The Carrillos of San Diego ...: a Historic

The Carrillos of San Diego ...: A Historic Spanish Family of California (Continued) Author(s): Brian McGinty Source: The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 2 (June, 1957), pp. 127-148 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern California Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41166252 . Accessed: 18/05/2014 20:01

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This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego . . . A HistoricSpanish Family of California

By BrianMcGinty

(Continuedfrom The March Quarterly)

IN CALIFORNIA Were IlOta- |3j?g||3|HE SPANISH AND MEXICAN PERIODS PP'il ^le fortheir profusion of aristocraticgrandee families, ffliwSHlarge but closelyknit groups that broughtto the rugged wildernessregions of westernAmerica the polishedtraditions of old Castille. The names of thesefamilies ring with the melodious tones of sun-drenchedSpain - Alvarado,Arguello, De la Guerra, Pico, Pacheco,Sepulveda, Vallejo. Theirswas a simplebut abund- ant life, gracedby rock-dashedwaves at the ocean's edge, cattle- coveredhillsides stretching to the distanthorizon, and the radiant warmthof the Californiasun. Among the most notable of these early Californiafamilies were the Carrillos,heirs to a long Spanishand Mexican tradition of achievementand valor. They came to Californiain the persons of two individuals,both fromBaja California,but of unknown relationshipto one another.The firstof thesemen, José Raimundo Carrillo,came in 1769 as part of the expeditionof Don Gasparde Portola,and settledin the pueblo of Los Angeles. The second, JoaquinVictor Carrillo, came to Californiain about 1800 and settled in the shadowsof the first-establishedof the Franciscanmis- sions,San Diego de Alcalá. Joaquinand his wife,Maria Ignacia Lopez, made theirhome in San Diego forover thirty years. Here,their five sons and seven daughterswere born - sonsand daughtersthat, in succeedingyears,

127

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA wereto takeactive and significantroles in Californianaffairs. And it was in San Diego, in about 1836,that Don JoaquinVictor, Cali- fornia-founderof his branchof the Carrillofamily, died and was buried. The membersof thisfamily are referredto as "The Carrillos of San Diego." Yet, in spite of their early connectionwith the cradle-cityof SpanishCalifornia, they were by no means confined to that locality. Carrillosplayed importantroles in California's historyalong the whole length of El CaminoReal. FromSan Diego, startingpoint of "The Royal Highway,"they moved northward almostto the doorstepof the Russiansettlement at FortRoss, some fortymiles northof El Camine?s northernterminus, Mission San FranciscoSolano de Sonoma. All along the road,living and work- ing in the grandCalifornian way, theyleft indelible imprints on the heritageof the Golden State. ♦ * *

Part III

RamonaCarrillo g^jgräjhe second daughter of joaquin and María Ignacia Carrillo libili was Ramona?born at theCasa de Carrilloin San Diegoin §ESH 1811or 1812. There was gayetyand excitementin San Diego in the spring of 1827. Guestswere arriving from far and near and preparations beingmade forone of earlyCalifornia's most festive wedding celebrations. AgustínZamorano, future Governor of California,had arrivedin this southerncity to marryhis chosenbride, the lovely SeñoritaLuisa Arguello,in a grand,double ceremony with Señorita Ramona Carrillo and her chosen groom,the dashing Romualdo Pacheco. Once theceremony had been performed,guests assembled fromall aroundfor celebrations at the Casa de Carrillo. A grand ball and fiestawere held, with the bells ofthe missionchurch ring- ing the glad newsof their marriage to thesurrounding countryside. In frontof theirhouse, the Carrillosarranged their guests in the formof an elaborateprocession. Graced by a militaryescort, the 128

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This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego partywas head by GovernorJosé Echeandía, and almost all of San Diego formedits train. Joinedby Pacheco,Zamorano, and their respectivebrides, the entiregathering departed for the capital at Monterey.Visiting the ranchosand cloisteredmissions that dotted the peacefulcountryside, they brought the gayetyof theirwedding celebrationto all of California.1 Returnedfrom their wedding trek, Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco and her husbandmade theirhome in Santa Barbara,occupying the historicadobe thatin lateryears was to be knownas the "Carrillo House" of Santa Barbara.2Two sonswere born to the couplehere, Mariano and Romualdo,the latterdestined one day to be Governor ofCalifornia. Manuel Victoriahad come to Californiain 1830, appointed governorby Mexico's PresidentAnastasio Bustamante. Arriving fromMexico City,he tookoffice in Montereyon March 8, 1830. Acquaintedonly with militarymethods and arbitraryby nature, Victoria'srule soon arousedwidespread opposition. Californians, independentto the extreme,rebelled at even the smell of imper- ialism. By the end of 1830,revolt was brewingin Los Angelesand San Diego.3 Warned of trouble,Victoria started south to meet his foes alone. At Santa Barbara,he founda loyal squad of about thirty soldiersunder Captain RomualdoPacheco. Assumingtheir com- mand,he advancedtoward Los Angeles. The Governorwas metat CahuengaPass by Pablo Portillaand 150 men. A volleyof harm- less firewas exchanged. Captain Pacheco, perhapsthrough mis- understandingof Victoria'sorders, rode forwardon his beautiful black horseinto the space betweenthe twoparties. Fromthe other side rode hulkingJosé María Ávila, a man of Herculeanstrength and experthorsemanship. Challenging Pacheco to single combat, he rushedforward, his lance leveledlike that of a joustingmedieval knight.Pacheco swervedto avoid the thrustof his opponent,and Ávila was carriedpast by the impetusof his horse. Then, turning in the saddle,he drewa pistoland shotPacheco through the heart.4 Both sides rushed forward,and the battle became general. Victoriamanaged to rally and hold his badly outnumberedforce 129

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA to a draw. But withina monthhe was on a shipheaded for Mexico. Meanwhile,in Santa Barbara, a mourningwidow, Ramona Carrillode Pacheco,laid her belovedhusband to rest,and prepared to meetlife anew withher two infantsons. Ramonawas stillyoung and lovely. In 1836 or 1837,she married the well-knownScotch shipmaster and trader,Captain John Wilson.5For severalyears, she and her new husbandcontinued to occupy the CarrilloHouse in Santa Barbara- living in an easy, Californianway, extending an open-handedand gracioushospitality to all who passedthrough their town. Edward Vischervisited Santa Barbara in 1842 and tooknote of what he called "an atmosphereof pious individualismwhich is soon feltby a newcomer.Yet," he continued,"there is no lack of eleganthouseholds . . . The houseof CaptainWilson . . . was to me a mostpleasing picture of domesticcomfort and harmony."6Wil- liam Heath Davis, in his Seventy-FiveYears in California,had this to say of the Wilson household: "Doña Ramona,the motherof GovernorPacheco, when I firstknew her in 1838 at Santa Barbara, was a handsomewoman, queenly in her walk and bearing,and among her countrywomen,who were notedfor their beauty, she was one of the mostattracive." Ramona, he continued,"was kind to all the merchantswho visitedthat part. In 1842 and '43, I was at Santa Barbara as supercargoof the 'Don Quixote,'and often dined withher. Frequentlywhen the hour arrivedand I was not there,she would send a servantround the townto findme, with the message,'Doña Ramonaestá esperandoa ustedpara la comida' (Doña Ramonais waitingdinner for you.) . . . Her kindnessto me is amongmy pleasantestrecollections."7 On April 6, 1837,Governor Juan Alvarado granted the 48,000 acre Rancho Suey to Ramona Carrillo.8This property,extending along the Santa Maria and Cuyama Rivers,lay partlyin Santa Barbara Countyand partlyin San Luis Obispo County. In 1845, Doña Ramona'shusband, Captain Wilson, was grantedtwo ranchos near MissionSan Luis Obispode Tolosa. The firstof these, Cañada de los Osos y Pecho e Islay^was grantedto Wilsonand his partner, JamesScott, on September24, 1845, and included32,000 acres.9 130

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego The secondwas Cañada del Chorro,3,000 acres thatwere granted to Scottand Wilsonon October10, 1845. In 1847,when his partner- ship with Scottwas dissolved,Capain Wilson obtainedsole titleto theselands. BetweenCañada del Chorroand Cañada de los Osos, an Indian named Romualdocultivated a bit of land at the base of CerroRomulaldo. This property,granted to the Indian in 1842, consistedof 117 acres. In later yearsit was purchasedby Wilson and called Huerta de Romualdo(Romualdo's Garden).10 Ramonaand JohnWilson moved to theirhuge San Luis Obispo ranchosin 1845. There,in Los Osos Valley, a few miles west of the mission,they built a low adobe ranchhouse withthree pictur- esque dormerwindows, in whichthey made theirhome. The Mexican War burstsuddenly upon the residentsof San Luis Obispo in Decemberof 1846, when a battalionof American riflemenunder Captain John C. Fremontrode down from Monterey, helpingthemselves to cattle and horsesalong the way, and took possessionof the town. Quarteringthemselves for the nightin San Luis Obispo Mission,they arrested Don Joséde JesusPico, owner of RanchoPiedra Blanca, a Californianwho had resistedthe on- slaughtof Fremont'smen. The next morning,a processionof women marchedto the quartersof Fremont. Edwin Bryantwrote that they passed him along a corridorin the mission,headed by a "lady of fineappear- ance," who was "dressedwith remarkabletaste and neatness." Mostof the women wore dark-colored rebozos to concealtheir faces, but not the lady "with the beautifulfeatures." She had come to intercedein behalfof Fremont's prisoner, Señor Pico, who had been court-martialedand condemnedto death by the Americans.The women'spleas, voiced eloquentlyby so charmingand beautifula lady, softenedFremont and won Pico's release. The lady was Ramona Carrillode Wilson.11

Captain Wilson and his wife were prominentresidents of early-daySan Luis Obispo County. Their morethan 80,000 acres of oak-studdedhills and valleys were coveredwith thousandsof horsesand cattle. For a time,the Wilsons had a townhouse in San Luis Obispo,located where the CountyMuseum standstoday. In 131

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1850, they paid a tax bill of $639.20, reputedto have been the largestin the county.12 As the years passed by, Ramona's two sons, Mariano and Romualdo Pacheco, were joined by sisters,Ramona and Juanita Wilson,and by a brother,John Wilson. Ofthese children, Ramona, in lateryears, became the wife of the shipmaster,Captain Hilliard, and inheriteda partof RanchoPecho e Islay. Ramona'sson, John Wilson,settled in England.13 Californianprosperity, so abundantin the early years,began to declinein the 1850's. CaptainWilson died in 1860,and in 1864 severedrought descended on Doña Ramona's lands. Cattle,once 14,000head strong,now died in the fieldsfrom starvation. Scores of vaqueroswere employed,carrying off the hides as quicklyas possible,to save themwhile still in a marketablecondition. The greatloss of theseyears was the beginningof Ramona'sfinancial troubles,and beforethe passage of many yearsher huge ranchos had been brokenup.14 Under date of June 10, 1863, General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo wrotefrom San Franciscoto his wife,Francisca Benicia Carrillo,that he was going to visit Doña Ramona,then stopping withher daughter,Mrs. Hilliard. In herlater years, Ramona lived in San Francisco,while her son, RomualdoPacheco, rose steadily on thepolitical scene. StateTreasurer, Brigadier-General of Militia, Lieutenant-Governorand Governorof the State of Californiain 1875, Romualdo'ssuccess gave his mothera justifiablefeeling of pride. Mariano Pacheco, Romualdo'solder brother,purchased a portionof RanchoPiedra Blanca fromJosé de JesusPico, and until the 1870's lived therewith his familyin an adobe thatoverlooked thecrashing Pacific surf. Later purchased by SenatorGeorge Hearst, thisproperty became part of the huge RanchoSan Simeonof pub- lisherWilliam Randolph Hearst. Near thepresent-day town of San Simeon,Mariano Pacheco died and was buried.15 The death of Ramona Carrillode Wilson occurredsometime after1885. Proud representativeof SpanishCalifornia, she was a colorfulpioneer. Her memorylives today as an inseparablepart of California'sheritage. 132

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego Part IV FranciscaBenicia Carrillo

S5|gj|||HE fourth daughter of Joaquín victor and Maria KfUra| Ignacia Carrillowas FranciscaBenicia, born in San Diego »wSI on August23, 1815.16 Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, writingin his Historiade Cali- fornia,has lefta glowingrecord of the femininecharm that graced California'sfirst Spanish settlement in theearly nineteenth century. "Notwithstandingthe departure of many families from San Diego," he writes,"no part of the countryretains so high a claim forthe amiableand social qualitiesof the fairer portion of the inhabitants. There,indeed, the grace of personand amiabilityof the fair sex have attractedthe youngmen of the North,and caused many of themto be led captiveto the altar."17 It was early 1830, and AlférezGuadalupe Vallejo was in San Diego in connectionwith the revoltof JoaquinSolis against the administrationof GovernorEcheandia. Here, visitingwithin the mellowedwalls of the Casa de Carrillo,young Vallejo met the fifteenyear-old Señorita Francisca Benicia Carrillo. It was now winter,and therewas a chill in the nightair at San Diego. But Vallejo, standingbeneath Señorita Francisca's window, serenaded her with flowerySpanish verses and melodioussongs. Visiting with the señorita'sfather, Don Joaquin,he discussedpolitics and militaryaffairs, and favorablyimpressed the older man with his youthfulbut measuredjudgment. Soon, duty called him to his postas Captain of the Portof Monterey.But, leaving San Diego, his thoughtslingered romantically behind - withthe Casa de Car- rillo and the youthfulFrancisca. It was October,1830, beforeVallejo could return.This time he broughtwith him the consentof his parents,Ignacio and Maria AntoniaVallejo, to wed SeñoritaCarrillo. Calling at the Carrillo home,he obtainedthe consentof the younglady's parents.Then, in the presenceof the inevitableduenna, he personallyasked Fran- 133

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA cisca forher hand. She repliedwith a deep sigh and a romantic "Yes." Their futurewas perilednow by the interminableintricacies of Mexican governmentalprocess. Vallejo was in the army,and the War Departmentin Mexico City requiredits approvalbefore an officercould marry.A messengerwas at once dispatchedto the Mexican capital,petitioning, in staid,legal terms,the marriageof Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, a soldierof twenty-three,and Fran- cisca Benicia Carrillo,a tender"spinster of fifteenyears of age."18 Weeks and monthspassed by as the loversawaited the mes- senger'sreturn. Meanwhile, Vallejo was called back to Monterey, fromthere to be sent northto San Francisco'sbleak presidio,as comandanteof the Castillode San Joaquín. It was January,1832, beforethe young officercould returnto San Diego. California's diputaciónhad been summonedby GovernorEcheandia to meet in Los Angeles,and Vallejo had been electeda member.Attending to his dutiesin the sleepypueblo of the Angels,the youngman's mind dweltin San Diego. Soon he secureda ten days' leave from the diputaciónand headed south,there to spendcarefree, romantic days withhis belovedFrancisca. Early in March,he was called to militaryduty at Mission San Juan Capistrano.While there,the long-awaitedmessenger arrived from Mexico, bringingVallejo's permisofrom the War Department- his long-soughtpermission to wed SeñoritaFrancisca.19 It was March 6, 1832, seventeenmonths after their engage- ment. This was the season of Lent, and the Churchfrowned on such frivolitiesas marriage. But the younglovers, having waited so long already,were impatient, and the heartsof the padreswere kind. Withinthe doorsof San Diego's presidiaichapel, friends and relativesgathered for the ceremony.As Vallejo himselflater de- scribedthe occasion: "The partiesstood in a circlewhile the padre blessedthe ringsand the arras; thenthe padreput one ringon my righthand, and I put the otheron thatof the bride. Then I gave her the arras [in this case, thirteenounces of bright,California gold], saying,'This ring and thesearras I give thee in tokenof matrimony'."20Graciously declining so sumptuousa gift,the bride 134

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placed the gold on the churchplatter, and was "blessedwith her childrenfor the gift."21 At the San Diego home of the bridegroom'sgodfather, Don JuanBandini, nuptial festivities were now to be held. In the gayly wreathedgardens of the Casa de Bandini,there was music and dancing,feasting and joyfultoasts. GovernorEcheandia congratu- lated the youngcouple with these words: "I drinkto thehappiness ofthis young couple whom I appreciateand esteem.I made young Vallejo ensignof cavalryfor his meritsand activityin service. I have knownhis youngwife since she was eightyears old, and I have had frequentoccasion to admire her fine manners. May Heaven keep happinessfor them, and may theirchildren be many and worthyof them,an ornamentto our dear Californiaand ofthe culturedsociety of San Diego."22 Once again the affairsof Californiagovernment drew the youngcouple apart. Afterspending several months with Francisca in San Diego, Vallejo journeyednorth to meet the new governor, JoséFigueroa, in Monterey,and fromthere continued on to his post at San Francisco. Stationedon the sandy,wind-swept peninsula, enveloped in shroudsof cottonyfog, Guadalupe Vallejo was lonely and longed to have his bride with him. Weeks passed by, and he foundno opportunityto leave his duties. Finally,in the springof 1833, he dispatchedhis youngerbrother, Salvador Vallejo, to departfor San Diego with a detachmentof twentysoldiers, brightly uniformed in blue and scarlet,to escortFrancisca north.23 Francisca Carrillo de Vallejo arrived in San Francisco in Februaryor March of 1833. Here, in the low comandante's house at the southeastcorner of the presidio,she and ComandanteVallejo made theirfirst home. The Castillo de San Joaquínwas a busy place. Soldiersand theirwives made theirhomes in its adobe bar- racks; padres celebratedMass in the presidiaichapel; therewere storehouses,workshops, stables, and a constantbuzz of activity. In August,1834, Guadalupe Vallejo was appointedcomisionado of MissionSan FranciscoSolano de Sonoma. Here, in the verdant and fertileValley of Sonoma (translatedfrom the Indian to mean "Valley of the Moon"), he foundedthe presidioand pueblo of 135

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Sonomain 1835. It was late in the summerof thatyear, up from San Francisco,that Francisca Carrillode Vallejo came with her infantson, Andronico,to live in the crumblingbuildings of the SonomaMission. Soon a plaza was laid out,largest in all Califor- nia; barracksfor the presidiaisoldiers, transferred here fromSan Francisco,were constructed; and a large,new homefor the Vallejo housewas laterenlarged. Called the Casa Grande,it was now two storiesin height,with long, shaded verandason each floorand a three-storytower at one end,from which Guadalupe Vallejo could surveythe surroundingcountryside - wary both of Indians and of the Russiansless than fiftymiles north at FortRoss. Sixteen sons and daughterswere born to Francisca Carrillo de Vallejo, indeed abundantblessing for her church-bequeathed arras. The firsttwo sons,Andronico I, who died at the age of six months,and AndronicoII were bornin the Presidioof San Fran- cisco. The otherfourteen were childrenof the pastoralSonoma Valley. Their names,with the datesof theirbirths, were: Epifania de Guadalupe,August 4, 1835; Adelayda,January 5, 1837; Natalia Veneranda,February 12, 1838; PlutarcoI, June10, 1839; Platon Mariano Guadalupe,February 5, 1841; Guadalupe,April 29, 1843; JovitaFrancisca, February 23, 1844; Uladislao,November 6, 1845; PlutarcoII, November13, 1847; BeniciaZenobia, January 21, 1849; NapoleónPrimo, December 8, 1850; BeniciaYsabel, April 30, 1853; Luisa Eugenia,January 27, 1856; and Maria Ygnacia,May 8, 1857. Includingthe baby,Andronico I, six of theirchildren died in in- fancyor early childhood.Two of the Vallejo daughters,Epifania and Adelayda,married members of the Frisbie family,General J. B. and Dr. Levi Frisbie,respectively. Natalia VenerandaVallejo marriedAttila Haraszhy, son of the "Fatherof CaliforniaViticul- ture," Count AgostonHaraszthy; and her sister,Jovita, married Attila's brother,Arpad. Luisa Eugenia Vallejo marriedRicardo Emparian; Maria Ygnacia marriedJames H. Cutter;Dr. Platon Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo marriedLily Wiley and was one of early California'smost prominentphysicians, practicing many years in the city of Vallejo. Luisa Vallejo de Emparan,last survivorof the familyof FranciscaCarrillo de Vallejo,died in Sonoma on July23, 1943.24

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In the 1830's and '40's, wealthand prestigesteadily increased forDoña Franciscaand Don Guadalupe. Their home at Sonoma, and anotherat Petaluma, were great rancho centers,including withintheir domain more than 100,000 acres of rolling valley grass- lands and oak-studdedhillsides. As Vallejo's wealth increased,so did his fortunein Californiapolitics. In 1836, a revoltagainst GovernorNicolás Gutiérrezwas led by his young nephew,Juan BautistaAlvarado; and Vallejo was made ComandanteGeneral of all California,sharing with Alvarado California's military and civil rule.25

In Sonoma,life in the Vallejo Casa Grande was a constant buzz of activity.Manuel Torres,writing in his Peripeciasde Vida California(Incidents of CaliforniaLife), has thisto say of one of his visitsto GeneralVallejo's home: "I foundthe patio full of servants of bothsexes ... I askedthe General'swife in what so many Indianswere occupied. 'Each one of my children,boy or girl,'she said, 'has a servantwho has no otherduty than to care forhim or her. I have two servantsfor myself. Four or fivegrind corn for the tortillas,for here we entertainso many gueststhat three grinders are not enough. Six or sevenserve in the kitchen.Five or six are constantlybusy washingthe clothesof the childrenand servants. And nearlya dozen are requiredto attendto the sewingand spin- ning. As a rule, the Indians are not inclinedto learn morethan one duty. She who is taughtcooking will not hear of washing clothes;and a good washerwomanconsiders herself insulted if she is compelledto sew or spin."26 In late 1847, GeneralVallejo enteredinto a partnershipwith Thomas O. Larkin and Dr. RobertSemple forthe projectionof a new city on San FranciscoBay. It was planned to be the great metropolisof the new Stateof California, a Mecca ofthe great westward migrationthat was sureto followon the heels of California's conquest. Don Guadalupe said to his partners:"You shall select the site and I will furnishyou such land as you require,but your greatcity must bear the name of my belovedwife, Francisca." On December22, 1847, the Generaldeeded Semple a sweepingtract of fivesquare miles on the broad,deep-water Straits of Carquinez.

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Promotionof the new citywas begun quicklyand withgreat enthusiasm.Stores and houseswere built; a ferryconnecting Fran- cisca with ContraCosta County,the oppositeshore of Carquinez Straits,was established;and Dr. Semple'spioneer newspaper, the Alta California,was transferedfrom Monterey to the new city. Greathope was held forthe futureof Francisca.27

A shorttime later,across the bay in the sleepysettlement of Yerba Buena, Alcalde WashingtonBartlett convened the town council. Alarmedby the progressof theirrival, Francisca, the city fathersof Yerba Buena determinedthat somethingmust be done to bolstertheir interests. "San Francisco,"the name of a mission and a bay,was by thistime world-famous. Bartlett and his advisers decided that they should adopt this name for theirtown. Now, when immigrantsentered the great Bay of San Francisco,they wouldknow where to anchortheir ships. Yerba Buena becameSan Francisco.

The names of the two great bay rivals were now similar- "Francisca,""San Francisco"-confusingly similar. Semple,Lar- kin, and Vallejo determinedthat they,too, must make a change. They accordinglyadopted the second name of Señora Vallejo, Benicia.28

In 1849, soonerthan expected,the great floodof westward migrationbegan. Thousandsof gold-hungrytravelers, struggling acrossthe SierraNevadas or roundingCape Horn in clipperships, descendedon San FranciscoBay, gateway to theMother Lode. Each year, California'spopulation grew by hundredsof thousands.In 1850, withmore than the minimumpopulation required for state- hood,California was admittedto the Union. The statecapital, first at San José,later at Vallejo, foundits way to the burgeoningcity of Beniciain February,1853.29 Meeting here in a red brickcapítol building,the legislatureremained for eleven months. Meanwhile, pressureswere being exertedfrom all aroundto have the capital movedonce again. Finally,in April,1854, it headedup the Great CentralValley to Sacramento.30Deprived of the stategovernment, Benicia's futurenow lookedbleak. Attractedby its name, settlers

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This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego by the hundredsof thousandswere crowdingonto San Francisco's sandy,wind-swept peninsula. While her rival grewby leaps and bounds,Benicia slumped. GeneralWilliam T. Sherman,then serving as a Lieutenantin California,had thisto say of the city'searly aspirations:"That Beniciahas thebest natural site for a commercial city,I am satisfied;and had halfthe money and halfthe labor since bestowedupon San Franciscobeen expendedat Benicia,we should have at this day a city of palaces on the Carquinez Straits."31In later years,General Vallejo remarkedabout the two early state capitals which he founded: "Benicia is my wife; Vallejo is myself."32 Livingfor over fifty years in the peacefulValley of the Moon, FranciscaCarrillo de Vallejo and herhusband grew old withgrace. Squattersand land litigationleaned heavily on theironce-feudal land holdings,and as theyears passed by, their Indian servantsand opulentwealth diminished. Still livingthe grand,Californian life, Dona Francisca entertainedmany guestsat her spacious home, "LachrymaMontis," built in 1850 on the outskirtsof Sonoma. Here, to pay theirrespects to the courtlyVallejos, came Ulysses Grant,William T. Sherman,and David Glasgow Farragut.33In 1864, Don Guadalupe and Francisca'scharming daughter, Natalia Veneranda,were in Washington,D.C., at the Inaugural Ball of AbrahamLincoln. SeñoritaNatalia had been born on the Presi- dent'sbirthday, February 12, 1838. Edwin Bryant,visiting the Vallejo home in 1846, had this to say of Doña Francisca: "SeñoraVallejo is a lady of charmingper- sonal appearanceand possessesin the highestdegree that natural grace, ease, and warmthof mannerwhich renderSpanish ladies so attractiveand fascinatingto the stranger."34Another writer has said: "SeñoraVallejo was belovedby everybody.She was a beau- tifuland motherlywoman who saw harm in nobody. Of her, a later travelerwas to say that he foundtwo thingsin California supremelygood: the grapesand Doña FranciscaBenicia."35 Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo died on January18, 1890. Fran- cisca Benicia Carrillode Vallejo lived on at "LachrymaMontis" foranother year, and died on January30, 1891.36 139

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Part V Mana de la Luz Camilo

Oliici ARIADE LALUZ WAS THE THIRD daughter of María Ignacia ll^pl and Don JoaquínVictor Carrillo. Known to her family p&BBrpÍand friendsas Luz, she was bornat theCasa de Carrilloin San Diego on May 18, 1813.37 In 1832,Maria de la Luz's youngersister, Francisca, had married Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, the dashingCaptain of the Port of Monterey.Unable to escorthis bridepersonally from San Diego to hernew homeat thePresidio of San Francisco,Vallejo had called on his youngerbrother, José Manuel Salvadordel Mundo Vallejo, to performthe task. Arrivingin San Diego and accordingto Fran- cisca his mostchivalrous courtesy and charm,Salvador also became deeplyaware of her twentyyear-old sister, the dark-eyedMaria de la Luz. In thespring of 1833,Don Salvadorand Doña Franciscareach- ed theirdestination in San Francisco,and withintwo yearsthey were eightymiles northin the picturesqueValley of the Moon. Here, at the last-establishedand mostnortherly of the California missions,a presidioand pueblowere establishedas a checkon the Russiansettlement at Fort Ross. In about 1837,along withother members of her family, Maria de la Luz movednorth to Sonomaand thenceto the fertileValley of Santa Rosa. Here,her mother,Maria Ignacia Lopez de Carrillo, had beengranted the spacious Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa.™Along California'snorthern frontier, Luz Carrilloand Salvador Vallejo renewedtheir old acquaintance. When her motherand brothers began to build theirlarge adobe at Santa Rosa, the firsthouse in that region,Salvador Vallejo came up fromSonoma to help with the designand to superviseMaria de la Luz's fiveyoung brothers in buildingthe house.39 On September8, 1840- eightyears after the marriage of Fran- cisca Carrilloand Guadalupe Vallejo- Maria de la Luz and José Manuel Salvadordel MundoVallejo weremarried.40 The ceremony 140

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego was performedby Padre JoséM. Gonzalesin the chapel of Mission San FranciscoSolano de Sonoma. The groom'sbrother, now Gen- eral Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, was thereas witness.And, after the ceremony,he gave his heartycongratulations to his brother and to thelovely María de la Luz, now twicehis sister-in-law.Cap- tain ofDefensores de la patria,Salvador had longbeen his brother's right-handman, and his marriageserved to cementtheir friend- ship even morestrongly. Aftertheir wedding, Salvador and Luz Vallejo came to live in a large adobe housebuilt on thewest side ofthe Sonomaplaza.41 To relievethe bleakness of the walls in her new home,Luz brought withher a red leatherchest, filled with delicate embroideries and inspirationalreligious prints. As prosperitycame to the Vallejos, importedfurniture and objectsof art were graduallypurchased, and theirhome tookon an air of luxurythen uncommon in Cali- fornia. On September21, 1838, GovernorJuan Alvarado granted sprawlingRancho Napa, someten miles east ofSonoma, to Salvador Vallejo. On March 2, 1853, María de la Luz and Salvador filed claim forabout 3,000 acres of this rancho, having from time to time sold partsof it that lay back fromthe Napa River. Confirmation was now requestedfor the sectioncalled Trancasy Jalapas (Sticks and Morning-Glories).42 On the west bank of the river,Don Salvadorbuilt his home. It was a large house with thickadobe walls that kept it cool in summerand warm in winter. The living room was floored,half with gray stone,and half with hewn planks. Nearby,he built a second adobe as quartersfor his numerousworkers. Across the riverfrom Las Trancaslay the 6,000 acre RanchoLlajome, also the propertyof Salvador and Luz Vallejo. There,a low,rambling house was built which servedas a stable and as living quartersfor the rancho'smayordomo. María de la Luz and her husbandfelt at home in the Napa Valley. In Sonoma,they had been prominentcitizens, respected by all the townspeople.But, inevitably,they were overshadowed by the dominantfigures of GeneralVallejo and his wife. Here, in 141

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Napa, theycould make their own lives as Franciscaand Don Guada- lupe had done in Sonoma. The Vallejos' early years were markedby notable success. Salvador constructedand operateda large soap factory,and his thousandsof cattleroamed for miles on the grass-coveredhillsides. JosephWarren Revere, grandson of Paul Revere,visited Napa in the late 1840's and wrotehis impressionsof the Vallejo home there: "Don Salvador is the largest proprietor,owning two adjoining estates,which together make six square leagues,a snug littlefarm of thirtythousand acres of the bestland in the world. . . The ex- quisiteviews which abound in everydirection, the completeseclu- sion of the spot,bounded at the broaderend by the watersof the bay, and at everyother point by jagged mountaincrags, realize the ideal of a 'Happy Valley'."43 Threesons and fourdaughters were born to Salvadorand Maria de la Luz Vallejo. Theywere: Ignacio Loyola, who was bornFebru- ary 9, 1849, at Sonoma; Platon,who, in lateryears, moved to Los Angeles;Manuel (also called Avril); María Ynez Telecilla; Ana; Zarela; and María Antonia.44 In the late 1850's,María de la Luz and herhusband left Napa and wentsouth to the Pajaro Valley near Watsonville,where they lived with Salvador'sbrother, Juan Antonio, on his RanchoBolsa de San Cayetano.Always the soldier,Don Salvadorvolunteered for servicein the Union Armyduring the Civil War, and was commis- sionedby GovernorLeland Stanforda Major of the Native Cali- forniaCavalry. María de la Luz movedback to Napa, whereshe lived, probablywith her son, Ignacio, who now owned the Las Trancasrancho. In 1864, returnedfrom the war, Salvadormoved to Sonoma wherehe lived with his brother'sfamily at "LachrymaMontis." Here he remainedfor the last twelveyears of his life,beloved by his many nephewsand nieces,respected as an adventurousrepre- sentativeof old California. María de la Luz continuedto live on at Napa.45Taking a les- son fromher husband'searlier financial difficulties, she saved her

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This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego moneycarefully. The once-vastVallejo ranchoswere now gone, and Salvador,when he died in 1876,whs almost penniless. Luz Car- rillo de Vallejo made profitablereal estateinvestments in Coombs- ville, locatednear Napa City. Proud representativeof Spanish California,María de la Luz died on May 18, 1890,46and was buried beside her husband in Tulucay Cemetery,overlooking the windingNapa River.

♦ ♦ ♦

Part VI FelicidadCamilo

IIjIIIIelicidad carrillo, fifth daughter of joaquin and Maria KiIPf Ig1100^ wzs born at the Casa de Carrilloin San Diego ffiäHB early in 1833. Baptizedon March 28 at Felicidad de la 47 Augusta, she was stilla babywhen her father died in about 1836. Felicidad,together with her mother,her brothers,and her unmar- riedsisters, moved to theregion north of San FranciscoBay in about 1837. Here lived her sister,Francisca Benicia Carrillo,wife of the ComandanteGeneral of California,Don Guadalupe Vallejo. This regionwas California'snorthern frontier, a land in which Felici- dad's motherhoped to makea new lifefor herself and herchildren. In 1837, the Carrillofamily moved to Sonoma,and a year laterthey were thirty miles north, in the verdantgrasslands of the Santa Rosa Valley. Here a large adobe home was built fortheir family,the firstin the Santa Rosa region.48 During the 1840's, Felicidad lived on Cabeza de Santa Rosa, the 8,000 acre Carrillorancho, with her motherand her sisters, Juanitaand Marta. In 1849, Señora Carrillodied and was buried in the chapel of MissionSan FranciscoSolano de Sonoma.49Felici- dad and her sistersinherited portions of theirmother's rancho and continuedto live on in the Carrilloadobe. In theearly 1850's, Felicidad met Victor Castro, a land-wealthy rancherofrom California's Contra Costa, the east shoreof San Fran-

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This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA cisco Bay. Victor's firstwife, Luisa Martinez, had recently died, and the spacious rooms of his once-gay El Cerritoadobe were now lonely and quiet. Probably in about 1855, Felicidad and Victor were married.

Victor Castro was a youngerbrother of Martina Castro,wife of formerGovernor Juan Bautista Alvarado. Alvarado, now in retire- ment, lived with his wife just fourmiles northof the Castro adobe, in the present-daytown of San Pablo. Don Victor's sprawlinglands extendedfor several miles along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, borderingRancho San Antonio of the Peralta family in the south,and Alvarado's propertyin the north.

Castro's imposing adobe home stood on a knoll on the north bank of El Cerrito Creek. The house had been begun by Victor's father,some twentyyears before. But now, gladdened by the pres- ence of his new bride, Felicidad Carrillo, Victor began extensive remodeling of the house. He added a second story,with broad, sweeping balconies that extended across the frontand rear of the building. In the north wing, he built a little chapel, in which the padres celebrated occasional Mass.50 Felicidad must have felt at home on Rancho San Pablo, for all around were great herds of horses and cattle that awakened fond memoriesof Cabeza de Santa Rosa.

In about 1856, Felicidad gave birthto her firstdaughter, Jovita. The new child's godmotherwas Francisca Carrillo de Vallejo, Felici- dad's sister in Sonoma.51 This was a happy event, celebrated by Carrillos and Castros alike. However, it was soon followed by an equally unhappy one. Possibly as a result of giving birth to her daughter,or froma disease broughton by her weakened condition, Felicidad died on July 23, 1856.52 Justtwenty-three years old, she was taken across the bay to San Francisco's Mission Dolores, where she was buried.

JovitaCastro, Felicidad's daughter,was a healthy,happy child, who lived on to become the wife of Don Candido Gutiérrez. For many years, she lived a few miles north of Rancho San Pablo, in the Gutiérrez adobe in the present-daycity of Richmond.53

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This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego Part VII Juanade JesusCamilo

^7^1 uaná de jesús carrillo was the sixthdaughter of Joaquín Carrilloin San Í|§ m and María Ignacia. Born at the Casa de mÀSSti Diego, probablyin about 1834, she was knownto her familyand friendsas Juanita.Still a baby whenher fatherdied in about 1836,she was onlythree when her mother and olderbrothers and sistersmoved north to Sonoma in 1837, and fourwhen they settledon RanchoCabeza de Santa Rosa. In 1849, when her motherdied, Juanitaand her unmarried sistersinherited a part of the Carrillorancho that lay acrossSanta Rosa Creekfrom the propertyof her olderbrother, Julio.54 There- after,Juanita continued to live in the Carrilloadobe. In about 1850, Juana marriedDavid Mallagh, an Irish sea captainwho had originallycome to Californiain 1846 and settled in San Luis Obispo.55After their marriage, Juanita and Captain Mallagh lived on in Santa Rosa, convertingpart of the Carrillo adobe into a general merchandisingstore, where they cateredto the needs of California'sever-growing Gold Rush population.56 In 1851, with the Scotsman,Donald MacDonald, Juanita's husbandformed the firmof Mallagh and MacDonald. Continuing to operatetheir store in the old Carrilloadobe, Captain Mallagh and his partneralso openeda waysideinn. Offering"meals and drinksfor man, mule,and mustang,"57their popular inn tookthe name of "Santa Rosa House." FromSanta Rosa,the Mallaghs movedsouth to San Luis Obis- po, whereJuana's sister, Ramona, lived withher husband,Captain JohnWilson. Here they establisheda home which was to serve themfor many years and in whichmost of their children were born. The Mallagh familyconsisted of threedaughters and foursons: Felicidad,María, Anita,David, John,William, and Eusavio.58 For many years,Captain Mallagh and his oldestson, David, operateda stagecoach line carryingpassengers from San Luis Obis- po southto Port Harford,now knownas Port San Luis, About a 145

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA mile east of there,on the ruggedcliffs above San Luis ObispoBay at Cave Landing,Mallagh erecteda warehousewith a long,wooden chuteleading down to the water. Here,huge spikeswith immense ironrings attached were driven into solid rock. To theserings, the greatcables of shipsthat entered San Luis ObispoBay wereattach- ed. For a decade,Captain Mallagh and his sonshandled all shipping at the cove,hauling freight, as well as passengers,to and fromSan Luis Obispo.59 Descendantsof Felicidad Carrillode Mallagh have long as- sumedprominent roles in San Luis ObispoCounty affairs. William Mallagh, commonlyknown as Billy, was a long-timeand highly respectedjudge in San Luis Obispo.60One ofhis sonsis now serving thereas CountyClerk. ♦ ♦ ♦ Part VIII Marta Canillo

S3h52 he seventh daughter of joaquin and Maria Ignacia Lopez IP l|i de Carrillowas Marta,born at theCasa de Carrilloin San MÈÉËË Diego in about1835. The 1840's were the yearsof RanchoCabeza de Santa Rosa's greatestprosperity. Here, on 8,000acres of fertile, oak-studded grass- land, wherecattle and horseswere grazed by the thousands,Marta Carrillowas raised. Learningto handlethe gracefulSpanish reata, ridingas if bornto the saddle.- she lived the freeand open Cali- fornialife. In 1849,Maria Ignacia Carrillodied, leaving Marta some 1,600 acresof Cabeza de Santa Rosa thatlay betweenManzas and Santa Rosa Creeks.61In about 1855, Marta marriedJoaquin Carrillo, a distantcousin from Southern California, who had thesame name as her fatherand oldestbrother. The 1850's were years of Spanish Californiadisillusionment. Gone now were the days when a handfulof tranquilaristocrats, living in scatteredranch houses,dominated the landscape. The old ranchoswere fastbreaking up, as thousandsof squattersde- scendedon the statein the wake of California'sepic Gold Rush. 146

This content downloaded from 136.152.126.71 on Sun, 18 May 2014 20:01:48 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Carrillosof San Diego

During the firstyears of theirmarriage, Marta and Joaquin Carrilloled a meagrelife. Their familyranchos now almostgone, reliefcould no longerbe soughtin grantsfrom a land-liberalMexi- can government.Instead, Marta and Joaquin workedhard and saved theirmoney, after a fewyears investing in someproperty in Santa Rosa. This,together with Malta's portionof Cabeza de Santa Rosa,some of which she had managedto retain,made a comfortable home forthe Carrillos. Afterhaving lived on theproperty for several years, Marta was one day servedwith a noticeof ejectment.She protestedand was shownwhat purportedto be a deed to the property,signed by herself. She was told that her brother-in-law,Salvador Vallejo, had made the sale and receivedthe purchaseprice. This newscame as a shockto Marta; but now her days of resistancewere over. Not wishingto bring disgraceto her family,she made no issue and, instead,went to live withone of her brothers.62 As the years passed by, Marta saw her sistersand brothers graduallydie. The youngestchild of Joaquinand Maria Ignacia Carrillo,she outlivedthem all. Last survivorof one of California's mostdistinguished Spanish families, Marta Carrillode Carrillodied sometimeafter 1900.

NOTES (Thanks are once again due: Mrs. Natalia Vallejo McGinty,granddaughter of Natalia Vallejo Haraszthy, great-granddaughterof Francisca Benicia Carrillo and Mariano GuadalupeVallejo; RobertRamon Harris, godson of Ramona Carrillode Wilson,grandson of JoséRamon Carrillo, great-grandson of Joaquinand Maria Ignacia Carrillo;Mrs. Madie D. Brown,Curator of the Vallejo Home State HistoricalMonument, Sonoma.) 1. Mildred Hoover, and Hero Rensch,Historic Spots in California(Stanford, 1948), P. 49. 2. ClarenceCullimore, Santa Barbara Adobes,(Santa Barbara, 1948), p. 59. 3. Irving Richman,California Under Spain and Mexico (New York, 1911), p. 245. 4. Nellie Sanchez,Spanish Arcadia (Los Angeles,1929), p. 334. 5. H. H. Bancroft,History of California(San Francisco,1884-90), Vol. V, p. 777. 6. Edward Vischer,"Vischer's First Visit to California,"Cal. Hist. Soc. Quarterly, (Sept.,1940), p. 201. 7. Wm. Heath Davis, 75 Years in California,(San Francisco,1929), pp. 32,90. 8. W. W. Robinson,Story of San Luis ObispoCounty (Los Angeles,1957). p. 55. 9. Ibid., p. 51. 10. Hooverand Rensch,op. ci/.,p. 305. 11. Robinson,op. «'f.. p. 16. 12. Ibid., p. 21. 13. Informationprovided by RobertHarris. 14. Davis, op. cz/.,p. 25. 15. Hooverand Rensch,op. cit.,p. 304. 16. Informationprovided by Madie Brown. 147

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17. BenjaminHayes, EmigrantNotes, Vol. Ill, p. 595. M. S. Bancroftlibrary. 18. M. M. McKittrick,Vallejo, Son of California,(Portland, 1944), p. 19. 19. Ibid., p. 28. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid., p. 31. 23. Platon Vallejo, "Memoirsof the Vallejos," San FranciscoBulletin, (Jan. 27-Feb. 14, 1914), Chap. II. 24. Informationprovided by Madie Brown. 25. McKittrick,op. cit.,pp. 108-9. 26. Richman,op. cit.,p. 498. 27. McKittrick,op. cit.,p. 284. 28. Hooverand Rensch.od. cit..d. 363. 29. Ibid., p. 365. 30. Ibid. 31. Wm. T. Sherman,Recollections of California (Oakland, 1945), p. 44. 32. McKittrick,op. cit.,p. 299. 33. Ibid.,pp. 302-3. 34. Edwin Bryant,What I Saw in California(New York,1848), p. 336. 35. StewartEdward White. Folded Hills (New York.1951). p. 234. 36. Tom Gregory,History of Sonoma County (Los Anéeles, 1911), p. 415. 37. Informationprovided by Madie Brown. 38. Hooverand Rensch,op. cit.,p. 375. 39. M. M. McKittrick,"Salvador Vallejo," Cal. Hist. Soc. Quarterly(Dec, 1950), p. 319. 40. Informationprovided by Madie Brown. 41. Hooverand Rensch,op. cit.,p. 312. 42. Ibid., p. 283. 43. JosephWarren Revere,Tour of Duty in Cal. (quoted in McKittrick,"Salvador Vallejo," op. cit.). 44. M. M. McKittrick,Salvador Vallejo- Last of the Conquistadors,(Arcata, Calif., ^ 1949), p. 114. ______45. Informationprovided by Madie Brown. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid. 48. Hooverand Rensch,op. cit.,p. 375. 49. Tablet overcrave, San FranciscoSolano Mission. 50. Hooverand Rensch.od. cit..d. 230. 51. Informationprovided by Madie Brown. 52. Ibid. 53. Hooverand Rensch,op. cit.,p. 237. 54. Ibid., p. 375. 55. Bancroft,op. cit.,Vol. IV, p. 729. 56. Hooverand Rensch,op. cit. 57. Gregory,op. cit.,p. 156. 58. Informationprovided by RobertHarris. 59. Robinson,op. cit.,p. 45. 60. Informationprovided by RobertHams. 61. San Francisco Bulletin, March 11, 1890, "Sonoma Valley Before the Gringos Came." Based on an interview,March 3, 1900,with Marta Carrillo. 62. Ibid.

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