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Permadani Perang Khas Afghanistan Pada Akhir Abad Ke-20

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Permadani Perang Khas Afghanistan Pada Akhir Abad Ke-20 PERMADANI PERANG KHAS AFGHANISTAN PADA AKHIR ABAD KE-20 Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum.) Oleh Suci Kismayanti NIM: 1112022000084 PROGRAM STUDI SEJARAH DAN KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN HUMANIORA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1438 H/2017 M ABSTRAK Suci Kismayanti Permadani Perang Khas Afghanistan Pada Akhir Abad Ke-20 Permadani perang merupakan permadani modern Afghanistan yang terkenal pada akhir abad ke-20. Sejak awal abad ke-20, secara geo-politik, Afghanistan sudah menjadi wilayah yang diperebutkan antara dua negara Adikuasa – Inggris dan Jerman, kemudian Soviet dan Amerika, mulai dari Perang Dunia I hingga akhir abad ke-20. Afghanistan, dahulu dikenal sebagai Khurasan, merupakan negeri yang kaya dengan sejarah kebudayaan masa klasik dari bangsa Aryana. Dan adanya permadani perang pada akhir abad ke-20 tersebut ternyata dapat membantu kehidupan perekonomian masyarakat Afghanistan sebagai pengungsi di Iran dan Pakistan, sekaligus menarik banyak perhatian dan kekaguman dari para pedagang dan pecinta seni di pasar internasional. Penelitian skripsi ini menggunakan metode eksploratif-historis yang bertujuan untuk merekonstruksi, memperdalam, dan menelaah kembali kejadian masa lampau secara objektif dan sistematis. Dari segi analisis, penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif. Sedangkan jika dilihat dari objek yang diteliti, penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan yang menggunakan sumber tertulis seperti buku, jurnal dan dokumen lainnya yang mendukung. Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ekonomi-politik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa permadani perang ternyata sudah ada sejak awal abad ke-20, yang didasarkan pada pendapat Helfgott bahwa pada akhir abad ke-19 sudah ada permintaan karpet dari pasar Eropa. Permadani perang merupakan permadani jenis baru yang berbeda dari permadani Asia pada umumnya. Sedangkan, istilah permadani perang itu baru muncul bersamaan dengan situasi politik dan ekonomi di Afghanistan yang tidak menentu sejak pendudukan Soviet 1979-1989. Kata kunci: permadani perang, pasar internasional, motif, desain ABSTRACT Suci Kismayanti War Rug Afghanistan in the end of 20th Century The war rug is a well-known modern Afghanistan‘s rug in the end of 20th century. Since the beginning of 20th century, on geo-politic scale, Afghanistan had become a disputed territorial between two superior states – Britain and German, then Soviet and America, start from World War I until the end of 20th century. Afghanistan, known as Khorassan, is a land full of cultural history from classic period of Aryana. The existence of war rug in the end of 20th century had supported economic life of refugees from Afghanistan in Iran and Pakistan, while attracting attention and admiration from traders and art connoisseurship in international market scale. This thesis used explorative-historical method which aims to reconstruct, deepen, and re-analyze past events objectively, and systematically. From analytical view, this research is qualitative. From object under study view, this thesis used literature research using written sources, such as books, journals, and supported documents. Therefore, this research used economy-political. The result indicates that war rugs had existed since the beginning of the 20th century as based on Helfgott‘s opinion by the end of 19th century that there was already a demand for the carpet from the European market. The war rug is a new type rug that different from others oriental rugs. Meanwhile, the term of war rug was emerging along with the political and economic situation in Afghanistan that has been uncertain since the Soviet occupation of 1979-1989. Key words: war rug, international market, motif, design KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji dan syukur disampaikan kepada Allah swt. atas rahmat dan inayah-Nya, serta shalawat dan salam pada nabi Muhammad saw beserta keluarga, sahabat, dan para pengikutnya bahwa penulisan skripsi untuk mendapat gelar akademik dalam bidang Sarjana Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam berjudul “Permadani Perang Khas Afghanistan pada Akhir Abad ke-20,” ini dapat diselesaikan. Meskipun penulis sadar betul akan banyaknya kekurangan dalam karya ini. Penuis berkeyakinan karya ini dapat bersumbangsih bagi siapa saja yang ingin bergelut pada dunia penelitian, khususnya bagi mereka yang memfokuskan kajian pada seni tenun permadani perang di Afghanistan. Layaknya peristiwa sejarah yang penyebabnya tidak tunggal, begitupun halnya dengan perjuangan penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Tidak bisa dinafikan bahwa penulis bukan satu-satunya aktor sentral, namun di balik usaha dan kerja keras penulis terdapat orang-orang yang rela meluangkan waktu untuk membantu. Maka dengan niatan suci yang terpatri kuat dalam sanubari, penulis sampaikan terima kasih kepada: 1. Prof. Dr. Dede Rosyada, MA selaku Rektor Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA selaku Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, dan para wakil dekannya. 3. H. Nurhasan, MA selaku Ketua Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam. 4. Solikhatus Sa‘diyah, M.Pd selaku sekretaris Jurusan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan islam yang telah bersabar mengurusi semua administrasi yang penulis butuhkan. 5. Dr. Hj. Tati Hartimah, MA selaku dosen pembimbing yang terus memberikan arahan, masukan, dan perhatiannya selama penulis menyusun skripsi ini. 6. Dr. Saidun Derani, MA selaku dosen Pembimbing Akademik dalam memberikan wejangan dan motivasi yang akademis selama menjadi mahasiswa. 7. Dr. Amelia Fauzia, MA selaku dosen penguji I yang telah memberikan kritik dan saran yang membangun dalam perbaikan skripsi. 8. Dr. Awallia Rahma, MA selaku dosen penguji II yang telah memberikan kritik dan saran yang membangun dalam perbaikan skripsi. 9. H. Abdul Rozak dan Pupung Tjardiah selaku orang tua penulis. Terima kasih atas motivasi, kesabaran, cinta, dan pengorbanan tanpa pamrih yang telah diberikan. Selain itu, terimakasih untuk keluarga besar kakek H. Mustofa Ro‘if atas doa, nasihat dan dukungannya. Dan teruntuk ketiga adikku yang tercinta, Akbar, Latifah, dan Ikbal. Terima kasih telah menjadikan rumah sebagai tempat bersenda gurau, bertukar pikiran dan penyejuk hati. 10. Sakinah Mawaddah Warrahmah, Titi Maria Ulfah, Merindu Fitriani, Fitriana, Tety Nurjanah, Hikmatul Bilqis, Irma Fauziah, Nursilam, dan Akibun Najih, sebagai teman seperjuangan pada perkuliahan selama mengambil konsentrasi Timur Tengah. 11. Durrotul Muazzah, Andini Rachmalia, Dede Delfiah, Agidia Oktaviani, dan kawan lainnya di kelas Asia Tenggara. Terima kasih untuk kalian yang telah memberikan canda-tawa dalam bertukar pikiran menemukan ide dan gagasan baru. 12. Rizki Nurdia Astuti sebagai teman yang ternyata sevisi dalam berorganisasi dalam Senat Mahasiswa Fakultas, PSM UIN Jakarta, dan KKN Bebas 2015. Dan khususnya, Faizal Darmawan, Marsella Putri Amalia dan Zakiatul Isnaeni yang telah berbaik hati dalam bertukar pikiran selama KKN. 13. Terimakasih kepada kawan-kawan FLP Ciputat, PSM UIN Jakarta, SEMA FAH UIN Jakarta 2015, PPB #9 dan Seleksi PPAN Tingkat Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 14. Dan untuk semua kawan-kawan yang tak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu selama berjuang sebagai akademisi di UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta dalam penyelesaian karya ini. Jakarta, 03 Juli 2017 Suci Kismayanti DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ii KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... iii DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... v DAFTAR ISTILAH.......................................................................................... vi DAFTAR SINGKATAN.................................................................................. vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah ............................................................... 1 B. Batasan dan Rumusan Masalah ................................................... 6 1. Pembatasan Masalah .............................................................. 8 2. Rumusan Masalah .................................................................. 9 C. Tujuan Penelitian ......................................................................... 9 D. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................ 9 E. Tinjauan Pustaka ........................................................................... 10 F. Kerangka Teori ............................................................................. 15 G. Metode Penelitian ......................................................................... 17 H. Sistematika Penulisan ................................................................... 19 BAB II AFGHANISTAN ABAD KE-20 ........................................................ 21 A. Sejarah Singkat Terbentuknya Afghanistan ................................. 21 B. Kondisi Dalam dan Luar Negeri Afghanistan .............................. 23 C. Amerika, Afghanistan, dan Soviet ................................................ 30 BAB III EKONOMI AFGHANISTAN .......................................................... 35 A. Ragam Kegiatan Ekonomi Afghanistan ......................................
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