She town (

Them current town

did In however, personal my interactions moreencou common for me was it to much –

- three sources advised meeven notto three sources advised thetopicwith raise them.

Čakić 2013 “there must be something“there be must there”.

not believe in the pyramidnot believe in

she claimed , where

spoke for manyforspoke she when strongly

is singled out the local government andnational singled for enough notdoing to also Hana I later conduct would s asurveywere quicktosignal their

that initiallythat were people ). opposed, refusing thesites. opposed, tovisit The The

ayor (late twenties)

He s rather thanopposition. , making public warning Franciscan and Dervish communities communities Franciscan and Dervish

Osmanagić to. tolisten persuasive my informants mentioned Amra BabićAmra

Faris –

“ deeply involved inlocaldeeply heritage

energy (late twenties), asmall business civil(late engineerand twenties), , who works as restaurant afastworks cook inafood , who while

was sufficient that his professorsthat his in refused comment, refused but Faris recounted howthe theDervishesrecounted opposed ” 38 unsure whatunsure think to

and and

defended

noted doubted Three and (inforties) teachers their thirties called a it s of evil spirits whichcouldevil spirits bereleaseds of

evidence for him of somethingevidencefor of him that he spoke from

that Osmanagić

and damage to thereputationand of damage to marketing pl Sarajevo do nottake the do Sarajevo he could turn ahe profit could from turn the The fact onecan that based on mybasedwith on interview are

of him, but beforeof him,but long

also said to oppose to the also said . She . She – Iwas unable toreach

are concerned about

oy. his professional stressed the factstressed the trong support, However, he

breathe nter

CEU eTD Collection bringing foreignvisitors. thatsupporthim experts because the energy of she hand, was Onthe discourse. other encouragedbythe Foundation’s Visoko office. resumedyear. cooperation inthat objects inthe currentlyexhibited areThe stored finds in2013. was withThe theproject involved and museum thebeginning,aftera in pause archaeologicalany doturnup finds,if Foundation are cordial. abse reliefs,archandpieces an other capital from ofmasonry the on them however is Theare other twominers hea had dream had prophecy ofthe effectopposite onth on thePyramid ofthe S people their energy could with resonate ( working my during visit. inRavne I When work to ofthe a one miners joinedshift, them relieved inherarthritic legs. pains of wereofthe opinions three Also ofinterest the miners of a foreigners Nevertheless he Mehmet

nce of pyramidnce infact conflict, paraphernalia of withthe appears relations for it but stayedBelgianwho withher couple previously The a townmuseumbutquite holds small Some , late thirties) allied with the Foundationallied with the as locals Ilocals towere spoke found many people local doubt

afraid of afraid of e Pyramid ofthe M likened the likened un Emira . She notedthat the “ apparently work, to and just don’t content energy.about talk , going for many hours without rest., goingwithout for hours many the This is goodThis is for Emira look atvideosoforbs, and them. refuses to (forties), a museum staffer,(forties),a museum

tunnels to atunnels to l said she “wants Semir tobe “wants Semir said she

more openmore tothe energy concept. coming , and atemporary didhost infact , exhibit . He

oon. Most strangely,oon. Most he me told more the whole country,the whole notjust Visoko

said that he got that he said project project war 39 authoritative iving organismiving ed Bosnianed critics, expert seeing ,

and impressive stone collection of medieval

was –

of the woman apparentlythe woman left Visoko

at leasttown, for thing apositive the being told met told

and “ energy boosts

in a tunnel inside a pyramid.in atunnel inside , and only claimed certain Interestinglyfelt the he right”, but widely travelled. Visočica he museum will accept will he museum Lejla that attheagethat of19 . I initially tookthe

was doubtful ” working whilst

offered thestory ” .

of the project reports

the

One of One of of

’ s CEU eTD Collection Ingoodyou thing. that thesense ha saying it’s than anything older else. of kind And itshould point idea isnon humanityethnic ofthe other and their shared tragedy. circumstances the “pošteni ljudi” influence general makes(128). note ofpoliticians in ofthe Kolindalso commonplace tales of assign dis responsibilityfor the (2007) resistance identified in toethnicization something for thecountry a positive, tool tomo and civilization. lost believe builders wereBosnians,rathera thepyramid but ancestors modern totally to were divisions superficial: people”argued and was toforgive thatit time move on and war, tradition my landlady friend mehowShe told her Christian the country. Ifdegree. the wereethnicized pyramids anywhere,he inother parts claimed, itwouldbe of fact,claimed itwas he hard 90%town is Muslim, Sara – . This author

This theme of cross Antonio there’s or Catholic thing, orOrthodox a nobodysaying is Muslim this they’re just

did not - ethnic. I isone ofthe things Which that kindofsupport. that’sAll right good a Sara –

also

decent people (early twenties) also spoke about the goodabout (early also twenties) inter spoke hesitate toacknowledgehesitate allsi that yforced were (131). into stories serveaemphasize the wayThese as to

reveals howordinary frequentlygames Bosnians reveals shunethnic blame and

saw as the phenomenon politicallyat the local benign level: In o spite Lejla attitudes towards theare pyramid notdifferent theChristians. with “we are all one people, -

also made awithme. ofsharing point about speakingWhen denominational benefit was strong. denominational to find f this aster decade“politika” ofthe previous to –

those on the other sidethose onthewhoacted other honourably the under anyon ve Serbian, and Croatian Bosniak –

had just recently come to givehad recently just comeEaster an to her or Kolind’s ofStolac ethnography ontheMuslims perhaps e in Visoko whodidn’t the support project some to 40 ve forward. ve

because of it because of

our history isth des

had

bring people. together And it’sa

. committed wrongs,committed “including my This use parallels othermeansThis use parallels of She felt that Bosnia’s ethnic –

Faris the pyramids werethe pyramids toher - ethnic inthe town. relations e same”. She e same”.

said that although the working together here. –

the malign did not did not

“I egg

think the think

extinct extinct

–

a the In CEU eTD Collection I theprompted respondents,new answers from ha wereasked the tocircle a Both surveys were format wasdifferences withsome mostly shared, which are noted adults aged from 20upwards agedwith students 19 16to 7 fantastic peo when thepeople, we’re it’s about talking I part ofit a beautiful say. must I’ve metthemost I’veBugger gota… that. ifnotnegative, quite whole mostlyBut ofthing. negativethe vision you’re the higher people, talking not r And that a is puzzle. Whenyou downtothepeople, it thenworks. project bring this When Art | Music | Sports |HistoryMusic |Sports | Art Sociology | | or Archaeology | AnthropologyNature | of isyour3. field occupation?interest or What (You choose can more than one) YesNo | 2a. you religiousAre / practicing? OrthodoxCatholic | | Christian Muslim Other (please | write): Christian 2. Your religion? 16 1a. Your age? | Female Male 1. Your gender? Science | MathematicsScience Business an | .2

- Local Survey 19 |19 20 Icarried out

- ple ever.ple That’s for sure. 24 | 24 25

*Adult surveyonly

translated intoBosnian translated

two surveys amongsttwo surveys in local people Visoko, thefirst a school in local - 29 | 30 pplicable suggested answer. , gathering , -

39 |39 40 gather ing 29 ing ”

- anks, the political conspiracies and spiritual shit. shit. conspiraciesanks,and thespiritual political

49 | 49 50 151 responses d d (please Economics |Practical skills |Other

with the help ofa speaker with the native responses 41 - 59 | 60+

ve , underlined

Where the option “Other (please theoption“Other Where write)” for a of180 total sample size and survey a smaller second amongst

their contributions. their

with an asteriskwith an . Respondents Unaff

below. . The

iliated

CEU eTD Collection 4

Commonly used abbreviation for used Commonly will give BiH a good reputation good will in BiHa give theworldIt | solvewill could historyIt | change beThere a might discovery |will It willfuture the in | It jobsIt bring | tourists create If 9a. Yes| IMaybeNo care | |don’t youDo thinkthe 9. continue?project should | friend A |Mother Father A | sister or brother A grandparent| A | neighbour A | teacher A than more choose one) Of the8. people you know,who Semir supports Osmanagi Yes| IMaybeNo care | |don’t youDo these7. that agree sites special have (for energies Other (please | Aliens write): Slavic | Bosnians people| Illyrians | Europeans | Ancient Greeks or | Romans 6 Yes| IMaybeNo care | |don’t youDo some6. all that agree ofsitesthese or people? by were ancient made KTK Tunnel the of PyramidRavnePyramid SuntheMoon | of Tunnel | Vratnica Tumulus| these 5. of sites Visoko in Which have you visited? VisokoSomewhere | you do 4. plan to livefuture? the Where in TeachingMedicine | | Geography write): a. If a. Yes Maybe, or Yes Maybe, or LawEngineering | | Agriculture|InformaticsPsychology | Languages | religious leader

why? (You choose can one) than more who do you thinkthese people ancient were?

else in

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia

BiH Unknown civilization

4

| country Another 42

ć example, healing)?for ’s (You project? can

CEU eTD Collection between representative of thetown homogeneity isrendered by sample lessproblematic fact ofthe roughly the is that it identified amongfemales female,aged 84% 16 specific survey tothis Limitationsand Caveats Yes| No | 10. Was life underbetter communist Yugoslavia and Tito? my religionSomeoneis against respect | I it against in theworldreputation | reach not The inmoneybrings itpeople does Visoko | It Theyanything will not find | lying are They | It will to people give bad BiHa If 9b. SomeonesupportsBiH respect | in I it solve in could economic It problems BiH between | thedifferent nat No In addition to the limits ofIn thelimits addition to thecaveats survey inChapter 1,some methodidentified

activepractitioners religious , why?, (You choose than more one) can Unsure

- 19, and 95% Muslim. 19, As willbedetailed below however, patt bear mentioningbear

’s population repeat inthe themselves and . T .

It is he sample he sample

nominal adherents to57%respectively).nominal (43%

Table also 43

3 offset the by

males. is

not ideally heterogeneous,being 72%

The religious

rough

*Adult surveyonly

balance balance and ethnicand achieved er

ns ions

is CEU eTD Collection various around sites Visoko were constructedby indeed thefar intelligentpast. handsin The proj Natural orArtificial? the other variables. Bosniantowards (probed 6,6a, the 7and inrelation Pyramids 9) by questions isassessed to readthe sample withthebiasof age inmind. results ofwhich ina are following detailed section. respondents thestances older characterise to familyauthority figures,the of and members very“No”. lowincidence of youngerThe group’s responses differ, inimportant respects butare similar plausibilitygen oftentative respectively)and small samples were fromgroups the twoolderdisplayed drawn 16 - 19 age range iscompared withtwo ect the in The mos Question 6wasdetermining aimed atarchaeological validity the ofthe pyramid 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 0.00% eyes of localpeople.eyes of t significant ofsurvey this limitation these are thereforethese notauthoritative.

16-19 eralizations about thebased total population onthe16 The ofvariationinages lack

A large majority(64%)

other agegroups other 20-24 Table

In the follows, what 44

4

Nevertheless, the is the ageis the range. I use themherethe toillustrate

in their answers toQuestion 6 25-29 was

believed

also withbyasking partly dealt

(9 and 10 respondents’ orientation that some or all of the that some

surveyresults In graph theabove Yes No Maybe Apathetic responses responses –

in particular the - 19 group.19

should beshould . Only

CEU eTD Collection “I don’t care”. likely “Maybe”, 5% toanswer answer lesslikely to differencethis “Yes”andlikely about 2%less“No”, toanswer “Maybe”“I or don’t care”. noticeable,While describedactively as practicing themselves religion were their 7% m pyramid graph below, the 1%rejectedJust were the lessthanthoseapathetic(3%). notion, who second

The challenges first datawhich point largest were group(32%) butapparently unsure answering tothe“Maybe”. idea, open phenomenon 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 0.00%

is not more significant more than the is not average average

is the resilience of the same patternis theresilience across religiosity. ofthe same pattern was gender.across stable Female Table the

45 disparity between genders: menweregenders: disparity between more 8%

political 5

“Yes”, answer“No” 1% lesslikelyto or Male and religious

ore likelyore toanswer

As canAs be inthe seen explanations Yes No Maybe Apathetic

Those who

of the

CEU eTD Collection Visok for themuchagreementgroups. broader between the responses lesslikely and“Yes” 8% toanswer in those planning toremain than Visoko. plans. abroadThose tolive 5%more apathetic whointended about likely were toreturn also challenged of themainrepetition pattern by the regardlessrespond ofthe o butremainand inBosnia Herze Interpretations which endorsement see as cynical of thepyramids andself T his variation 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 0.00% 0.00% may that indicate Abroad Irreligious

govinawere theleast “Yes” toanswer likely at 58% self BiH - interest interest Table Table 46

6 7

plays

Furthermore, t Religious

a certain role,but it Visoko hose expecting toleave Yes No Maybe Apathetic Yes No Maybe Apathetic ents’ future can - not servingare

account

CEU eTD Collection commonly identity claims to Bosnians, and frequently muchmore statements. be seen inthe “Bosniak” instead for reason, this make theinquiry lessovert have ( builders inpoliticallyEuropeans”, “pre terms, like “ancient“Illyrians” or neutral Bosnian Pyramids is Identitythe Pyramidof Builders Visoko a poorbelief indicator of inthe pyramids’ authenticity. and likely themost for example nevertheless The first thatidentity indication might politics be not a sufficient for explanation The pyramids

of a 2005a). chart : ll

known classical civilizations, genericknown classical civilizations, the 41% become attached to become

to answer “Maybe”to answer below, popular themost answer Illyrians. Although term “Illyrian” the h

Osmanagić Question 6a aimed anyQuestion touncover politi ethnic or were 1%

as likely to be attributed asas toacompletely civilization likelytobe unknown or 9%

off

’s owndiscourse. - putting offering 5%

the pyramids, using a variety of options in order using in the pyramids, to a ofoptions variety

at 40%,making were 11% .

I also avoided the ideo Table

assigned to assigned 47 3% 21%

8

He consistentlyrefers to 9% logically “Bosnian”.flexible more As can s

were with inline “ ancient Europeansancient one’s material projected using peoples as become politicised elsewhereas politicised become

the explicitly ethnic termthe explicitly Unknown Slavs Illyrians orGreeks Romans Illyrians Bosnians or Bosnians EuropeansAncient Aliens to

which Bosnianswhich make no Osmanagić’s cal claims t ” , and most ,

the pyramid - attachment to Illyrians”

hat might

the CEU eTD Collection blasphemous. (as wellidentity) as bolstering ethnic one persp Religiosity a belief, againsurprising very was of from which also weak indicator isdoubly as adhered the neither tothe pattern, from deviating tightly energiesat the Viso energy Energy ancestors. treatfor assimply it a name –

specifically in nationalism 2013) (Sotirović Albanian ”

Question 7revealed that

than pyramids. than pyramids. ective it might be mightexpected moreective it tomake openconcepts tosupernatural respondents

10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 0.00%

ko sites, 44%ko sites, “Yes” replied 11% and “No”. and women men both Again, Apathetic 42% ofrespondents“Maybe” replied supernatural tothe possibility of a

mysterious respondents were significantly about more sceptical , on the other it might it beexpected todiscourage, ontheother as them Maybe Design race of precursors unrelated to race of Table 48

9 Energy

– average

No myBosnian informants

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political political - Slavic red, white and blue (retained red,and blue and white Slavic Croatia Slovenia, by Serbia, replied s is evens is visibly inthe flag aspired Herzegovina. Bosnia and to of rap perceived prochement

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55

for

CEU eTD Collection Čakić Buturović, Amila. 2002. Bourd Bosnian FoSun Pyramid ofthe Bohannon, 2006.“Mad John. About Pyramids”. Bloch, Maurice. 2008.“Whyreligion nothing central”. is butis special Bieber, Florian. 2006. Bern Badiou, Alain. 2013. Benedict.Anderson, 1983 References ard Russell H. 2006. ard RussellH.2006. , Gora ieu, Pierre. International for Camp Summer Volunteers Transactions theRoyal of Society New York: Palgrave Approaches Nationalism. 2014. the Poetry ofMak Dizdar 14(6): ( http://www.bosnianpyramids.org/index.php?id=37&lang=en n. 2013. “R n. 2013.

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ductions. ductions. . 1975. - a International Organization - 000. “Religions theDisenchanted in World”. 47:3288 Numen a.org/statement.pdf Against Method.Against - Doboj Canton in Numbers)”.Doboj Canton in 2013 The BosnianMuslims: Denial ofaNation.

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in - languages F.O. Reppy, Hampson J. and eds. . Retrieved June 05, 2014(http://www.criticatac.ro/lefteast/an nergies& Energy Medicine - War Society ngs, eds. . 1997. http://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/valerie

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citizens Science and Norms in InteScienceNorms andin June, 2014.( June, Cultural Intimacy:Cultural Social Poetics intheNation The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims New BosnianMosaic: MemoriesClaims Identities, The andMoral . Burlington: Ashgate. Cornell University Press - - protest in - bosnia/). http://www.a o Press. - in - bosnia . 7( Africa

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). rchaeologyuk.org/ba/ba92/feat3.shtml rnational Regimes” Environmental . 41:

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Research President’sResearch Address”. – 142. openDemocracy - hopkins/we British British Archaeology Environmental Change and

- State - are d Herzegovina”.

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173 - in 40 ). - -

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CEU eTD Collection Sheldrake, Rupert. 2012. Schoch, Robert. 2006.“The Bosnian Phenomenon” in: Pyramid Salqvist, Tor. 2014.“ BosniaRose, Mark. 2006. “The Rapport, Nigel and Overing. Joanna 2000. Pruitt, Tera 2007. C. –––––– Osmanagić, Semir. “Excerpts from 2005a. BosnianPyramidThe Retrieved ofthe Sun”. April Općina Visoko (Municipality of Visoko) 1991.Retrieved Census May27, 2014. 1991. Mertz , B 10, 2014( Concepts Master’s of Department thesis. Archaeology. University (http://www.alternativnahistorija.com/WMmain.htm). . 2005b. 05, 2014.( (http://www.visoko.gov.ba/#row_goverment). New ramids%20Colette%20Dowell.htm ( Review boszniai ( Bosnian RetrievedSun). Pyramid ofthe April http://www.robertschoch.net/Bosnian%20Geology%20Robert%20Schoch%20%20Py http://www.sokkaljobb.hu/content/vil%C3%A1gszenz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3 arbara York: Dodd,& Mead Co. , Volume8, 16 1,issue . 1964. - The WorldThe ofthe Maya nap . London. and New York: Routledge. http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/osmanagic/ http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/pyramid/discovery - “ piramisokr%C3%B3l Világszenzáció Piramisokról”theworld Nap (First aboszniai in Addressing InventedAddressing Heritage: the Pyramids Case Bosnian The of Temples, Tombs, andHieroglyphs: A ofancient history popular Egypt The ScienceDelusion - Atlantis Connection”. Atlantis Connection”. -

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