Hungarian Language in Education in Slovakia
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Slovenia Before the Elections
PERSPECTIVE Realignment of the party system – Slovenia before the elections ALEŠ MAVER AND UROŠ URBAS November 2011 The coalition government under Social Democrat Prime make people redundant. Nevertheless, the unemploy- Minister Borut Pahor lost the support it needed in Parlia- ment rate increased by 75 per cent to 107,000 over three ment and early elections had to be called for 4 Decem- years. This policy was financed by loans of 8 billion eu- ber, one year before completing its term of office. What ros, which doubled the public deficit. are the reasons for this development? Which parties are now seeking votes in the »political marketplace«? What However, Prime Minister Pahor overestimated his popu- coalitions are possible after 4 December? And what chal- larity in a situation in which everybody hoped that the lenges will the new government face? economic crisis would soon be over. The governing par- ties had completely different priorities: they were seek- ing economic rents; they could not resist the pressure of Why did the government of lobbies and made concessions; and they were too preoc- Prime Minister Borut Pahor fail? cupied with scandals and other affairs emerging from the ranks of the governing coalition. Although the governing coalition was homogeneously left-wing, it could not work together and registered no significant achievements. The next government will thus Electoral history and development be compelled to achieve something. Due to the deterio- of the party system rating economic situation – for 2012 1 per cent GDP growth, 1.3 per cent inflation, 8.4 per cent unemploy- Since the re-introduction of the multi-party system Slo- ment and a 5.3 per cent budget deficit are predicted – venia has held general elections in 1990, 1992, 1996, the goals will be economic. -
OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools
January 2015 Educational Policy Institute Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools COUNTRY BACKGROUND REPORT FOR THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC This report was prepared by the Educational Policy Institute, Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, as an input to the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Review). The participation of the Slovak Republic in the project was organised with the support of the European Commission (EC) in the context of the partnership established between the OECD and the EC. The partnership partly covered participation costs of countries which are part of the European Union’s Erasmus+ programme. The document was prepared in response to guidelines the OECD provided to all countries. The opinions expressed are not those of the OECD or its Member countries. Further information about the OECD Review is available at www.oecd.org/edu/school/schoolresourcesreview.htm. Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic Educational Policy Institute OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools Country Background Report for the Slovak Republic Matej Šiškovič, Ján Toman1 January 2015 This report was prepared by the Educational Policy Institute, Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, as an input to the OECD Review of Policies to Improve the Effectiveness of Resource Use in Schools (School Resources Review)2. The participation of the Slovak Republic in the project was organised with the support of the European Commission (EC) in the context of the partnership established between the OECD and the EC. -
1356Th Meeting, 9 October 2019 10 Legal Questions
MINISTERS’ DEPUTIES CM Documents CM(2019)125 29 August 20191 1356th meeting, 9 October 2019 10 Legal questions 10.4 European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages a. Fifth report of the Committee of Experts in respect of Spain Item to be considered by the GR-J at its meeting on 19 September 2019 In accordance with Article 16 paragraph 3 of the Charter, the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages submits its fifth report on the application of the Charter in Spain to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. The report contains proposals for recommendations to be addressed by the Committee of Ministers to Spain. The Spanish Government has been given the opportunity to comment on the content, in accordance with Article 16 paragraph 3 of the Charter. 1 This document has been classified restricted at the date of issue. In accordance with the Deputies’ decision (CM/Del/Dec(2001)765/10.4), it will be declassified after examination by the Committee of Ministers. Website: www.coe.int/cm CM(2019)125 2 The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides for a control mechanism to evaluate how the Charter is applied in a State Party with a view to, where necessary, making recommendations for improving its legislation, policy and practices. The central element of this procedure is the Committee of Experts, set up under Article 17 of the Charter. Its principal purpose is to report to the Committee of Ministers on its evaluation of compliance by a Party with its undertakings, to examine the real situation of regional or minority languages in the State and, where appropriate, to encourage the Party to gradually reach a higher level of commitment. -
Historical Development
Published on Eurydice (https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice) General historical overview The beginnings of the Slovak history are connected with an enormous process intervening the EuroAsian Continent – the process of migration of nations. From the fifth century A.D, the ancestors of present-day Slovaks began to arrive in the area around the central Danube basin, and these ancestors, along with the neighbouring Slavic tribes, formed the first historic state – the "Samo Empire". This empire lasted a number of decades, until the dominating Avars resisted. In the ninth century, the founding of the early middle age empire – Great Moravia - began with the unification of the Nitra and Moravian regions. Its largest internal, cultural and power expansion in the second half of the ninth century is connected with the mission of the Byzantine missionaries Cyril – Constantine and Methodius, who are credited with the Christianisation of the country. Their mission laid the basis for the development of the Old Slovak language – the language itself as well as culture and education. The Great Moravian empire ceased to exist in the tenth century. The wandering Hungarians populated a large part of the territory of the Great Moravian Empire and later a new empire known as old Hungaria arose, in which many ethnic groups lived. In the time of the Enlightenment, the first attempt was made to promote the western Slovak dialect as the written language of Slovaks. Favourable conditions for the codification of the language arose in the middle of the 19th century, when the intelligence of different creeds agreed to the promotion of the central Slovakia dialect as the written language for the entire nation. -
Exporter Guide
Required Report: Required - Public Distribution Date: December 30,2019 Report Number: BK2019-0009 Report Name: Exporter Guide Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina Post: Sarajevo Report Category: Exporter Guide Prepared By: Sanela Stanojcic-Eminagic Approved By: Frederick Giles Report Highlights: Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) imports approximately two-thirds of its overall food needs. The market for processed foods focuses mainly on value rather than quality, as consumers seek to extend their buying power. Advantages to U.S. exporters include relatively low food import tariffs and low costs for introduction and promotion of new products while challenges consist of a complicated dual system of government authorities, low incomes, and poor infrastructure. Opportunities exist for U.S. genetics, beef, pulses, wine, seafood, dried fruits and tree nuts. This report contains marketing tips, information on importing foods, and best products prospect. THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Market Fact Sheet Quick Facts CY2018 Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) is in the Southeast of Europe with a population of 3.5 million. Import of Consumer-Oriented Products $1.1B. It currently has status as a potential candidate for European Union (EU) membership, which is seen as a List of Top 10 Growth Products in BiH driver to further economic growth and development. 1) Beverages and Mineral Water 6) Sauces and Spices BiH has a large foreign trade deficit with imports almost 2) Chocolate 7) Citrus fruit two times greater than exports. 3) Biscuits and Cookies 8) Wine Import of agri-food products totaled $1.8 billion in 2018 4) Beer 9) Ice-cream and represented 16 percent of total imports. -
Business Plan 2008
Business Plan of the Mercator Group and the Company Poslovni Sistem Mercator, d.d., for the Year 2008 Poslovni sistem Mercator, d.d. Management Board December 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 5 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS FOR THE YEAR 2008 8 COMPANY PROFILE 9 COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE Mercator Group 10 OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE 11 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 11 STRATEGIC POLICIES OF THE MERCATOR GROUP 13 VISION 13 MISSION 13 CORPORATE VALUES 13 STRATEGIC POLICIES 14 STRATEGIC GOALS 15 KEY OBJECTIVES AND TASKS IN 2008 16 STARTING POINTS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE BUSINESS PLAN 18 MACROECONOMIC STARTING POINTS 18 MICROECONOMIC STARTING POINTS 19 ANALYSIS OF THE MERCATOR GROUP’S MARKET POSITION 20 PLANNED ACTIVITIES OF THE MERCATOR GROUP 29 DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTMENT 29 MARKETING 33 CATEGORY MANAGEMENT AND SUPPLIER RELATIONS 40 SALES AND STORE FORMATS 42 LOGISTICS 45 HUMAN RESOURCES 46 ORGANIZATION AND QUALITY 47 SOCIALLY ACCOUNTABLE ACTION AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACTIVITIES49 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 52 FINANCIAL OPERATION 54 RELATIONS WITH SHAREHOLDERS 55 RISK MANAGEMENT 58 PERFORMANCE OF THE MERCATOR GROUP COMPANIES 61 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 63 FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES 63 COMPOSITON OF THE MERCATOR GROUP 63 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE MERCATOR GROUP 64 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE COMPANY POSLOVNI SISTEM MERCATOR, D.D.74 2 SUMMARY Successful performance in 2007 to be followed by ambitious continuation of internationalization in 2008 In 2008, Mercator Group is planning net revenues from sales in the amount of EUR 2.6 billion, which is 9.5 percent more than the estimated figure for 2007. Of this sum, almost EUR 870 million, or one third, will be generated in four foreign markets. -
Mercator Group Activities
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE MANAGEMENT BOARD .......................................... 3 SUPERVISORY BOARD REPORT ...................................................................................... 5 2013 HIGHLIGHTS BY MARKETS ..................................................................................... 8 OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE HIGHLIGHTS .............................................................. 9 MERCATOR GROUP PROFILE AND ORGANIZATION ...................................................... 10 MERCATOR GROUP ACTIVITIES ................................................................................... 13 MAJOR EVENTS ........................................................................................................... 15 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT ..................................................................... 17 MERCATOR GROUP BUSINESS STRATEGY .................................................................... 24 BUSINESS REPORT........................................................................................................... 27 SALES AND MARKETING .............................................................................................. 29 REAL ESTATE MANAGEMENT AND RETAIL NETWORK DEVELOPMENT .......................... 40 EFFECT OF ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND COMPETITION ON MERCATOR GROUP OPERATIONS IN 2013 ................................................................................................. -
Turkey's Role in the Western Balkans
SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Alida Vračić Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans RP 11 December 2016 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2016 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They reflect the views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 34 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-200 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 This research and its publi- cation have been enabled by the generous support of Stiftung Mercator, Essen. Table of Contents 5 Issues and Conclusions 7 Turkey’s Comeback in the Balkans 12 Turkey’s Economy and Non-state Actors in the Western Balkans 15 Turkish Military in the Balkans 18 Countries of Particular Interest to Turkey 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 Kosovo 24 Macedonia 27 Can Old Animosities Die? Serbia-Turkey Relations 30 Turkey’s Activism as Seen from the Balkans 32 Western Balkans – EU’s Forgotten Post? 33 Outlook 34 Abbreviations Alida Vračić is IPC-Stiftung Mercator Fellow 2015/2016 at SWP Issues and Conclusions Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans For the past two decades, Turkey has been rediscover- ing the Balkans. The end of the Cold War and the dis- solution of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the subsequent violence were decisive points in Turkish foreign policy. New openings toward southeast Europe and the creation of new states greatly transformed the foreign policy strategies of Turkey, which was aiming for far-reaching political impact. -
Document Downloaded From: the Final Publication Is Available At
Document downloaded from: http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/67539 The final publication is available at: https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor © John Benjamins Publishing, 2019 The Legal Rights of Aragonese-Speaking Schoolchildren: The Current State of Aragonese Language Teaching in Aragon (Spain) Aragon is an autonomous community within Spain where, historically, three languages are spoken: Aragonese, Catalan, and Castilian Spanish. Both Aragonese and Catalan are minority and minoritised languages within the territory, while Castilian Spanish, the majority language, enjoys total legal protection and legitimation. The fact that we live in the era of the nation-state is crucial for understanding endangered languages in their specific socio-political context. This is why policies at macro-level and micro-level are essential for language maintenance and equality. In this article, we carry out an in-depth analysis of 57 documents: international and national legal documents, education reports, and education curricula. The aims of the paper are: 1) to analyse the current state of Aragonese language teaching in primary education in Aragon, and 2) to suggest solutions and desirable policies to address the passive bilingualism of Aragonese- speaking schoolchildren. We conclude that the linguistic diversity of a trilingual autonomous community is not reflected in the real life situation. There is also a need to Comentado [FG1]: Syntax unclear, meaning ambiguous implement language policies (bottom-up and top-down initiatives) to promote compulsory education in a minoritised language. We therefore propose a linguistic model that capitalises all languages. This study may contribute to research into Aragonese- Comentado [FG2]: Letters can be capitalized, but not languages. -
Serbia Guidebook 2013
SERBIA PREFACE A visit to Serbia places one in the center of the Balkans, the 20th century's tinderbox of Europe, where two wars were fought as prelude to World War I and where the last decade of the century witnessed Europe's bloodiest conflict since World War II. Serbia chose democracy in the waning days before the 21st century formally dawned and is steadily transforming an open, democratic, free-market society. Serbia offers a countryside that is beautiful and diverse. The country's infrastructure, though over-burdened, is European. The general reaction of the local population is genuinely one of welcome. The local population is warm and focused on the future; assuming their rightful place in Europe. AREA, GEOGRAPHY, AND CLIMATE Serbia is located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and occupies 77,474square kilometers, an area slightly smaller than South Carolina. It borders Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to the west, Hungary to the north, Romania and Bulgaria to the east, and Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo to the south. Serbia's many waterway, road, rail, and telecommunications networks link Europe with Asia at a strategic intersection in southeastern Europe. Endowed with natural beauty, Serbia is rich in varied topography and climate. Three navigable rivers pass through Serbia: the Danube, Sava, and Tisa. The longest is the Danube, which flows for 588 of its 2,857-kilometer course through Serbia and meanders around the capital, Belgrade, on its way to Romania and the Black Sea. The fertile flatlands of the Panonian Plain distinguish Serbia's northern countryside, while the east flaunts dramatic limestone ranges and basins. -
State Recognition for 'Contested Languages': a Comparative Study Of
Language Policy https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9482-6 ORIGINAL PAPER State recognition for ‘contested languages’: a comparative study of Sardinian and Asturian, 1992–2010 Naomi Wells1 Received: 23 August 2016 / Accepted: 18 June 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract While the idea of a named language as a separate and discrete identity is a politi- cal and social construct, in the cases of Sardinian and Asturian doubts over their respective ‘languageness’ have real material consequences, particularly in relation to language policy decisions at the state level. The Asturian example highlights how its lack of ofcial status means that it is either ignored or subjected to repeated challenges to its status as a language variety deserving of recognition and support, refecting how ‘ofcial language’ in the Spanish context is often understood in prac- tice as synonymous with the theoretically broader category of ‘language’. In con- trast, the recent state recognition of Sardinian speakers as a linguistic minority in Italy (Law 482/1999) illustrates how legal recognition served to overcome exist- ing obstacles to the implementation of regional language policy measures. At the same time, the limited subsequent efects of this Law, particularly in the sphere of education, are a reminder of the shortcomings of top-down policies which fail to engage with the local language practices and attitudes of the communities of speak- ers recognized. The contrastive focus of this article thus acknowledges the continued material consequences of top-down language classifcation, while highlighting its inadequacies as a language policy mechanism which reinforces artifcial distinctions between speech varieties and speakers deserving of recognition. -
Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond
Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond Edited by Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen and Mar Garachana Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Languages www.mdpi.com/journal/languages Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change Studies in Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Grammaticalization, Refunctionalization and Beyond Special Issue Editors Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen Mar Garachana MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Dorien Nieuwenhuijsen Mar Garachana Utrecht University Barcelona University The Netherlands Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Languages (ISSN 2226-471X) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/languages/ special issues/Lingustics LanguageChange) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-576-8 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-577-5 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Bob de Jonge. c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ....................................