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The People's House

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The People's House THE PEOPLE’S HOUSE On the cover: This scene by artist Samuel Smith Kilburn depicts debate in the House Chamber from 1884. At the time, large landscape paintings by the renowned artist Albert Bierstadt hung alongside the portraits of George Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette on either side of the rostrum. Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives THE PEOPLE’S HOUSE CONTENTS BECOMING MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE . 2 Beginning a New Congress . 4 Opening Day Election of the Speaker Dean of the House and Swearing-in of the Speaker Administering the Oath to the Members-Elect Announcing Party Leadership, Electing Officers, and Passing Rules Seating in the House Chamber over Time . 7 HOUSE GEOGRAPHY . 8 Old Hall of the House . 9 Lindy Claiborne Boggs Congressional Women’s Reading Room National Statuary Hall 1857 House Wing . 11 Current House Chamber House Galleries Press Gallery Speaker’s Lobby Rayburn Room Board of Education Members’ Dining Room and House Restaurant Members and Family Room Cloakrooms House Office Buildings . 15 Cannon Longworth Rayburn Ford O’Neill Modern Office Lottery iii INSIDE THE HOUSE CHAMBER . .18 Rostrum Gavel Inkstand Hopper American Flag Mace Fasces Washington Portrait Lafayette Portrait Electronic Voting System Televised Proceedings Other Artifacts in the House Chamber . 25 Daniel Webster Plaque Lawgiver Relief Portraits Additional Art in the House . 26 Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Signing of the Constitution Member Firsts and Milestones PEOPLE OF THE HOUSE . 28 Leadership . 29 Speaker of the House Majority Leader Minority Leader Whip Parties . 33 Democratic Caucus Republican Conference House Officers . 33 Clerk of the House Sergeant at Arms Chaplain Parliamentarian Chief Administrative Officer iv HOUSE PROCEEDINGS . 36 Procession Prayer and Pledge House Journal Committee of the Whole House on the State of the Union Assigning Debate Adjournment Bell System Decorum Joint Sessions and State of the Union Electoral College Joint Meetings v THE PEOPLE’S HOUSE Clerk William Tyler Page, speaking here to Members-elect in 1927, devised an orientation program for new Members in 1921. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress BECOMING MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE In 1794 a young lawyer named John Quincy Adams accepted an appointment as Minister to the Netherlands, beginning what would become a lifetime of public service. Adams was only in his late 20s at the time, and over the next 35 years he compiled perhaps the most impressive résumé in American history, with stints as American minister to the principal European powers, as a Senator from Massachusetts, as Secretary of State, and finally as U.S. President from 1825 to 1829. After four decades serving his country, Adams could have quietly retired to his home outside Boston. But in 1830 he ran for and won what he considered to be his greatest achievement: a seat in the United States House of Representatives. Few descriptions capture the pride of serving in the House more than the diary entry that Adams penned shortly after his election that year: “My Election as President of the United States was not half so gratifying to my inmost Soul,” Adams confided. “No election or appointment conferred upon me ever gave me so much pleasure.” 2 | The People’s House At age 65, Adams, whom colleagues called franking privilege? Can you please explain the “Old Man Eloquent,” was no ordinary newcomer travel-reimbursement process? May I bring a to the Capitol. His vast experience stood in stark wardrobe trunk into my office? Can a Member contrast to the 80 other new Representatives who eat lunch in the Speaker’s Lobby? Why are there entered the House with him as the 22nd Congress mice in the House Office Building? Does the (1831–1833) convened in early December 1831. In House hire an exterminator? the 19th century, it fell to leaders like Adams and other senior Members to provide both advice and Over time, the orientation experience has evolved example to the newly elected. considerably. Today, the Committee on House Administration, House Officers, and House Formal new-Member orientations began only a leadership conduct new-Member orientation century ago and were the brainchild of William shortly after each general election. Over the Tyler Page, an innovative Clerk of the House course of a busy week, Members-elect learn the whose decades of House service—he started as a basics about everything from voting on the floor 13-year-old messenger around 1881—made him a to setting up a congressional office. font of clerical knowledge. His career spanned 50 years, during which nine Speakers and nearly 3,300 Since 1921 the aim of orientation has been Members came and went. When he retired in the same: to provide Members-elect with 1931, Page had served with nearly two-fifths of all an introduction to the unique legislative the Members who had ever served in the House. processes and traditions of the House as well as the resources available to them and their In a nod to Page’s professionalism, House leaders congressional offices. chose him as Clerk in 1919, making him the first Clerk since before the Civil War who was not a former Representative. Ever alert for ways to John Quincy Adams is the only person in American history to serve in the House after serving as President. modernize the House, Page used his institutional He represented a Massachusetts district from 1831 until knowledge to organize a “training school” for new he died in 1848. Members. He had lived through the chaos that Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives followed the 1914 elections, when nearly 120 new Members-elect, many of whom had never served in public office, descended upon the House and overwhelmed the modest number of congressional staff with inquiries about routine business. With that experience in mind, Page hosted the House’s first formal orientation in the spring of 1921. Roughly 120 Representatives-elect of the 67th Congress (1921–1923) gathered in what is now the Cannon Caucus Room. One newspaper described it as a “school for rookie congressmen.” In this forum, and in subsequent orientations, the Clerk discussed the House’s daily rhythms and spent several hours fielding questions: How do I get recognized on the floor? Do Members have priority to obtain and distribute gallery tickets? What are the uses of official stationery and the Becoming Members of the House | 3 Much like the orientation this booklet provides a American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the jumping off point for new Members and their staff Northern Mariana Islands—and, when applicable, to learn the fundamentals of the House’s history, its the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico people, geography, artwork, and proceedings. (who is elected to a four-year term). The Clerk also announces any deaths or resignations of Beginning a New Congress Members-elect since the general election. As prescribed in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 2), the House of Representatives begins a new legislative term every two years. Unlike The next order of business is the election of the the Senate, in which only one-third of its Speaker. More often than not, the result is a seats are ever up for election, the House’s 435 foregone conclusion. Since the Civil War, the Representatives must stand for election every two Republican Conference and the Democratic years. While the Senate is known as a “continuing Caucus have chosen their respective candidates body,” the House adjourns on the last day of a for Speaker in a secret party vote before the new Congress sine die (Latin for “without day”). It Congress begins. Party leaders nominate these reconstitutes itself at the opening of each new candidates on the floor on Opening Day. Congress, electing a Speaker, swearing in the new After the parties put forward the nominations, Membership, approving a slate of officers, and the Clerk calls for a vote and appoints tellers from adopting a rules package. the majority and minority parties to tally the results. In modern practice, two Members-elect from each party—usually the putative chair and On the first day of a new Congress, the Clerk of ranking member of the Committee on House the House from the previous Congress calls the Administration—and two other long-serving new House to order. What follows is a carefully Members-elect serve as tellers. choreographed proceeding that, in many respects, echoes the very earliest Congresses. Thomas Newton Jr. of Virginia swore in Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky on Opening Day of the 16th Congress After the Clerk opens the session, the House (1819–1821) on December 6, 1819, marking the beginning Chaplain offers a prayer. In a 20th-century of the House tradition of the Member-elect with the addition to the proceedings, the Clerk also leads longest continual service swearing in the Speaker. the Members-elect in the Pledge of Allegiance. Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives The Clerk then verifies the receipt of the Certificates of Election of the 435 voting Members-elect and directs that a quorum call be taken to verify that a majority of Members-elect necessary to conduct business is present. For much of House history a reading clerk called the roll of Members-elect one by one. Today, Members-elect register their presence by inserting their voting cards into the electronic voting stations located throughout the chamber. The Clerk then announces the election credentials for the Delegates from each territory—the District of Columbia, Guam, the Virgin Islands, 44 | The People’s House Since 1839 the House has elected Speakers with a one-year interruption in 1830 when an by voice (viva voce) in an alphabetical roll call opponent challenged his election—and possessed vote.
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