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0^. fc_ Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit ARIZONA SPECIAL REPORT NO. 10 ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION AND ACTIVITIES AT ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT BIOSPHERE RESERVE Peter S. Bennett, R. Roy Johnson and Michael M. McCarthy University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 Western Region National Park Service Department of the Interior San Francisco, Ca. 94102 COOPERATIVE NATIONAL PARK RESOURCES STUDIES UNIT University of Arizona/Tucson - National Park Service The Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit/University of Arizona (CPSU/UA) was established August 16, 1973. The unit is funded by the National Park Service and reports to the Western Regional Office, San Francisco; it is located on the campus of the University of Arizona and reports also to the Office of the Vice-President for Research. Administrative assistance is provided by the Western Arche- ological and Conservation Center, the School of Renewable Natural Resources, and the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. The unit's professional personnel hold adjunct faculty and/or research associate appointments with the University. The Materials and Ecological Testing Laboratory is maintained at the Western Archeological and Conservation Center, 1415 N. 6th Ave., Tucson, Arizona 85705. The CPSU/UA provides a multidisciplinary approach to studies in the natural and cultural sciences. Funded projects identified by park management are investigated by National Park Service and university researchers under the coordination of the Unit Leader. Unit members also cooperate with researchers involved in projects funded by non-National Park Service sources in order to obtain scientific information on Park Service lands. NOTICE: This document contains information of a preliminary nature and was prepared primarily for internal use in the National Park Service. This information is NOT intended for use in open literature prior to publication by the investigators' names unless permission is obtained in writing from the investigators named and from the Unit Leader. Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit School of Renewable Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 SPECIAL REPORT NO. 10 ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION AND ACTIVITIES AT ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT BIOSPHERE RESERVE Peter S. Bennett, R. Roy Johnson and Michael M. McCarthy July 1990 UNIT PERSONNEL Dennis B. Fenn, Unit Leader R. Roy Johnson, Senior Research Ecologist Peter S. Bennett, Research Ecologist Michael R. Kunzmann, Research Management Specialist Katherine L. Hiett, Biological Technician Joan M. Ford, Administrative Clerk Gloria J. Maender, Clerk Typist (602) 670-6885 FTS 762-6885 Note to the Reader: This document was originally written and compiled in 1984 with support from the NPS - Man and the Biosphere Program. This report contains valuable reference material and is published in its original form because of its significant archival value. Much of what was recommended by this report is currently underway or has recently been completed. t CONTRIBUTORS PART I: INTRODUCTION and PART II: RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS Coordinators R. Roy Johnson Peter S. Bennett Michael M. McCarthy Kenneth J. Kingsley Michael R. Kunzmann Michael H. Hoffman Lupe P. Hendrickson Kathleen Kelly Kevin F. Noon Contributors Janice E. Bowers Charles H. Lowe George M. Bradt Eric Mellink Bryan T. Brown Robert R. Miller William H. Buskirk Gary Nabhan E. L. Cockrum Kevin F. Noon Gerald A. Cole Arthur M. Phillips III Miguel Equihua Donald F. Post Exequiel Ezcurra Karen Reichardt Alberto Gonzales Thomas R. Van Devender Wilford Hoy Peter L. Warren R. Roy Johnson William Werrill PART III: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY and PART IV: SELECTED CITATIONS WITH ABSTRACTS Technical Editors Coordinators Peter S. Bennett Bryan T. Brown Michelle Kaney Lorry Grume Kenneth J. Kingsley Michael R. Kunzmann Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/assessmentofscieOObenn ORGAN PIPE CACTUS NATIONAL MONUMENT BIOSPHERE RESERVE: ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION AND ACTIVITIES Editors: Peter S. Bennett and R. Roy Johnson Principal Investigator: Michael M. McCarthy, Chairman Division of Landscape Resources School of Renewable Natural Resources University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 CONTRIBUTORS PART I: INTRODUCTION and PART II: RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS Coordinators R. Roy Johnson Peter S. Bennett Michael M. McCarthy Kenneth J. Kingsley Michael R. Kunzmann Michael H. Hoffman Lupe P. Hendrickson Kathleen Kelly Kevin F. Noon Contributors Janice E. Bowers Charles H. Lowe George M. Bradt Eric Mellink Bryan T. Brown Robert R. Miller William H. Buskirk Gary Nabhan E. L. Cockrum Kevin F. Noon Gerald A. Cole Arthur M. Phillips III Miguel Eguihua Donald F. Post Exeguiel Ezcurra Karen Reichardt Alberto Gonzales Thomas R. Van Devender Wilford Hoy Peter L. Warren R. Roy Johnson William Werrill PART III: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY and PART IV: SELECTED CITATIONS WITH ABSTRACTS Technical Editors Coordinators Peter S. Bennett Bryan T. Brown Michelle Kaney Lorry Grumet Kenneth J. Kingsley Michael R. Kunzmann , TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART I: INTRODUCTION Introduction 3 Quitobaquito Country Chronology, by George M. Bradt .... 11 Chronological Summary of the History of the Area Now Known as Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by Peter Warren and Bill Hoy 23 Evaluation of Information, Policies, Monitoring, and Research Required to Complete Our Understanding of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by Michael M. McCarthy 29 PART II: RESOURCE ASSESSMENTS Aquatic Systems Quitobaquito - The Springs and the Pool, by Gerald A. Cole 37 Ethnobiology Status of Ethnobiological Research in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by Gary Nabhan, Karen Reichhardt, and Eric Mellink 43 Fauna Some Comments Concerning Recent Mammals of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by E. L. Cockrum 49 The Birds of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: A Summary of Current Knowledge and Research, by R. Roy Johnson and Bryan T. Brown 57 A 50 Year Summary for the Herpetofauna of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona (1932-1982) by Charles H. Lowe 63 Status of the Classification of the Quitobaquito Pupfish by Robert R. Miller 75 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Flora Research Summary: Flora of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by Janice E. Bowers 81 Research Summary: Vegetation Change at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by Janice E. Bowers 83 Vegetation Change at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by Janice E. Bowers 8 5 Status of the Acuna Cactus (Neolloydia erectocentra var. acunensis) and the Ajo Rock-daisy (Perityle ajoensis) in Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, by Arthur M. Phillips III and William H. Buskirk 133 Geology Summary of the Status of Geology and Hydrology Research at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, by William Werrell 137 Paleoecology The Vegetation and Climate of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: The View from the Ice Age, by Thomas R. Van Devender 14 3 Soils Summary of Soils Information Available at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument and Discussion of Future Research Needs, by Donald F. Post 153 The Arizona-Sonora Connection at ORPI El Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico: Organ Pipe Cactus' Natural Counterpart, by Exequiel Ezcurra, Alberto Gonzalez, and Miguel Equihua 157 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page PART III: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Selected Bibliography 167 Short Form Citations Stratified by Subject 169 General Works of Interest 169 Climate 169 Geology and Soils 170 Geology 170 Soils 171 Flora 171 History 171 Human Impacts 172 Field Studies 172 Flora Checklists 173 Perennial Species 174 Cacti, General 174 Saguaro 175 Organ Pipe 175 Other Species of Cacti 176 Annual Species 176 Miscellaneous 177 Terrestrial Fauna 177 General Works 177 Invertebrates 178 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Mollusks 178 Arachnids 178 Insects 178 Ants 178 Bees 178 Butterflies 179 Other Insects 179 Vertebrates 179 Reptiles and Amphibians 179 Birds 179 Mammals 181 Aquatic Systems 182 General Works 182 Ground Water 183 Surface Water 183 Quitobaquito 184 History 186 General Works on History 186 Indians 186 Cattle Grazing 187 Mining 187 Other Disturbances 188 Management Documents 18 8 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page PART IV: SELECTED CITATIONS WITH ABSTRACTS List of Key Words Used in Abstracts 193 Abstracts 195 Appendix: Participants and Contributors 1 Addresses .... 289 Author Index 297 IX PART I INTRODUCTION . INTRODUCTION R. Roy Johnson and Peter S. Bennett Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument comprises an area of 517 square miles (330,779 acres) near the geographic center of the Sonoran Desert. Located immediately adjacent to the Mexican Boundary and the state of Sonora, Mexico, the monument provides an international setting, attracting laymen and professionals interested in the cultural and natural history of this fascinating region (see Figure 1) . Providing a unique ecotone between three natural subdivisions of the Sonoran Desert (Steenbergh and Warren 1977) , the monument was established by presidential proclamation in 1937 to preserve the cultural and ecological integrity of its diverse resources. Although Shreve and Wiggins (1964) separate the area into two Sonoran Desert subdivisions (Lower Colorado Valley and Arizona Upland) , relict populations from the Central Gulf Coast subdivision of Mexico can also be found in the monument. As the monument name indicates, one of the main attractions of the area is the Organ Pipe Cactus
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