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Carl L. Hubbs (1894-1979): Collection Builder Extraordinaire

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Made in United States of America Reprinted from COLLECTION BUILDING IN ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY 19 C Copyright, 1997, by The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Carl L. Hubbs (1894-1979): Collection Builder Extraordinaire ROBERT RUSH MILLER AND ELIZABETH N. SHOR INTRODUCTION veniences, from that time on Hubbs had a lifelong interest Carl Leavitt Hubbs (1894-1979) became a world-recognized in the relict fishes of the intermontane western United authority on the systematics and ecology of fishes, and was States. a 20th-century example of the complete naturalist (Norris, After graduating from Stanford (B.A., 1916; M.A., 1917), 1974; Shor et al., 1987; Figure 1). Born in Arizona, he was Hubbs became assistant curator in charge of fishes, amphib- raised in California, with family moves from San Diego to ians, and reptiles at the Field Museum of Natural History in the Los Angeles area to the Central Valley. According to his Chicago from 1917 to 1919; the next year he became curator own reminiscences, he became an enthusiast of natural his- of the Division of Fishes at the University of Michigan Mu- tory at a very young age, in the usual manner of his day; seum of Zoology (UMMZ). His Ph.D. was awarded by that that is, by exploring the open countryside and learning the university in 1927, on the basis of his publication record, local fauna by happenstance.' His maternal grandmother let from which one of his manuscripts in press was selected as him share in her moderately large private shell collection, his dissertation.' He advanced to full professor in 1940. At which may have been his introduction to the joy of collect- Michigan he increased the collection of fishes tremendously ing. A high-school teacher urged him to become a chemist, and created a system for cataloging them. His more impor- but at Los Angeles Junior College George Bliss Culver (once tant researches there were on hybridization of fishes in na- a field assistant to the pre-eminent ichthyologist David Starr ture and on the effect of water temperature on morphological Jordan) gave Hubbs one preserved minnow from nearby variation in fishes. He did considerable work on systematics, Malibu Creek, from which no freshwater fishes had been distribution, and habits, with the greatest emphasis on a large previously recorded. On the pretense of failing eyesight, he order of small fishes, the freshwater cyprinodontiforms. requested that Hubbs make the scale counts needed to iden- Hubbs published a great many papers and supervised many tify the fish. Hubbs and Culver went on to study the fishes students. of the Los Angeles basin, and Culver encouraged his student In 1944, Hubbs accepted an appointment as professor at to go to Stanford University and work under Jordan (Norris, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Cal- 1974:587). Thus was Hubbs's future in ichthyology deter- ifornia, in La Jolla, California. There he expanded his stud- mined. ies of fishes much more extensively to marine species, in- Hubbs did attend Stanford, where his mentor was primar- creased the institution's collection tremendously, went on ily Charles Henry Gilbert, while Jordan, President of the publishing (to a total of 707 titles), and continued to teach University, was away much of the time on missions of world and supervise students. A major new study area for him peace. During his college years, Hubbs collected salaman- was Baja California and its offshore islands, which led him ders for a biological supply house, accompanied by fellow into researches on past climates, paleoecology, archeology, student Frances Clark; her sister, a mathematics major at and marine mammals Hubbs stayed at Scripps Institution Stanford, joined in one of those forays and so Carl got ac- until his death; even after reaching emeritus status he con- quainted with Laura Clark, who in 1918 became his wife tinued his researches and publications. He was an active and partner for the next 61 years. participant in natural-history organizations in the San Di- Also, while at Stanford, he accompanied John Otterbein ego area and provided appropriate specimens to their col- Snyder in the summer of 1915 on a 70-day, 3,500-mile lections. automobile trip to survey the fishes of the Bonneville Basin Carl Hubbs was an intense person when collecting was to in Utah. In a lively talk to the Zoology Club at Stanford be done. Outdoors he was oblivious to time, hunger, his own on 9 February 1916, he described that trip as going from physical limits, the weariness of colleagues, and the stench "Heaven to Hell"—Heaven being "the unsurpassed view of stranded and decaying marine mammals. Some colleagues . [of] the blue-black waters of Lake Tahoe" when they saw him doze in scientific meetings, but they also heard him crossed the Sierra Nevada, and "Blue Hell- being the ask penetrating questions many times—and any of them "miles of that fine white alkaline lake deposit" on the road would have been hard pressed to keep up with him in the beyond Elko, Nevada.2 Whatever the discomforts or incon- field. 367 368 COLLECTION BUILDING IN ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY .67.7 racrpf .1 xv_kl- K(Group) (Specta9 (Cat.No.) L000fify Nevada! Warm Sfr.iaza at go!tr.a."....of...Lospa...k....= oil" of L. Mend.. floodinr Virgin R. water. Ygtrz clew. bat easily roiled.; slightly .,.1rhurous_. Vegetation: ..traal....a....1)1.09.._im..9.0.9.1s.t...bsda_mf..P.nfan‘ng.,-on. BottomggirEiplAWl..1p6.1..clnms.11,5.rayal,..iisaker.: " Shore: flifibtath/3.....3a0.1*,-. ter.pari.LIG.....REG..Currente: Distance from shore: 1b311]..S._abalt... r r .r lattethglird 8 g , Method of capture: ErgilliSWAPOgt or e 8; 6° -4 ieriver Collected by _Hub ... odic pinery • 10% form... Thor viausiar Received from . Date reed: 1.9a6r.17.1.15. :". Obtained by gins EiTa. Orig No ii.J St.. No • (over) a i-l'iN13(1'64 COLLECTION OF FISHES, MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SPEC I M ENS: Char.,, . Number. 4 Sex: . Maturity: Length to caudal in mm.: Condition (when catalogued): .ywsf-ac Identified by• N,••44e !-J,saa•sssia,s4Se; ,41•••c•••••,•e, Disposition of spedmens: Figure 1. Carl L. Hubbs, portrayed as "the old man of the sea," by Sam Hinton in 1948. Photograph courtesy of the Scripps Institution of Oceanog- raphy Archives. Published record: !.TIRRXRAsegt1:41.14schs.wo..or..diteiLim:at.Eaciaissmaig.r.aas(.c..:.- THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN pep • t — When Carl Hubbs was appointed to the staff of the Univer- Remarhm sity of Michigan in 1920, the Museum of Zoology (UMMZ) Catalogued by• (. VIII Au was housed in the ancient Romance Languages Building. Farm 2120 11-33 51,1 (over) The entire fish collection, obtained from early state biolog- ical surveys, the United States Fish Commission, Museum Figure 2. An example of Carl L. Hubbs's index cards, front and back. expeditions, and local donors, comprised about 5,000 spec- Photograph courtesy of the Museums Library, University of Michigan, Ann imens stored on a table some 20 feet long. His only ichthy- Arbor. ological associates were Professor Jacob Reighard, Chair- man of the Zoology Department, and Walter Koelz who was studying the whitefishes of the Great Lakes region. Working In addition, the cataloged collection was cross-referenced by closely with Museum Director Alexander Ruthven, who sub- geographic regions (states of the U.S., foreign countries, sequently served as chairman of his doctoral committee, Oceania, etc.) with each catalog number entered on the ap- Hubbs immediately began vigorous collecting in Michigan propriate card. Thus it was easy to compile a list of fishes and eastern United States, putting up with inadequate storage from a specific region. The major uncataloged accessions space in various buildings until the University Museums were also cross-referenced for ready access, and all collec- Building that now houses the Museum of Zoology was com- tions received (including loans, etc.) were indexed alpha- pleted in 1928. His careful and aggressive planning assured betically by sender (individual names or institutions). Iden- adequate space in this building for the development of a tified specimens not retained at UMMZ were also indexed major collection in the Division of Fishes. by group numbers and species. Hubbs was always deeply Early on, Hubbs devised an innovative and highly effec- concerned about the care, maintenance, and utility of collec- tive cataloging system utilizing 65 group numbers arranged tions, and vigorously sought and obtained reliable specimen phylogenetically, with individual numbers that included containers in which the fishes were stored in approximately from a family to an order, depending on the size of the 70% ethanol. group. Species index cards (Figure 2) were prepared for ev- Expeditions (Figure 3), gifts, exchanges, purchases, and ery cataloged lot, and a sturdy label with basic data was simple begging contributed to the rapid build-up of the col- placed inside each jar (along with a stamped tin tag bearing lection. Hubbs also frequently offered to identify fishes for the catalog number), with this information also entered in colleagues and federal and state organizations, with retention catalog books. These records were maintained by a full-time of adequate numbers at UMMZ for this service. An addi- cataloger. Each species was housed in a separate box on the tional approach used by Hubbs was to leave jars with for- storage shelves. These methods made material easy to find. malin at hatcheries, with ranchers or interested friends met MILLER AND SHOR: CARL L. HUBBS: COLLECTION BUILDER EXTRAORDINAIRE 369 Figure 3. The expedition leader poses with the truck donated by Genera Figure 4. Hubbs (seated in center) enjoys a laboratory visit on his trip Motors Corporation for a trip from Michigan to the Pacific coast, 1926 to Japan, 1929.
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