Charles Henry Gilbert (1859-1928), Naturalist-in-Charge: the 1906 North Pacific Expedition of the Steamer Albatross
J. RICHARD DUNN
Introduction American west. Appointed by President throughout the Pacific Ocean (Hedg David Starr Jordan! as the first chair peth, 1945). This particular 1906 cruise Charles Henry Gilbert (1859-1928) man of the Zoology Department of was a multifaceted operation, first ex was a pioneer ichthyologist and fishery Leland Stanford Junior University in ploring the salmon fisheries of Alaska biologist whose work is of particular Palo Alto, California in 1891, Gilbert waters, then conducting general surveys significance to aquatic resources of the (Fig. 1) was an active investigator of of fisheries resources of the western America's fish fauna from Panama to North Pacific Ocean. As the Bureau put Alaska (Dunn, In press; Pietsch and it: "In May [1906] the Albatross was J. Richard Dunn, 521 Summit Avenue East, No. Dunn, In press). Gilbert was Natura1 dispatched upon an extended cruise in 202, Seattle, WA, is a retired fishery biologist ist-in-Charge of several exploratory the northwestern Pacific and Bering Sea and a member of the Affiliate Faculty of the cruises of the Steamer Albatross (1888 to make certain investigations in the School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Box 355100, Seattle, WA 98195-5100. 90, 1902, 1906),2 as a temporary em interests of the salmon fisheries of ployee of the U.S. Fish Commission Alaska and the general questions of ABSTRACT-Fishery science pioneers and, later, the Bureau of Fisheries geographic distribution of Pacific fishes often faced challenges in their field work (Hedgpeth, 1945; Dunn, In press). He and the relations of the faunas of Alas that are mostly unknown to modern biolo was strongly devoted to his work and kan and Japanese waters ..." (Bowers, gists. Some ofthe travails faced by ichthy possessed a demanding personality 1906). ologist and, later, fishery biologist Charles Henry Gilbert (1859-1928) during his ser (Dunn, 1996a; In press). Gilbert's sci Just before this expedition, the vice as Naturalist-in-Charge of the North entific leadership of the 1906 expedition Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, fought Pacific cruise ofthe U.S. Bureau ofFisher of the Albatross from San Francisco to over Manchuria and Korea, had con ies Steamer Albatross in 1906, are described the Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea, and cluded, with Japan the victor (Garraty here, as are accomplishments ofthe cruise. 3 The vessel left San Francisco, Calif., on 3 waters off Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Ja and Gay, 1981), but its lingering effects May 1906, just after the great San Fran pan is an example of his success and de were evident to Gilbert and to the AL cisco earthquake, for scientific exploration votion to duty in face of severe hardships. batross. Martial law was still in effect of waters of the Aleutian islands, Bering This cruise was conducted in the lat in Japan during that period, ports were Sea, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Japan, re ter part of the era of exploration and turning to San Francisco in December. Be closed to foreign vessels, and hundreds cause the expedition occurredjust after the description of new faunas and fisheries. of floating mines from the conflict im war between Japan and Russia of1904-05 The Albatross had engaged previously peded the ship's progress and research. floating derelict mines in Japanese waters in wide-ranging exploratory ventures Severe storms interrupted the work, and were often a menace. Major storms caused typhoons caused damage and severe havoc in the region, and the captain ofthe loss of life and property among com Albatross, Lieutenant Commander LeRoy IJordan (1851-1931) was President of Leland Mason Garrett (1857-1906), U.S.N., was Stanford Junior University from its founding in mercial fishermen in the region. The lost at sea, apparently thrownfrom the ves 1891 until he became Chancellor in 1913 (Myers, captain of the Albatross, Lieutenant sel during a sudden storm on the return leg 1951). Earlier he had been Gilbert's major pro Commander LeRoy Mason Garrett fessor at Indiana University and became his men of the cruise. Despite such obstacles, Gil (1857-1906), U.S.N. (Fig. 2), was lost bert and the Albatross successfully com tor, colleague, and friend. Jordan was the pre pleted their assigned chores. They occupied eminent ichthyologist of North America during 339 dredging and 48 hydrographic stations, the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Myers, 1951; Hubbs, 1964). His autobiography (Jordan, 3The Japan-Russia war of 1904-1905 was fought and discovered over 180 new species of 1922) contains a treasure of information about fishes and many new species of inverte over Korea, as was the Japan-China war of 1894 early 20th century North American ichthyology 1895. Japan defeated Russia, and the ensuing brates. The expedition's extensive biologi and fisheries biology. Treaty of Portsmouth awarded Japan certain cal collections spawned over 30 descriptive 2Gilbert correspondence, National Archives rights in Manchuria and southern Sakhalin. Ja publications, some of which remain today (NA), Record Group (RG) 22, Entry (E) 63, pan formally annexed Korea in 1910 (Garrety and as standards ofknowledge. Records of the Albatross. Gay, 1981).
58(1-2), 1996 17 at sea during a heavy storm as the ves biological collections, and the number sources include annual reports of the sel was returning to the United States. of scientific publications resulting from Albatrosss.6 and personnel records and Yet, despite these setbacks, the expedi the expedition. correspondence of Captain Garrett.? tion may be considered a significant The primary sources for this study are Positions for dredging and hydro success, based on discovery of many Gilbert's letters to his friend and men graphic stations for this cruise are con specimens new to science, extensive tor, David Starr Jordan. 4 Additional tained in Bureau of Fisheries Document 621 (Anonymous, 1907). The Albatross Expedition of 1906 Gilbert, as chief naturalist and ich thyologist of the Albatross (Fig. 3), was assisted in his scientific duties by Aus tin Hobart Clark,8 naturalist assigned to the vessel, and L. M. Tongue, captain's clerk. Accompanying the vessel were Stanford University professors Harold Heath9 and John Otterbein Snyder, 10 Charles Victor Burke (1882-1958), one of Gilbert's graduate students, and an other Stanford student, Michitaro Sindo (Snyder, 1912a), as well as Professor Harry Beal Torrey of the University of California (Anonymous, 1906a).11 Garrett had served as captain of the AL batross since October 1904 (Hedgpeth, 1945).12 Figure I.-Faculty of Zoology Department. Stanford University, in about the 1920's. From Various sampling gears were used, back row, left, are Edwin C. Starks, Walter K. Fisher. Charles H. Gilbert. John O. Snyder, including beam trawls, handlines, ring Harold Heath, and George C. Price. Courtesy of Mark R. Jennings and the Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University, Calif. 4Gilbert correspondence. NA, see footnote 2; Charles Henry Gilbert Papers (CHGP), Stanford University Archives (SUA), SC 58, Stanford, Calif. SAnnual Repon. Fisheries Steamer Albatross, for the year ending 30 June 1906 (Lieutenant Com mander L. M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding). NA, RG 22, E 63, Records, U.S. Fish and Wild life Service, Box 6. Folder Albatross, Reports and Correspondence. 6Annual Repon, Fisheries Steamer Albatross, for the fiscal year ending 30 June 1907 (Lieutenant A. J. Hepburn, U.S.N., Commanding). NA, RG 22, E 63, Records, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser vice, Box 6. Folder Albatross, Reports and Cor respondence. 7Correspondence ofL!. Commander LeRoy Ma son Garrett, U.S.N. NA, RG 24, Bureau ofNavi gation Correspondence, Files 1699, 10-14. 8Clark (1870-1948), Curator of Echinoderms at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Cattell and Cattell, 1938; Palmer, 1948), was aboard the vessel as a temporary employee of the Bureau of Fisheries. He also observed and collected birds during the expedi tion, saving over 180 skins and describing them in a paper (Clark, 1910) in which he also pro vides a succinct overview of the itinerary of the Albatross (see also Clark, 1907a, b). 9Heath (1868-1951) was a Professor in the De partment of Zoology, Stanford University. His expertise was mainly in invertebrate zoology (Cattell and Cattell, 1938). IOS nyder (1867-1943) was a Professor in the Figure 2.-Lt. LeRoy Mason Garrett, front row left, aboard the USS Marblehead in 1899 Department of Zoology, Stanford University, (NH 46581). Courtesy of U.S. Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. whose main interest was in fishes (Hubbs, 1943).
18 Marine Fisheries Review for Seattle the following day to pick up fresh provisions and to receive Gilbert and Torrey, who had arrived from Palo Alto. After a coaling stop in Union Bay, Brit ish Columbia, from 13 to 17 May, the vessel proceeded to Dutch Harbor, Alaska, arriving the afternoon of 24 May. 15 From 24 May to 16 June, the ship explored the Bering Sea, mainly off Bowers Bank and Petral Bank, and fi nally arrived off Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, on 16 June (Table 1). Some 40 dredge and 27 hydrographic stations were occupied and several shore collect ing expeditions were made during this initial leg of the cruise (Table 1; Anony mous, 1907).16 Collections, at times, were extensive as the captain's annual report noted during work on Petral Bank: "Richer ground for the trawl could hardly be found, for two hauls of the 12' Tanner [net] fairly swamped the Labora tory, operations in this line being sus pended for a time until the scientific staff could clear decks once more for action." 17 Three days were spent in Petro pavlovsk for ship maintenance and to draw fresh water before continuing the expedition to the southwest. A five-ves sel American cod fleet hailing from San Francisco was fishing in the Okhotsk Sea, and according to the Captain of the Castle, fish were so plentiful in this re gion that there had so far been no need to fish elsewhere. 18
13The Albatross was pressed into emergency ser Figure 3.-U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross. Courtesy U.S. National Archives vIce after the great earthquake in San Francisco Washington, D.C. ' on 18 April 1906, and her departure was delayed. The ship carried fresh water and food from the Naval Paymasters Stores at Fort Mason, Calif., to nets, and various dredges, and plank other sampling, collecting on shore at those in need, and transported refugees and their effects. She was relieved from this duty on 28 April ton nets. Work included dredging and various locations, and hydrographic and and finally departed San Francisco on 3 May. NA, meteorological observations (Anony RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnotes 5 and 6). 4 mous, 1907). The expedition made sig 1 Snyder, Burke, and Sindo joined the ship in San llTorrey (1873-1954) was a Professor at the Francisco. Gilbert and Torrey boarded the vessel University of California, Berkeley, whose exper nificant collections of biological mate later in Seattle. NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see tise was in reproduction and taxonomy of inver rials, including invertebrates, fishes, footnote 5). tebrates (Cattell, 1906). birds, and a few marine mammals. 15NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 5). 12Garrett was an 1879 graduate of the U.S. Na val Academy, who served on a variety of naval After a 3 May 1906 departure, de 16After departing Dutch Harbor on 28 May, the vessels (and was previously assigned to the AL layed by the great San Francisco earth vessel passed near the Bogoslof Islands. A vol cano had recently erupted and Garrett wrote that batross in 1883-85). He was promoted to lieuten quake, 13,14 the Albatross steamed north ant commander in 1901 (Hamersly, 1902). Garrett "a large volume of steam was seen apparently was appointed Captain of the Albatross in 1904 at ward (Table 1, Fig. 4), arriving in rising from the water midway between the two the instigation ofAlexander Agassiz (1835-191 0), Tacoma, Wash., on 9 May for a brief islands, Fire and Castel. As the islands were former director of the Museum of Comparative approached, it was seen that a new cone had been Zoology, Harvard University. Agassiz made the re stay in drydock for cleaning and paint thrown up, which was hidden by clouds of vapor quest to Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924) ing. On 11 May she moved to the U.S. from a more distant view as the wind from the S.w. drifted the vapor toward the ship." NA, RG of Massachusetts (Letter, Agassiz to Lodge, 13 Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Wash., to August 1904, see footnote 6). For more on Agassiz, 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 5). see Windsor (1991); a biographical sketch of Lodge fill vacant personnel positions from the 17NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6. See footnote 5. appears in Malone (1933). Receiving Ship Philadelphia, and then left i8NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6. See footnote 5.
58(1-2), 1996 19 Table 1.-Route of the Steamer Albatross in 1906, showing number of stations sampled (0 =dredge station, H = the Imperial Government was to be ex hydrographic station), based on Anonymous (1907). pected at any time.21 Dates Route No. of stations Chart location On 11 July Gilbert wrote Jordan from 3-18 May San Francisco to Union Bay, British Columbia 10 1 Hakodate: 19-24 May British Columbia to Dutch Harbor, Alaska 50 2 25-29 May Dutch Harbor to Atka Island, Alaska 30 3 29-31 May Atka Island to Bowers Bank, Bering Sea 20 4 "We had a fairly successful cruise 1-3 June On Bowers Bank 90,3H 5 4-5 June From Bowers Bank to Petral Bank, Bering Sea 6H 6 across [the] Bering Sea, stopping at all 5 June On Petral Bank 60,12H 6 the points indicated in the instructions 5-7 June From Petral Bank to Agattu Isiand 20,6H 9 June Agattu Island to Attu Island 20,3H 7 and enjoying a number of successful 11-12 June Attu Island to Komandorskiye Islands1 20,3H 14-16 June Komandorskiye Islands to Bering Island 70 8 hauls in shallow water. In deep water, 16 June Bering Island to Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka 10 9 our efforts were in vain. We have a num 20 June Petropavlovsk to west coast of Kamchatka 40,1H 10 21 June On Codfish Banks, Sea of Okhotsk 20 11 ber of apparently undescribed forms and 22 June Codfish Banks to Kuril Islands 10 12 have secured much needed new mate 24-27 June Kuril Islands to Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan 60 13 16-18 July Hakodate to Sado Island, Sea of Japan 110 14 rial in species represented by only one 19 July Sado Island to Nanao, Hondo, Japan 40 15 21-23 Juiy Nanao, Hondo to Tsuruga, Hondo, Japan 140,2H 16 or two specimens. 24-25 July From Tsuruga to Oogo Island, Sea of Japan 60 17 There is no end to the Liparids!,,22 26-28 July Oogo Island to Matsu Shima, Sea of Japan 100,1H 18 30 July-1 Aug. Matsu Shima to Nagasaki, Japan 140 19 2 Aug. Korea Strait, vicinity Oki Shima 110 20 Gilbert also described his attempts to 8 Aug. From Nagasaki to Kagoshima Gulf, Japan 70 21 9-11 Aug. 10-20 miles SW of Goto Islands, East China Sea 150 22 secure permission from Japanese gov 11-12 Aug. 10-20 miles SW of Koshika Islands, East China Sea 110 23 ernment officials to fish in their territo 13 Aug. About 90 miles WSW of Kagoshima Gulf, East China Sea 60 24 14-15 Aug. In Colnett Strait 11O,3H rial waters: 16 Aug. Off Kagoshima Gulf, East China Sea 40 25 16-17 Aug. In Kagoshima Gulf 90 20-23 Aug. Kagoshima to Kobe, Japan 150 26 "We reached this 'promised land' two 17 Aug.-1 Sept. From Kobe to Yokohama, Japan 200, 1H 27 19-20 Sept. From Hakodate to Otaru, Japan, Sea of Japan 90 28 weeks ago but are as yet without per 21-22 Sept. Otaru to Korsakov, Sakhalin Island 70 29 mission to take up our work. 23 I pro 23 Sept. Gulf of Tartary, off SW coast of Sakhalin Island 80 30 24 Sept. Aniwa Bay, near Korsokov, Sakhalin Island 60,1H 31 ceeded at once to Tokyo, and worked 25 Sept. Korsokov to east coast Sakhalin Island 30 32 through the U.S. Embassy and Dr. 26-27 Sept. Off eastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea 120,2H 32 28-29 Sept. Okhotsk Sea 50 33 Mitsukuri. Everyone is most cordial and 30 Sept. North entrance to Yezo Strait 3H 30 Sept. In Yezo Strait 30,1H 34 helpful, but the inertia of the official 10ct. Eastern end Hokkaido, Pacific Ocean 20,1H 35 machine is apparently beyond compu 2-3 Oct. South coast Hokkaido 100,1H 36 10 Oct. Hokodate to Yokohama, Japan 70 37 tation. It needs your name and presence 12-16 Oct. Suruga Gulf, Japan 230 38 to make things move promptly. How 17 Oct. Entrance to Suruga Gulf 20,2H 38 19-20 Oct. Off Omai Saki Light 70 39 ever, the delay cannot long continue.,,24 23-25 Oct. Sagami Bay, Hondo, Japan 50 40 26 Oct. Uraga Strait, Gulf of Tokyo 60 40 After further delay attempting to ob 'Commander Islands. tain such permission, Gilbert ordered the vessel to proceed. As Captain Garrett wrote: Hakodate, Japan, was reached at expectations. The collections have noon on 27 June (Table 1; Fig. 5). Dur grown so bulky that it will be necessary "On Saturday, July 14, the Com ing this period of about 56 days out of to box them and either ship or store manding Officer decided to get under San Francisco, some 53 dredging and them here [Hakodate] in order to make way the following Monday and, in de 34 hydrographic stations had been oc room for further work when the vessel fault of any word from Tokyo, to work cupied, and many shore collections again starts out, which should be in a down the west coast of Nipon as far as were made as opportunities arose. The week or ten days."19 Nano. Accordingly, early in the morning published record (Anonymous, 1907) of the 16th, a telegram announcing our reveals that the dredging gear was tom On 28 June, Gilbert and Sindo went movements was sent to the American or otherwise damaged on 12 occasions. to Tokyo "to confer with the Japanese Embassy in Tokyo, and the Albatross got The first part of the expedition, authorities and to expedite, if possible, through the Aleutian Islands, Bering the authorization necessary for the ves Sea, and around Kamchatka, was con sel to continue the cruise.,,2o They re 21Heathjoined the vessel in Hakodate on 10 July. NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). sidered relatively smooth, and trawl turned to the vessel on 10 July, bring 22Gilbert to Jordan, 11 July 1906, CHGP, SUA, collections were beyond expectations. ing news that a satisfactory answer from SC 58, Stanford, CA. The Captain wrote: 23S nyder and Sindo left the vessel on II July to collect samples on shore. NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 5). "The collections thus far made have 19NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6. See footnote 5. 24Gilbert to Jordan, II July 1906, CHGP, SUA, been in advance of the most sanguine 2oNA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6. See footnote 5. SC 58 (see footnote 22).
20 Marine Fisheries Review U.S.S.R.
CHINA
Figure 4.-Schematic route of the Steamer Albatross to the Japanese archipelago and return to the United States in 1906. underway and proceeded out through the occasions delay in this first part of the with them at sea. Navigation of these Straits of Tsugaru into the Sea of Japan. cruise is the menace from floating mines. waters, under the circumstances, pos Formal authorization for the Albatross to We leam of six steamers which have been sessed an element of excitement not operate was received from the Japanese sunk during the last few months and thus usually attendant upon dredging alone; Foreign Office on 19 July while the ves consider it wise to cut down our running and it was deemed advisable to slow sel was in anchorage at Ebisu Byochi."25 at night to a minimum.,,26 down to steerage way after dark, or an chor for the night when possible. This Gilbert wrote to Jordan on 20 July. In Concerning the danger from these course was followed for awhile, an ex the letter he described the problems which mines, the Captain recorded: tra vigilant lookout being kept, until it had delayed the vessel's progress: was found that the necessary progress "It was known from the official no could not be made by dredging all day "After waiting nearly three weeks at tices published by the Japanese Govern and lying practically stopped all night."27 Hakodate for the final word of assent ment that several hundred floating of the Japanese authorities we put to sea mines, planted by both Japanese and Finally, the Captain noted that as the without it and began our work four days Russian forces during the recent war, vessel proceeded south the chances of ago. You may judge how far we are be were adrift in the Sea of Japan, and a any mines left "up stream" grew slim. hind our schedule. It will be necessary sinister emphasis was given to this in Hence, after leaving Nanao, "full speed to work later in the fall than we had formation by the reports, from time to was used as freely by night as by day.,,27 planned and also to omit some of the time, of mines being stranded along the The vessel proceeded southward itinerary. I fear the off-lying islands to western coast of Japan, or of vessels from Hakodate through Tsuruga Straits the southeast cannot be visited by the damaged or destroyed through collision into the Sea of Japan. Sampling in the ship. Another vexatious feature which Sea of Japan continued in a southwest 260ilbert to Jordan, 20 July 1906. CHOP, SUA, 25NA, RO 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). SC 58. 27NA, RO 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6).
58(1-2), 1996 21 42° 42°
40°
38°
PACIFIC OCEAN 36° 36°
34° 34°
32° EAST 32° CHINA SEA
30°1I:-_~_~ __~:=.JiI~:!-~..,.-__:-:!-:-::--_--:-:!-::-__----:-:=-__""':'7.:::-__-:"'=::-__~::-__=:-_~:::::-----'30° 1260 132°
Figure 5.-Schematic route of the Steamer Albatross in Japanese waters in 1906. erly manner to near Sado Island, the tween mid-July and 1 August (Table "We failed to connect with any float Noto Peninsula, the Oki group of is 1).29,30 Gilbert noted that collections ing mines in the Sea ofJapan, and arrived lands off Korea, and then north, reach made in Tsugaru Straits and at Sado Is here duly a few days ago. The Sea of Ja ing Nagasaki on 3 August. The solici land resembled Arctic fauna, consisting pan was incredibly barren at all points tous and helpful attitude of Japanese of liparids, cottids, and zoarcids. None below the wann surface waters, and even officials was noted by Captain Garrett: of the characteristic bathybial forms with regard to these, I can assure you a were taken, but many undescribed spe shipwrecked mariner would starve to "At 5:00 o'clock [12 July] in the cies were collected. 31 death hunting sea growth on the beach at evening the Albatross came to anchor In a further communication to Jordan either Dogo or Matsushima Islands."32 off Tsuruga. The customs and police from Nagasaki on 6 August, Gilbert officials, courteous at all times, were expressed his disappointment in the After departing Nagasaki on 8 Au more than usually so at this port, offer depauperate fauna: gust,33 the Albatross explored waters to ing every kind service in their power and the southwest and westward, then moved going so far even as to investigate the to the GulfofKagoshima, arriving 16 Au prices demanded by the various mer 29Gilbert and colleagues collected at on-shore gust. Off the Korean coast, Gilbert found chants from whom we were purchasing sites wherever possible; for example, they vis the number of individual fishes collected provisions and stores in order to pre ited the fish market at Sado Island on 19 July, in to be greater than elsewhere, but the as Saigo Harbor, Dogo Islands, on 25 July, and at vent any overcharge.,,28 Matsu Shima on 29 July. NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). 32Gilbert to Jordan, 6 August 1906. CHGP, SUA, The trawling was successful, as some 30Goto and Higurashi of Tokyo joined the vessel SC 58. 59 dredging stations were occupied be at Tsuraga, Japan, on 23 July. NA, RG 22, E 63, 33Harold Heath left the ship on 8 August and pro Box 6 (see footnote 6). ceeded by rail to Yokohama and then by ship to 31Gilbert to Jordan, 20 July 1906. CHGP, SUA, San Francisco. NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see foot 28NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). SC 58 (see footnote 26). note 6).
22 Marine Fisheries Review semblage was "a modified Bering Sea typhoon season, off Shiroo Misaki, the disaster, but the customary good fortune fauna down to Tsushima Straits.,,34 most dangerous cape of the Japanese of the ship prevailed. We had regular On August 16, Gilbert reported to coast, and weather which permitted "Indian Summer" weather and were Jordan: "We left Nagasaki on the eighth dredging, not withstanding the danger able to dredge industriously fourteen and have thus had eight days experience signals flying from every flagstaff.,,3? out of the sixteen days we were away with the fauna of Southern Japan. No from Hakodate.,,4o where can be found a more absolute Dredging in this region proved diffi contrast than between the two deep fau cult, Gilbert explained: Gilbert reported to Jordan that they nas separated by Tsushima Straits. I do intended to finish as rapidly as possible not recall a single species common to "The Kuro Shiroo is fully as rich as the work off Matsushima Bay and in the two areas."35 He noted that the we thought it would prove, but far more Suruga and Sagami Bays, as they were southern Japanese fauna was rich in difficult to investigate, owing to the pressed for time, as usual. He noted that deep-water fishes. Further, since leav great rapidity of the surface current and after the completion of the work around ing Nagasaki, he had added some 40 or the differential motion of the lower the end of October, the Albatross would 50 species of fishes to the known Japa strata. During our first two days, we did quickly refit for the voyage to San Fran nese fauna, several of which were not succeed in getting our trawl on the cisco and should arrive the middle of "doubtless new." He commented on the bottom at all, and in subsequent work December.4o oppressive heat (from 82°F at night to more than half the hauls have been un In mid-October, Gilbert wrote Jordan 88°F during day), but the seas were successful. Time passes rapidly, I fear from Shimizu: "phenomenally calm all the same, so we it will be a reconnaissance instead of a can drift about at night and take up our thorough investigation - but the results "We came down the coast from work wherever we find ourselves next will be rich, if not exhaustive."3? Hakodate with a northerly gale piping morning."35 Gilbert was concerned, in the rigging, the first storm we have however, about the possibly of typhoons Gilbert indicated that the ship would experienced on our cruise. And now we as the vessel headed toward Yokohama. leave for Hokkaido and Sakhalin in have dredged four days on the lower Sampling continued off the south about 10 days. They planned to spend slopes of Fuji San. We find the district west of Kyushu Island through 20 Au 30 days sampling enroute.3? better for scenery than for dredging. The gust, then the vessel proceeded north Gilbert next wrote Jordan from bottom of the Bay is green mud, of ex east into the Japan Current. She arrived Yokohama on 12 September. The ship treme tenacity and barrenness... 41 " off Kobe on 23 August, avoiding con was stormbound because of a "raging tact with typhoons the whole time, al typhoon" and, Gilbert wrote, "we had Gilbert closed his letter by noting though sampling was hindered some nearly two months of extreme heat, how they would finish their work in just 11 what by inclement weather. The vessel ever, with the mercury never below 82° at days. He indicated that he would return reached Yokohama on 3 September. night and ranging to 90° in the day and to San Francisco by mail steamer.41 On 4 September Gilbert wrote Jor the air was mostly saturated!"38,39 In early November, Gilbert reported dan from Tokyo: The ship left Yokohama on 14 Sep to Jordan from Yokohama. Concerning tember enroute to Hakodate, and on 18 the completion of the cruise, he wrote: "We have reached this point in our September proceeded to the west round up, after having spent some in through the Straits of Tsugaru. Sam "We ran in here a few days ago, hav teresting days dodging typhoons in the pling was conducted to the west and ing taken our last dredge haul in Uraga middle of the Kuro Shiroo [Kurishio].36 north of Hokkaido to Sakhalin, and then Channel at the entrance to Tokio [To One passed a short distance to the east returned to Hakodate on 4 October. kyo] Bay. So many known forms had ward of us and struck Tokyo and Upon the completion of the cruise not come to our nets, so much more Yokohama with much force. Another around northern Hokkaido and south valuable work was left unfinished. I lingered for days in the Loo Choos, con ern Sakhalin on 5 October, Gilbert found it hard to bring the investigation stantly threatening, but finally went up wrote Jordan from Hakodate: to a close.,,42 the Formosa and China route, into the Sea ofJapan, and out by Hokkaido. Our "Making this so late in the season, Gilbert further noted the tragic effect good fortune has been phenomenal. We we were threatened with storms and of stormy weather that merely delayed worked four days in the middle of the the Albatross:
37Gi1bert to Jordan, 4 September 1906. CHGP, 34Gilbert to Jordan, 6 August 1906. CHGP, SUA, SUA, SC 58. SC 58 (see footnote 32). 38Gilbert to Jordan, 12 September 1906. CHGP, 40Gilbert to Jordan, 5 October 1906. CHGP, SUA, 35Gi1bert to Jordan, 16 August 1906. CHGP, SUA, SC 58. SC 58. SUA, SC 58. 39Torrey left the ship on 10 September to return 41Gilbert to Jordan, 16 October 1906. CHGP, 36The Kuroshio is the current flowing northeast to San Francisco on the S.S. Magnolia. Goto and SUA, SC 58. between Formosa and 1at. 35°N (e.g., Sverdrup Higurashi returned to Tokyo on I I September. 42Gilbert to Jordan, 4 November 1906. CHGP, et aI., 1942). NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). SUA, SC 58.
58(1-2), 1996 23 REPonT ox THE JAPA:XESE ~L-\CROUROID FISHES CULLE<.;TED DY THE C\ITED STATI::S FISHERIES STEAMER '·.\LB.\TROSS- I~ 1906, WITH A SY:-;OJ>SIS OF THE GE:->"ER.-\.
n,' CIl.\RI.Li HESRI" Gn.llfll'T "SD r"RL L. HeRDS, 01 ~·lulfH,'I.,c<-"'" "."'0'.'.
I ~t"ll'll F,sli~I'ln S,leRmer 'Out'he",l:lIIdaofJapnn. 1"11 hlands lloecollrse WDS NEW CYCLOCASTERID FISHES FRO~1 JAPAN. IS""lh"·,,,·,l.lIllheStRGf ,TSUl'US": nnd from there t of KOI'fa br """l' of the ByC. H. G,LBI:II'r n"d C. V. Bt·RIt!:. lh~ Eustern Channel of 0/ S"'~foN U."D~', C.I~1Il ,hn')1'jrh \',IlCClIlIPS Slrn,t Igh DnngoCIo"nnclund lhe -,,/, Ih~1I CIl'CUIIII""'lgut~d s ste.mer Alball'O&' to the Ird, drcll,c:ed c.~tcnsi,·ely III totbecydogutuidr.una 'ewl~iesweres.eeu~,of : tillS nped'hon nre mnde UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM J .re here dli5Cribed. The ,"ln~l1j of th~se deep·sea n,.nd iBJmrnbut.ed along nd IlOlIlhustern C(l _ w&kts (including tha or which only 4 &r~ known &,.nd one of thefollr is a north P.cifie:. BeriogSu, 2'" speeie& which ue lUl' akiog&lJoeceB8&ry&lJow ~obvioUi 1l'..sltrl<(;TOI< (;OVU('>lI:STPII':;TIN(lO,."'CE Facing pages: Selected examples from the many publications and illustrations from the 1906 cruise of the Alba/ross. 24 Marine Fisheries Review \)U\..J_£"n~ ~;' nst-\£R\£S \)UR£P.U '~"""'" . 58 (1-2), 1996 25 "But the weather turned suddenly At about 1930 hours on the night of The Albatross remained in Honolulu capricious and worse. It was during this 21 November, when the vessel was for repairs and cleaning until 2 Decem time that a storm capsized fishing boats about 500 miles from Honolulu, Cap ber, when she departed for San Fran off the Goto Islands and drowned over tain Garrett was apparently sitting alone cisco. The run took 8 days, 10 hours, seven hundred men. We were storm bound "on the poop, in a long reclining deck with the ship arriving off Black Point day after day. And then, when work was chair on the port or weather side..." of in San Francisco Bay at about 2200 possible, we found to our disgust that the ship. As the recorded proceedings hours on 10 December 1906,49 mark these Bays are the least adapted for our of a Board ofInquest indicate (summa ing the conclusion of a remarkable ex kind of investigation of any Japanese ter rized by Hepburn): ploratory voyage of the Fisheries ritory we have attempted to work.,,42 Steamer Albatross (Anonymous, "A sudden unusually violent lurch of 1906b). Gilbert reported to Jordan that he the vessel to the starboard shot the chair Epilogue would work in the fish collection at the across the slippery painted canvas deck Imperial University in Tokyo for a few with great velocity, bringing [it] up The cruise of the Albatross to the days. He planned on sailing by steamer against the starboard rail with such force North Pacific Ocean may be considered to San Francisco, arriving by the middle that the end of the chair was wrecked a marked success from both exploratory of December.42 and a panel of wire lattice work between and biological standpoints. The expe The Albatross made her last dredge the deck and the rail was completely dition resulted in extensive biological haul on 26 October in Sagami Bay. She carried away, opening up like a door, collections. The ship's annual report had completed 339 dredge stations and no less than twelve good copper-wire noted that 90 cases of samples were 48 hydrographic casts during the expedi seizings holding lattice to the battens loaded onto a railroad freight car in tion. The officers and members ofthe sci being parted. Through the opening thus Sausalito, Calif., for transport to Palo entific staff of the Albatross were hosted made, or, more probably, over the dan Alto.50 Much of the material was ulti at a luncheon in Tokyo in their honor on gerously low rail itself, Captain Garrett mately shipped to the U.S. National 5 November at the Imperial University went overboard."46 Museum for distribution to various spe (now University of Tokyo).43 The vessel cialists for future study. These samples then proceeded to Yokohama to prepare A plaintive cry from Garrett was formed the basis for a number of publi for the run to San Francisco. Gilbert re heard, followed by shouts of"man over cations mainly describing new species, mained in Tokyo to work on collections board." Hepburn rushed up to the poop but also providing the basis for revisions offishes at the Imperial University before deck and found the broken chair stick of genera and families (Table 2). Gil returning to the U.S. by mail steamer.43 ing through the rail. A life buoy was bert authored or coauthored four of such thrown in the water where the captain works on fishes; others were authored Tragedy at Sea: The Albatross may have gone in.47 by Burke, Snyder, and by Carl Levitt Returns to San Francisco Hepburn assumed command of the Hubbs, then a student ofGilbert's. Col The Albatross sailed from Yokohama vessel and initiated an immediate lectively these authors described about on 10 November enroute to San Fran search, steaming in a complete circle 180 new species of fishes taken on this cisco via Honolulu. The ship encoun around the buoy with the searchlight on. cruise. The collections also contributed tered moderate weather for the first 3 The search continued all night to no to a definitive review of the fishes of days of her transit only to later encoun avail and, as recorded by Hepburn, "At Japan by Jordan et al. (1913). ter a tremendous storm. LieutenantArthur daylight the next morning, about 6:10 The expedition also provided speci Japy Hepburn44 reported, that "after five a.m., I abandoned the search and con mens that resulted in publications on sea days of the most violent motion of the tinued on our way to this port [Hono birds, siphonophores, isopods, and echi vessel, with decks continually awash and lulu], arriving inside at 10:30 a.m. this noderms, as well as other invertebrate the living quarters only occasionally dry, day [November 24]."47 taxa (Table 2). Descriptions of about all hatches and skylights battened down Upon arrival in Honolulu, Hepburn 203 new species resulted from these until it was a question whether one grew immediately submitted his report of in studies. Samples from this cruise remain unconscious at night from sleep or from quest to the commandant of the Naval today for further study. suffocation, all hands had reached about Station, Rear Admiral S. W. Very. Ad This voyage of the Albatross was just the limit of endurance.,,45 miral Very "ordered the Naval Station one of many important research cruises flag to fly at half-mast and at noon fired undertaken by the vessel. As Hedgpeth 43NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). seven minute guns in memorium.,,47,48 (1945) noted, the published works based 44Lieutenant Arthur Japy Hepburn, V.S.N. (1877-1964) was second in command aboard the Albatross in 1906. He also served aboard the Al 46Record of proceedings of a Board of Inquest batross in 1902. Record of Officers, V. S. Navy, convened on board the V.S.F.S. Albatross in the 48A "minute gun" is a cannon fired at intervals Arthur Japy Hepburn, Military Service Records, case of LeRoy Mason Garrett, Lieutenant Com of a minute as a signal of distress or in a military MI328, vol. 30. p. 89, NA. For more on Hepburn, mander, V.S. Navy, 22 November 1906. NA, RG funeral ceremony (Random House, 1987). see Anonymous, (1968) and Dunn, (l996a). 24, Files 1699, 10--14 (see footnote 6). 49NA, RG 22, E 63 (see footnote 6). 45NA, RG 22, E 63, Box 6 (see footnote 6). 47NA, RG 22, E 63 (see footnote 6). 50NA, RG 22, E 63 (see footnote 6). 26 Marine Fisheries Review Table 2.-Selected publications resulting in whole or in part from collections made aboard the Albafross on its 1906 research cruise to the Bering Sea, Kamchatka, and Japan. in Charles Henry's history, and were gracious hosts during my visits with them Author Subject Comments in Santa Fe. I am grateful for their finan On Fishes cial support of my historical research. Burke (1911) Distribution of Liparidae Relation between color of specimens and bathymetric distribution For reviews of drafts of this manu Burke (1930) Revision of liparidae 1 new genus and 1 new species script, I thank Theodore W. Pietsch, Gilbert (1913) Lantern fishes of Japan 12 new species Gilbert and Burke (1912a) List of fishes from the Bering Sea and 8 new genera and 35 new species u.w., and James W. Orr and Willis L. Kamchatka Gilbert and Burke (1912b) Liparid fishes from Japan 58 new species Hobart, National Marine Fisheries Ser Gilbert and Hubbs (1916) Japanese macruroid fishes 10 new species vice, Seattle. Hubbs (1915) Flounders and soles collected off Japan 2 new genera and 9 new species Hubbs (1918) Flounders of Japan Further observations Jordan, et al. (1913) Revision of the Fishes of Japan Review of 1,230 species Literature cited Snyder (1908) New fishes from Japan 2 new genera and 18 new species Snyder (1909; 1911) New fishes from Japan 5 new genera and 37 new species Agassiz, A., and H. L. Clark. 1907a, Hawaiian Snyder (1912a; 1912b) Shorefishes of Japan Checklist and distribution and other Pacific echini-The Cidaridae, Mem. Mus. Compo Zool., Harv. 34(1):1-42, Other than fishes _----,----,_ and . 1907b. Hawaiian and Agassiz and Clark other Pacific echini-The Salenidae, (1907a, b, c; 1909) Systematic review of echinoderms 1 new genus and 26 new species Arbaciadae, Aspidodiadematidae, and Bartsch (1907) Parasitic mollusk 1 new species Diadematidae, Mem. Mus. Comp, Zool., Bigelow (1913) Medusae and siphonophores 6 new species Clark (1907a) Birds of Kamchatka Distribution Harv.34(1);45-140. Clark (1907b) New species of birds 1 new genus and 18 new species __and __.1907c. Preliminary report on Clark (1907c, d, e, f, g) New species of crinoids Five papers, 58 new species the echini collected in 1906, from May to Clark (1910) List of birds observed and collected Distribution and life history notes December, among the Aleutian Islands, in Clark (1912) Echinoderms Distribution and diagnosis Bering Sea, and along the coasts of Dall (1913) Diagnoses of various mollusks 1 new genus and 21 new species Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Korea, and Japan, by Nutting (1912) Descriptions of soft corals 2 new genera and 40 new species Pilsbry (1911) Barnacles of Japan and Bering Sea 6 new species the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer "Alba Richardson (1909) Isopods collected 3 new genera and 28 new species tross," in charge of Lt. Commander L. M. Garrett, U.S.N., Commanding. Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., Harv. 51(5);108-139. and . 1909. Hawaiian and on Albatross collections fill an extensive chives, Washington, D.C., for his help --o--=th-e-r--:Pacific echini-The Echinothuridae. list of titles, her major achievements ly in locating archival material relevant to Mem. Mus. Compo Zool., Harv, 34(1): 141 204, ing in the field of marine fisheries. Gilbert. Anonymous. 1906a. Stanford professors to con For Gilbert, this expedition marked I also appreciate the assistance of duct expedition. Daily Palo Alto 28(40); I, col. Faye Mark, Indiana University Ar 3 [6 March]. his last work aboard the Albatross. He _=--::---= . 1906b. Zoology professors return. became interested in the biology of Pa chives, Bloomington, and Gisela S. Daily Palo Alto 29(75); 3, col. I [14 Dec.]. cific salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., Terrell, Rare Books and Special Collec ___.,- , 1907. Dredging and hydrographic records of the U. S. Steamer Albatross for around 1909, and by 1912, to the detri tions, The Irwin Library, Butler Univer 1906. Rep. Comm, Fish. for fiscal year 1906 ment of his systematic work, he was sity, Indianapolis, Indiana. I thank the and spec. pap. Bur. Fish. Doc. 621, 50 p. directing most of his attention to these Museum of History and Industry and _----;-----;-_. 1968. Arthur Japy Hepburn. Who was who in America, vol. iv, 1961-1968. Marquis fishes (Dunn, 1996b). Gilbert later be the Puget Sound Maritime Museum, who's Who, Inc., Chicago, p. 431. came the preeminent authority on Pacific Seattle, for access to their holdings of Bartsch, P, 1907. A new parasitic mollusk of the genus Eulina. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. salmon and an early fishery biologist. photographs of the Albatross and for 32(1545):556, permission to use them. The United Acknowledgments Bigelow, H, B. 1913. Medusae and Siphon States Naval Historical Center, Wash ophorae collected by the U.S. Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in the northwest Pacific, I thank Linda 1. Long, Department ington, D.C., furnished the photograph 1906. Proc, U,S. Natl. Mus. 44:1-119. of Special Collections, The Stanford of Commander Leroy Mason Garrett. Bowers, G. M. 1906. Report of the Commis University Libraries, Stanford, Califor I thank Theodore W. Pietsch, School sioner of Fisheries for the fiscal year ended June 30,1906, Bur. Fish. Doc, 72, 28 p. nia, for allowing me access to the Gil of Fisheries, University of Washington, Burke, C. V. 1911. The relation between the col bert and Jordan papers. Linda has over Seattle, for assistance and encourage oration and bathymetrical distribution of the the years provided considerable help to ment as well as material support. Ted's Cyclogasteridae. Science, N.S, 34(875): 447-453. me in my archival research. numerous kindnesses are much appre _-;:---:-;-_. 1930. Revision of the fishes of the The National Archives and Records ciated. Mark R. Jennings, Department family Liparidae, Bull. U.S. Natl. Mus. 150, 204 p. Administration, College Park, Mary of Herpetology, California Academy of Cattell, J. M, 1906. American men of science, land, furnished archival records on the Sciences, San Francisco, was always Sci. Press, N.Y, 364 p. Albatross and on Gilbert. Joseph available for counsel and information on Cattell, J. M., and J. Cattell (Editors). 1938. American Men of Science, 6th ed. Sci. Press, Schwarz, Archivist, was most helpful in historical matters concerning ichthyology. N. Y, 1,608 p, my requests for information. I also I much appreciate the help and en Clark, A. H. 1907a, Characteristic Kamchatkan thank Rebecca Livingston, Richard couragement of William W. and Dor birds, Auk 24:278-280. ____ ' 1907b. Eighteen new species and Fusick, and Richard C. Crawford of the othy Gilbert, Santa Fe, New Mexico. one new genus of birds from eastern Asia and National Archives for their assistance. The Gilberts allowed me access to their the Aleutian Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus, 32( 1539);467-475. I also appreciate the assistance of Will holdings of material concerning _=-::-_. 1907c, A new species of crinoid iam Cox, Smithsonian Institution Ar William's grandfather, were interested Ptilocrinus pinnatus from the Pacific Coast, 58(1-2), 1996 27 with a note on Bathycrinus. Proc. U.S. Natl. Garraty, J. A., and P. Gay (Editors). 1981. The Nutting, C. C. 1912. Descriptions of the Mus. 32(1547):551-554. Columbia history of the world. Harper and Alcyonaria collected by the U.S. Fisheries _----::---;-_. 1907d. On a collection of crinoids Row, N. Y, 1,237 p. Steamer Albatross, mainly in Japanese waters, of the genus Eudiocrinus from Japan, with Gilbert, C. H. 1913. The lantern fishes of Japan. during 1906. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 43: -104. description of a new species. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mem. Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh 6:67-107. Palmer, T. S. 1948. Hubert Lyman Clark [Obitu Mus. 32(1551):569-574. _=---,---_and C. V. Burke. 1912a. Fishes from ary]. Auk, N.S. 65:490. . 1907e. Two new crinoids from the Bering Sea and Kamchatka. Bull. Bur. Fish. Pietsch, T. W., and J. R. Dunn. In press. Early -7N°-o-rt7h-'Pacific Ocean. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 30(1910):31-96. collection building in Puget Sound and adja 32(1543):507-512. ___.,- and . 1912b. New cyclo cent waters: the 1880 expedition of David _---=-__ . 1907f. Descriptions of new species gasterid fishes from Japan. Proc. U.S. Natl. Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert. In T. of recent unsta1ked crinoids from the coasts Mus. 42:351-380. W. Pietsch and W. D. Anderson, Jr. (Editors), of Northeastern Asia. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. _--,-----;-_. and C. L. Hubbs. 1916. Report on Collection building in ichthyology and her 32(1561): 127-156. the Japanese macruroid fishes collected by the petology. Am. Soc. Ichthyol. Herpetol., Spec. _---=-__ . 1907g. Descriptions of new species United States Fisheries steamer "Albatross" Publ. 3. of recent un stalked crinoids from the North in 1906, with a synopsis of the genera. Proc. Pilsbry, H. A. 1911. Barnacles of Japan and Pacific Ocean. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 33 U.S. Natl. Mus. 51(2149):135-214. Bering Sea. Bull. Bur. Fish. 29:61-84. (1559):69-84. Hamersly, L. R. 1902. The records of living of Random House. 1987. Random House dictionary ---7 . 1910. The birds collected and ob ficers of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps., L. of the English language, Random House, N.Y, served during the cruise of the United States R. Hamersly Co., N.Y, 7th ed., 511 p. 2d ed., unabridged, 2,478 p. Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in the North Hedgpeth, J. W. 1945. The United States Fish Richardson, H. 1909. Isopods collected in the Pacific Ocean, and in the Bering, Okhotsk, Commission Steamer Albatross. Am. Neptune Northwest Pacific by the U. S. Bureau of Fish Japan, and Eastern seas, from April to Decem 5(1):5-26. eries Steamer "Albatross" in 1906. Proc. U.S. ber, 1906. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 38:25-74. Hubbs, C. L. 1915. Flounders and soles from Natl. Mus. 37:75-129. Clark, H. L. 1912. Hawaiian and other Pacific Japan collected by the United States Bureau Snyder, J. O. 1908. Descriptions ofeighteen new echini-The Pedinidae, Phymosomatidae, of Fisheries Steamer Albatross in 1906. Proc. species and two new genera of fishes from Stomopneustidae, Echinidae, Temno U.S. Natl. Mus. 48(2082):449-496. Japan and the Riu Kiu Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. pleuridae, Strongylocentrodidae, and _--;------,;;-. 1918. Supplementary notes on floun Mus. 35(1635):93-111. Echinometridae. Mem. Mus. Compo Zool., ders from Japan with remarks on the species __-----,_. 1909. Descriptions of new genera and Harv. 34(1 ):205-383. of Hippoglossoides. Annot. Zool. Jpn. species of fishes from Japan and the Riu Kiu Dall, W. H. 1913. Diagnoses of new shells from 9(4):369-376. Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 36(1688): the Pacific Ocean. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. _-:::;----:_. 1943. [Obituary]. John O. Snyder. 597-610. 45:587-597. Copeia 1943(4):265-266. __-----,_. 1911. Descriptions of new genera and Dunn, J. R. 1996a. Charles Henry Gilbert (1859 --:-::-77":"---: . 1964. David Starr Jordan. Syst. Zool. species of fishes from Japan and the Riu Kiu 1928), naturalist-in-charge and Chauncy Tho 13(4): 195-200. Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 40(1836): mas, Jr. (1850-1919), commanding: conflict Jordan, D. S. 1922. Days of a man. World Book 525-549. aboard the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Al Co., Yonkers-on-Hudson, N.Y, 2 vol., 710, 906 p. _.,------:--;. 1912a. Japanese shore fishes col batross in 1902. Mar. Fish. Rev. 58(1-2):3-16. __--,----- , S. Tanaka, and J. O. Snyder. 1913. A lected by the United States Bureau of Fisher _-:=::::-:-' 1996b. Charles Henry Gilbert (1859 catalogue of the fishes of Japan. 1. Coil. Sci., ies Steamer "Albatross" expedition of 1906. 1928), an early fishery biologist and his con Impel. Univ. Tokyo, 33(1):1-497. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 42:399-450. tributions to knowledge of Pacific salmon Malone, D. (Editor). 1933. Dictionary of Ameri _--;;---;--: . 1912b. The fishes of Okinawa, one (Oncorhynchus spp.). Rev. Fish. Sci. 4(2): can biography. Charles Scribner's Sons, N.Y, ofthe Riu Kiu Islands. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 133-184. vol. II. 42:487-519. ____ . In press. Charles Henry Gilbert Mooney, J. L. (Editor). 1991. Dictionary of Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. (1859-1928): pioneer ichthyologist of the American naval fighting ships. Vol. I. Part A. Fleming. 1942. The oceans: their physics, American West. In T. W. Pietsch and W. D. Naval Hist. Cent., Dept. Navy, Washington, chemistry, and general biology. Prentice-Hall, Anderson, Jr. (Editors), Collection building D.C., p. 135-138. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1,087 p. in ichthyology and herpetology. Am. Soc. Myers, G. S. 1951. David Starr Jordan, ichthyologist, Windsor, M. P. 1991. Reading the shape of na Ichthyol, Herpetol., Spec. Publ. 3. 1851-1931. Stanford IchthyoL Bull. 4(1):2~. ture. Univ. Chicago Press, 324 p. 28 Marine Fisheries Review List of Papers "The 1996 U.S. purse seine fishery for tropi cal tunas in the central-western Pacific Ocean," by Atilio L. Coon, Jr., Gary T. Sakagawa, Doug Prescott, and Gordon Yamasaki, 3:34-40 "An observed flntanglement of Lagenorhyn Papers in the Marine chus obliquidens in the high seas driftnet area in the North Pacific," by S. A. Fisheries Review 59(1-4), 1997 Mizroch and C. Hutchinson, 3:41-44 59(4) "An assessment of fishery yields from the East China Sea ecosystem," by W. Z. Chen, Y. 59(1) "Simulated and actual effects of the brown Z. Zheng, Y. Q. Chen, and C. P. Mathews, shrimp, Penaeus aztecus, closure in Mex 4:1-7 "Spotted seals, Phoca largha, in Alaska," by ico," by Adolfo Gracia, 2:18-24 "Stocking, enhancement, and mariculture of David 1. Rugh, Kim E. W. Shelden, and "Safety training and oceanic fishing," by John Penaeus orientalis and other species in David E. Withrow, 1:1-18 1. Poggie and Richard B. Pollnac, 2:25-28 Shanghai and Zhejiang provinces, China," "Catch and bycatch in the shark drift gillnet by 1. Xu, M. Xia, X. Ning, and C. P. fishery off Georgia and east Florida," by L. 59(3) Mathews, 4:8-14 Trent, D. E. Parshley, and J. K. Carlson, "A brief history of bycatch management meas 1:19-28 "The oyster industry of eastern Mexico," by ures for eastern Bering Sea groundfish fisher "Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, trap selectiv Clyde L. MacKenzie, Jr., and Annando T. ies," by David Witherell and Clarence ity studies: Mesh size," by Vincent Guillory Wakida-Kusunoki, 3: 1-13 Pautzke,4:15-22 and Paul Prejean, 1:29-31 "The status of queen conch, Strombus gigas, "Assessment of the distribution and abundance research in the Caribbean," by Allan W. of coastal sharks in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico 59(2) Stoner, 3:14-22 and eastern seaboard, 1995 and 1996," by Mark Grace and Terry Henwood, 4:23-32 "The California red sea urchin, Strongyloceno "Estimation of standardized effort in the hetero "Untrawlable bottom in shrimp statistical tusfranciscanus, fishery: Catch, effort, and geneous Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet," by management trends," by Peter E. Kalvass Wade L. Griffin, Arvind K. Shah, and zones of the northwest Gulf of Mexico," by Jason Link, 4:33-36 and Jon M. Hendrix, 2: 1-17 James M. Nance, 3:23-33 Errata Dunn, J. R. 1996. Charles Henry Gilbert (1859-1928), naturalist-in-charge: the 1906 North Pacific expedition of the steamer Albatross. Marine Fisheries Review 58(1 2):17-28. In footnote 8, page 18, the biographical data of Hubert Lyman Clark (1870-1948) was erroneously attributed to Austin Hobart Clark. Correct information on A. H. Clark may be found in Cattell and Cattell (1938). Additionally, the reference in the footnote to Palmer (1948) is in error. I thank Dr. Gordon Hendler, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, for bringing these errors to my attention. J. R. Dunn 59(4),1997 41