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An Ecological Reconnaissance of Quitobaquito Spring, Arizona'

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An Ecological Reconnaissance of Quitobaquito Spring, Arizona' Reprinted from the 3(9// JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Vol. 3, No. 3 — April 1965 AN ECOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF QUITOBAQUITO SPRING, ARIZONA' GERALD A. COLE and MELBOURNE C. WHITESIDE2 ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION. — An important water hole above the level of impoundment. The total flow from along the old Camino del Diablo, a trail which ran the various seeps could not be estimated, but was from Sonoyta, Sonora, to Yuma, Arizona, was Quito- certainly lower in 1964 than Gould's (1938) figure baquito Spring, now a part of Organ Pipe Cactus of 43 gal/minute (ca. 163 1/min). We calculated National Monument. The spring is a series of seeps the rate of outflow from the pond, which is of course from which water flows about 100 m by way of less than the inflow because of seepage, evaporation, shallow ditches, perhaps 30 cm broad, to a small and transpiration losses. An overflow pipe 7.1 m pond, which is best described as a desert oasis. The long leaves the pond at the shore opposite the original ditches and impoundment are said to be the influent ditches. We measured the volume of water work of Papago Indians, but in recent years National in the pipe and the speed of fluorescein dye passing Monument personnel have maintained them and have through it, arriving at an outflow rate of 5.1 1/min. rejuvenated the pond by removing much of the This may represent an unusually low condition, and emergent aquatic vegetation and dredging the sedi- is certainly far from the order of magnitude reported ments. by Gould. Dr. Dammann reported the ditches carried Little biological information has been published water approximately 7.5 cm deep in June 1963, but about the seeps and the pool. Hensley (1954) made in 1964 only 2 cm of water were flowing. an ecological study of the birds of Organ Pipe Cactus A survey of the spring pond was made using com- National Monument in the late 1940's, and furnished pass, calibrated chalk line, and sounding line. The some descriptions of the springs, the pool and asso- surface area is about 0.22 ha and the pool is almost ciated biota. Hubbs and Miller (1948) have written uniformly one meter deep. A volume estimate of 2,200 in3 of the unique form of Cyprinodon macularius Baird applies whenever the pond is high enough and Girard which occurs in the pool, and is probably to flow through the outlet pipe. endemic to it and the nearby Sonoyta River, a dis- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE rupted segment of the Colorado River drainage. WATERS.—Dr. Dammann recorded a temperature of 27.8°C at a spring in 1963; eleven months later On June 28, 1963, Dr. Richard S. Peckham col- we measured 23.9°C. We are not sure temperatures lected plankton from the pond, and Dr. A. E. Dam- and collections were from the same place both years, mann collected water from one of the seeps. We are but apparently there was a greater flow in 1963. Dr. grateful to them for bringing us their samples. Dammann's notes describe his water collection as Further studies of the spring were made on May 24 being from the ". main source . ." We were and 25, 1964. It is the purpose of this paper to dis- forced to dip from a nearly stagnant pool below a cuss the 1963 collections and our own later investi- seep, from which water was moving at a very low gations although we are well aware of the cursory rate. Whatever the case, there were some differences and superficial nature of this report. between the seep samples of 1963 and 1964 (Table DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA.—Qui- 1) tobaquito Spring lies almost exactly on the Inter- Water from the hillside springs showed no tur- national Boundary at about N lat 31°55', long ° bidity when compared to distilled water. Unfiltered 113 01' and approximately 355 m above sea level. pond water of May 1964, however, showed a tur- It is in the Lower Sonoran Life-zone in a magnificent bidity of 70 on a standard silica scale supplied by region of cacti and other plants typical of the Sono- the Hach Chemical Company, Ames, Iowa. ran Desert (see Lowe 1964:24-31). The annual The 1963 sample had a pH of 8.15 after aeration precipitation averages 7.7 inches, May and June being in the laboratory. Our 1964 hydrogen-ion data were the driest months and September usually the wettest. lost except those from the pond surface. These The area receives 85% of the possible annual solar waters were 7.8 at sunset May 24, and 7.6 at dawn radiation. August is the hottest month of the year the 25th. with a mean temperature of 87.6°F. The temperature of the pond surface water was The water of the spring originates from an ancient 31.1°C at 2:30 PM on May 24, 1964; at 0.5 m it fault in granite-gneiss rook. It is believed to be was 30.6°; and 30.0° at the bottom. At dawn the derived from deep water forced up seams of broken next morning it was uniformly 27.2°C, indicating a rock created by the fault. It issues from a hillside loss of roughly 240 g cal/cm'. Dissolved oxygen at a depth of 0.5 m in the pond 'Supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB-154. 'Present Address: Department of Zoology, Indiana Univer- ranged from 5.46 to 5.82 mg/1 during the after- sity. noon. At the prevailing water temperature these 159 160 JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Vol. 3 Table 1. Major chemical constituents in the waters of Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona. Expressed as mg/l. Ion or Compound Quitobaquito Spring (source) Quitobaquito Spring (pool) Pool Compared to Source June 1963 May 1964 May 1964 May 1964 Na 191.0 284.0 350.0 + 66.0 IC+ 4.5 6.0 7.0 + 1.0 Ca .+ 34.0 36.8 27.2 - 9.6 ivig,., 12.6 11.7 17.5 - 5.8 Total Alkalinity as -IIC01- 316.0 402.0 411.0 + 9.0 Cl- 148.0 318.0 383.0 + 65.0 71.0 91.0 100.0 + 9.0 F- - 4.3 5.3 + 1.0 Si0,2 28.0 41.0 43.0 + 2.0 Total Iron 0.09 0.08 0.08 0 Copper 0.1 trace trace 0 Manganese 0 0 0 0 Ammonium-N 0.09 - - - 1\103-N + Na-N 2.59 2.25 0.007 - 2.243 Ortho-Poi 0 0 0 0 Computed Total 808 1198 1344 oxygen concentrations represent a saturation of about phosphorus following hydrolysis by boiling with acid. 105%. Ammonium nitrogen was assayed by direct Nes- The pool water collected in May 1964 shows some slerization in the seep water of 1963, but was not effects of concentration when compared with the determined in later samples. Brucine nitrogen was spring issue (Table 1). The gain in computed dis- determined for all three samples. This includes both solved solids is more than 100 mg/1, and changes NO,-N and NO3-N. The Brucine nitrogen of the in relative composition are especially instructive. The pool was in trace quantities in spite of high values most conspicuous gains are in sodium and chloride, each year in the spring (Table 1). This almost com- a trend to be expected in cases of concentration (see plete depletion of the high ground-water nitrogen Hutchinson, 1957). Also, the Ca/Mg ratio changes must have been associated in some way with plant from 3.1, by weight, in the spring water to 1.5 in activity both in the entering ditches and in the pool. the pond. This relative enrichment of magnesium The saline nature of the Quitobaquito waters is may be a reflection of the greater solubility of its one of its major ecological factors. Although rela- compounds compared to those of calcium. tively dilute when compared with many western wa- Some chemical features of Quitobaquito waters ters, the white evaporite along the shallow ditches which might be expected in inland sodium waters implies occasional strong concentrations associated are the fairly high concentrations of silica and with drying. fluoride (Hem, 1959:57, 113). A comparison between the Quitobaquito waters Total iron was determined for the three samples, and those of Dripping Springs, one of the other but differentiation was made between soluble and major permanent water holes in Organ Pipe Cactus particulate iron only in the 1963 spring water. The ,National Monument, can be made (Table 2). Drip- water contained 0.025 mg/1 soluble iron, and 0.075 ping Springs is about 10 km north of Quitobaquito mg/1 particulate iron retained by membrane filter, in the Puerto Blanco Mountains and is different in pore size 0.8 micron. many respects. This is a small, north-facing grotto No phosphate could be determined by the molyb- on a mountain slope. Water drips down the inner 2 denum blue method, using stannous chloride as the rock surface to form a small pool of about 4 m , reducing agent, in any of the three samples. Water and 1.3 m deep. The turbid water (ca. 40 on a was assayed for soluble ortho-phosphate and for total silica scale standard) was 15.6°C on May 25, 1964. April 1965 COLE-WHITESIDE — QUITOBAQUITO SPRING, ARIZONA 161 Table 2. Chemical constituents of the water of Drip- Mearns collected this during early expeditions of ping Springs, Organ Pipe Cactus National the International Boundary Survey.
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