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A Revision of the Australian Cladocera (Crustacea)

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A Revision of the Australian Cladocera (Crustacea) Records of the Australian Must;u m (1983) Suppl. 1. 1.~SN-0067 -1975. A Revision of the Australian Cladocera (Crustacea) N.N. SMIRNOV' and B.V. TIMMSb "Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Leninski Prospect 33, Moscow V-71, 117071, U.S.S.R. bSciences Department, Avondale College, Cooranbong, N.S.W., Australia, 2265 ABSTRACT. The Australian Cladocera are revised on the basis of numerous samples, collections in the Australian Museum and a critical consideration of the literature. Six families are represented in inland waters of Australia: Sididae, Chydoridae, Macrothricidae, Moinidae, Bosminidae, and Daphniidae. Altogether 125 species in 40 genera were found, 15 species being new: Pseudosida australiensis n.sp., Archepleuroxus baylyi n. gen., n.sp., Rak obtusus n. gen., n.sp., Rak labrosus n. gen., n.sp., Australochydorus aporus n. gen., n.sp., Rhynchochydorus australiensis n. gen., n.sp., Alona macracantha n.sp., Alona investis n.sp., Alona setuloides n.sp., Biapertura rusticoides n.sp., Monospilus diporus n.sp., Monospi/us elongatus n.sp., Echinisca williamsi n.sp., Echiniscaflagellata n.sp., and Simocephalus victoriensis n.sp. One new subspecies is recognized: Alona davidi vermiculata n.subsp. Some 49 species (including the new species) are recorded in Australia for the first time. In addition, the presence of a further 6 species of marine Cladocera in the families Podonidae and Sididae is noted. The cladoceran fauna of Australia, besides including many cosmopolitan and pantropical forms, also has some species widely distributed in the Holarctic, some Gondwanaland species, and a large number (46) of endemics. Keys to all families and genera of Cladocera are given as well as keys for Australian species. Ecology, community structure, faunal composition and zoogeography are considered. The revision provides a basis for the identification of Australian Cladocera and for further taxonomic studies. SMIRNOV. N.N., & B.V. TIMMS. 1983. A Revision of the Australian Cladocera (Crustacea). Records of the Australian Museum. Supplement 1. 132 pp. CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................. 1 Introduction .......................................................... 2 Materials and Methods ......................................... .. 2 Morphology .......................................................... 3 Key to All Families of Cladocera ........................................ 4 Family Sididae (Diaphanosoma by V. Koffnek, Latonopsis, Pseudosida & Pen ilia by N .M. Korovchinsky) ..................................... 5 Family Podonidae (by the late P .0. Mordukhai-Boltovskoi) ............... 13 Family ChydQridae ................................................... 17 Subfamily Sayciinae ................................................ 19 Subfamily Chydorinae .............................................. 20 Subfamily Aloninae ................................................ 38 Family Macrothricidae ................................................ 67 Family Moinidae ..................................................... 84 Family Bosminidae (Bosmina by V. Korinek) ............................ 89 Family Daphniidae (Daphnia by P.D.N. Hebert, Simocephalus & Scapholeberis by H. Dumont) ....................................... 91 2 Records of the Australian Museum (1983), Suppl. 1 Biocoenology ....................................................... 110 Assemblages ...................................................... 110 Species Groups ................................................... 112 Cladocerans in inland saline waters ................................. 114 Faunal Composition and Zoogeography ................................ 114 Acknowledgements .................................................. 119 Appendix 1: Localities sampled ....................................... 120 Appendix 2: New taxa ............................................... 123 Appendix 3: Species indicated in Australia for the first time .............. 124 Appendix 4: Species common in Australian inland waters ................ 124 Appendix 5: Species rare in Australian inland waters .................... 124 References .......................................................... 125 Index .............................................................. 131 There is a renewed interest in the study of Cladocera, a largely cosmopolitan group) or incompletely known, stimulated mainly by their importance in biological (b) most distribution records are from only a few areas processes of inland waters and by their significance as indicating inadequate collecting, and (c) a study of the biological indicators, particularly in palaeolimnological 70 published papers on Australian Cladocera reveals studies. Since 1959 there have been significant advances little pertinent information. Although there has been a in detailed descriptive morphology, in functional recent partial review of Australian Cladocera morphology and in paiaeolimnology based on the (Petkovski, 1973a, 1973b-in German and a journal remains of Cladocera in lake deposits (see Smirnov, unobtainable in Australia and based on few new 1975). Several world revisions and regional faunas have collections) and reference to Australian specimens and been published. This work has been based mainly on species in world reviews (of Moinidae, Goulden, 1968; the Holarctic fauna, which is comparatively well known. of Chydoridae, Smirnov, 1971 b; of Macrothricidae and By contrast the Australian fauna is inadequately Moinidae, Smirnov, 1976), the present work is by far studied, yet it is of zoogeographicaJ interest and contains the most comprehensive to date. It considers all families forms of considerable phylogenetic and ecological known for Australia (including marine species) and is interest. Only a few zoologists have contributed based on a large number (330) of new collections, a knowledge on Australian species. The first was the Rev. study of museum material and a critical evaluation of King, who in the 1850's noted 17 species. G.O. Sars, all literature on Australian Cladocera. The collections working mainly on specimens raised from dried mud, are from most areas of Australia, but unfortunately added 16 species to make the total 33. Miss Marguerite there are very few from north-west Western Australia, Henry in two papers (1919, 1922) increased this number from the Northern Territory and from far inland areas to 52. Gurney (1927) comments on 17 species, 4 being of other mainland states. new. Various authors subsequently described a few Several authors (H. Dumont, P. Hebert, V. Korinek, additional species or discussed those previously N. Korovchinsky and P. Mordukhai-Boltovskoi) have described. As a result, by 1954 a total of 63 valid species contributed on particular genera. N.N. Smirnov were known from Australian inland waters. New South performed mainly the taxonomical part of the study. Wales is the most intensively studied area (due to King, B. V. Timms made collections, contributed notes on the Sars, Henry) followed by Queensland (due to Sars, ecology and distribution of each species, and analysed Gurney) and Tasmania (due to Smith, Brehm). A few faunal composition, communities and zoogeographical records are available for Western Australia (Sars, relationships. The text is composed by both authors, Serventy, Petkovski), Victoria (Searle, Searle et at.) and each with equal responsibility. South Australia (Henry), and apparently none at all for the Northern Territory. Unfortunately for comparative Materials and Methods purposes, only a few taxonomic papers (by Sars, Brehm) have been published on New Zealand Cladocera A large variety of inland waters were sampled over although a book has recently become available on N.Z. a period from 1964 to 1978 by one of us (B.V.T.); some freshwater crustaceans (Chap man and Lewis, 1976), and collections were also made available by other workers, little information is available for New Guinea (Brehm, particularly Or LA.E. Bayly, Mr D. Morton and Or R. 1959). Shiel. Data on the collection sites are listed in Table I; Despite the above, the Australian Cladocera cannot they are numbered for conciseness in later listing of be considered to have been studied in any detail since materials for each species. Most littoral collections were (a) a figure of 63 species for Australia is very low by made with a Birge cone net (diameter 17 cm) and comparison with faunas of other continents and suggests limnetic collections with a plankton net (33 cm in that the fauna is either depauperate (hardly likely for diameter); mesh size in both nets was 159 ~m. Samples SMIRNOV & TIMMS: Revision of the Australian Cladocera 3 were preserved in 5070 formalin. More than 330 R. river collections were obtained and in addition collections in Res. reservoir the Australian Museum, including Henry's types, were S.A. South Australia examined. The section on Daphnia by P.D.N. Hebert Sw. swamp is based on his own materials and methods (Hebert, Tas. Tasmania 1977). Vic. Victoria For the Chydoridae and some other species having W.A. Western Australia resistant exoskeletons slides were made using Canada ZIN Zoological Institute of the U.S.S.R. balsam. Whole specimens of soft-shelled cladocerans, Academy of Sciences, Leningrad and where necessary dissected specimens of others, were ZMO Zoological Museum, Oslo. mounted in polyvinyl alcohol (as described in Smirnov, 1975). Slides of representatives of most species, Morphology including holotypes of
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