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Cloudsley Louis Rutter (1867–1903): Pioneer Salmon Biologist and Resident Naturalist, Fisheries Steamer Albatross

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Cloudsley Louis Rutter (1867–1903): Pioneer Salmon Biologist and Resident Naturalist, Fisheries Steamer Albatross Cloudsley Louis Rutter (1867–1903): Pioneer Salmon Biologist and Resident Naturalist, Fisheries Steamer Albatross MARK R. JENNINGS “...accomplish your work even if it is a little hard on others; as their assistance in a suc- cessful work will refl ect credit on them as well as yourself.” Cloudsley Rutter (1903)1 Introduction tion from American universities. This and other important fi sheries resources By the beginning of the 20th centu- was the result of nearly 3 decades of along the Pacifi c coast (Smith, 1910; ry, the United States Fish Commission effort by a relatively small group of Larkin, 1970). A number of dedicated (USFC) had reached a milestone long educators and government offi cials professionals both inside and outside envisioned by its fi rst Commissioner (Brittan, 1997). the USFC felt that they could restore Spencer Fullerton Baird: an agency This period was also the height of declining and depleted salmon runs largely staffed with scientists well- the Progressive Era, a time where by taking a scientifi c approach to the trained in the fi eld of fi sheries biology great faith was placed in the notion problem, mainly by studying the life and assisted, as needed, by a cadre of that scientifi c investigation could history and ecology of each species university professionals (Allard, 1978; solve many political, social, and eco- in the fi eld, suggesting regulations to Jennings, 1997a). From senior direc- nomic problems, including the rapid limit commercial fi shing (or identify tors down to intermittent fi eld assis- destruction of the nation’s natural re- new fi shing grounds), and building tants, a majority of USFC employees sources (Hays, 1959). Its most impor- hatcheries to make up for the collapse now had at least some college educa- tant proponent was President Theodore of commercial salmon runs (McEvoy, Roosevelt who created a number of 1986). scientifi cally based government agen- This policy required large amounts cies and commissions, staffed them of fi eld work and scientifi c data to Mark R. Jennings is with Rana Resources, P.O. with college educated specialists, and Box 2815, Davis, CA 95617-2185 (RanaRe- [email protected]) and is also Research Asso- ensured the passage of laws to remove 1Rutter 1903. Unpublished personal diary of ciate, Department of Herpetology, California “unqualifi ed” employees from techni- Cloudsley Louis Rutter during his 1903 Alas- Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse ka trip. Original in possession of Richard R. Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118-4503. Views or cal government positions (Hays, 1959; Rutter [=RRR], Professor of Orthodontics, opinions expressed or implied are those of the Nash, 1976). University of the Pacifi c, Arthur A. Dugoni author and do not necessarily refl ect those of the It was during this Progressive Era School of Dentistry, San Francisco, Calif. An National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. edited copy of the original diary is in the au- that the USFC was deeply engaged in thor’s possession and is the subject of a future doi: dx.doi.org/10.7755/MFR.76.4.1 studying salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., manuscript (M. R. Jennings, In prep.) ABSTRACT—The meteoric career of tion of commercial fi shes along the Pacifi c he helped initiate studies in fi sh embryol- Cloudsley Louis Rutter (22 Feb. 1867–29 Coast. ogy, tagging, toxicology, and culture. He Nov. 1903), an Assistant with the United A gifted ichthyologist, writer, administra- was apparently the fi rst fi sheries biologist States Fish Commission (USFC) (1893–94; tor, and collector of natural history speci- to lament the widespread practice of intro- 1897–1902), Curator of Ichthyology at the mens, he was responsible for designing and ducing fi shes from the eastern United States California Academy of Sciences (1900–02), conducting many of the USFC fi eld studies into California waters and the needless per- and Resident Naturalist, Fisheries Steamer in the Far West at the turn of the century. His secution of rainbow trout, O. mykiss, and Albatross (1902–03), is described, and his work on Chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha, charr, Salvelinus spp., by commercial salm- many contributions to ichthyology and fi sh- in California remains a classic in the fi eld, on fi shermen in Alaska. However, he also eries science are reviewed. As one of the and his other 30 publications over a 10-year strongly advocated the use of hatcheries to fi rst zoology students of David Starr Jor- period are important contributions to the augment declining salmon runs, a policy dan and Charles Henry Gilbert at Stanford ichthyology of China, the northeast Pacifi c, that contributed to the subsequent extinc- University, he pioneered life history stud- and the American West. Several of his pub- tion of number of races of trout and salmon ies of Pacifi c salmon, Oncorhynchus spp., lications remain useful today because they along the Pacifi c Coast. His tragic death at in California and Alaska, hatchery methods describe fi shes and habitats that have virtu- the young age of 36 robbed the USFC of for sockeye salmon, O. nerka, in Alaska, and ally disappeared over the past century. one of its best investigators. He is a paragon assisted in the study of sea lion, Eumetopias Rutter was also innovative in the use of of modern research fi sheries biologists and jubata and Zalophus californianus, preda- fi eld photography for fi sheries work, and fi sheries administrators of the 20th century. 76(4) 1 justify the position and needs of the the age of 36, the destruction of most USFC before Congressional appropri- early records of CAS during the 18 ation committees and the commercial Apr. 1906 San Francisco earthquake fi shing industry. Thus, a steady stream and fi re (Leviton and Aldrich, 1997), of young, college educated employees and the lack of detailed obituaries was hired by the USFC to meet its ever by colleagues in scientifi c publica- increasing demands (Jennings, 1997a). tions (Anonymous, 1903a, b; Bowers, One such employee was Cloudsley 1905a; but see also [Mayer], 1904; and Louis Rutter (Fig. 1), a recent graduate Chamberlain, 1904). In this biography, of Stanford University and a protégé I present the major points of Rutter’s of Barton Warren Evermann, Charles life, by emphasizing his accomplish- Henry Gilbert, and David Starr Jor- ments with Stanford University, the dan (Evermann, 1917; Jordan et al., USFC, the Alaska Packers Associa- 1930). In a brief, but highly distin- tion, and CAS.2 guished career, Rutter not only became a leading authority on Pacifi c salmon Early Life in California and Alaska, but he also Childhood Years, 1867–1880 helped initiate studies in fi sh tagging, 3,4 toxicology, and culture, as well as sea Cloudsley Louis Rutter was born lion, Eumetopias jubata and Zalophus on 22 Feb. 1867 near Snake Creek in Figure 1.—Cloudsley Louis Rutter californianus, predation on commer- Barton Township, Gibson County, Ind., in his home at 1014 Golden Gate the eldest child of George Austin Rut- Avenue in San Francisco in 1903. cial fi shes. In 1900, he began his as- Original photo courtesy of Richard sociation with the California Academy 2Acronyms used for sources cited in this work R. Rutter. of Sciences (CAS) and as Curator of are as follows: California Academy of Sci- Ichthyology, helped to professionalize ences, San Francisco (CAS); Indiana State its small but steadily growing fi sh col- University, Terre Haute, (ISU); Indiana Univer- sity, Bloomington (IU); Smithsonian Institution, lection and described several new fi sh Washington, D.C. (SI); Leland Stanford Junior ter (12 Nov. 1841–27 Mar. 1917) and species that came to his attention. University, Stanford, California (LSJU); and Hanna Jane (Emmerson) Rutter (9 Sept. National Museum of Natural History, Washing- Acknowledged as one of the best ton, D.C. (USNM). Copies of original letters in 1841–8 Nov. 1903). His father was a workers and scientifi c minds in the the possession of RRR have been xeroxed and carpenter and farmer who had served USFC ([Mayer], 1904; Van Arsdale placed in the CAS Archives. as a member of Company F, 42nd Regi- and Gerber, 1904; Greene, 1905; Ev- 3All of the statements regarding Rutter’s youth are based on a 28 Nov. 1909 [-11 Dec. 1909] ment Indiana Volunteers, throughout ermann, 1921), his untiring efforts letter from Dora Holt to Effi e Rutter and her son most of the Civil War (Stormont, 1914). resulted in a number of important Cloudsley Damon Rutter [written on the back of In later years, the elder Rutter served as publications on the fi shes of Arizona an 1891 college essay entitled “A Comparative Character Sketch of Solomon and David”]. This a college trustee of Oakland City Col- and California (Evermann and Clark, was written by Rutter while he was a student at lege, and as the constable and tax col- 1931). These seminal studies are still Doane College (copy in CAS Archives). lector of Oakland City, Ind. (Stormont, referred to today because of his eco- 4Rutter’s full name has been a source of con- 1914; Shirley, 1985). Although a man fusion over the years. Some publications list logical comments about so many his offi cial name as “Cloudsley M. Rutter” of limited schooling in the early sub- native fi shes which are now consid- (Dean, 1917:371; Hedgpeth, 1941:144; Hubbs, scription schools of Posey and Pike ered to be threatened or endangered 1964:58; Eschmeyer, 1990:613); apparently the result of a printer’s error on the cover of a reprint counties, Ind., he nonetheless instilled (Minckley, 1973; Moyle, 2002). In- of Rutter (1899). In an original, signed, compli- the importance of education and high deed, except for some inaccurate com- mentary copy of Rutter (1899) in my possession, moral standards in his children: Cloud- ments about the salmon spawning the middle initial “M” on the cover has been inked out.
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