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ECOI,OGIA Enbolivia Revista Del Instituto De Ecología ECOI,OGIA enBOLIVIA Revista del Instituto de Ecología C o N T E N 1 o o Artículos científicos en este número: La ecología paisajíst ica de la región de Concepción y Lomerío en la provin­ cia Ñuflo de ChAvez, Santa Cruz , Bolivia (T. J. Killeen, B. T. Louman y T. Grimwood> Reporte preli~inar sobre la geoeco· logía de la sabana de Espíritu y sus alrededores (Llanos de Moxos, depar ­ tamento del Beni, Bolivia> (W. Hana- garth y J. Sarmiento> 47 No 16 o La Paz,Agosto de 1990 ECOLOGIA EN BOLIVIA es e l pr inc ipal órgano de difusiÓn de los trabajos real izados por el I nst i t u t o de Ec o Loq La , Sin embargo, no pretende ser e xc Lus r v o para este Instituto, sino que es nuestro anhelo ponerlo a di s posici ón de todas las personas interesadas en publIcar sus trabaj o s sobre temas ecolÓgicos en 801 í v ia. Por este motivo, queremos h ac e r un llamado a los c ientíficos nacionales o extranjeros que desean publicar trabajos en el marco de la ecología, l a t axono mí a anima o vegetal, los recursos naturales, e tc. Los interesados deben enviar sus artículos al Comité de Redacción, el cual indicar á sí el t rabajo es aceptado, ya que éste debe cumplir con el ni v e l cien t í fic o de la revista y con los requerimientos indic a dos e n las i nstrucciones para los autores, dados en la últi ma pági na. Comi t é de Redacción Instit u t o de Ecología Ca sil l a 10077 La Paz, Bolivia © Edición: Instituto d e Ec ol o gí a , La Paz, Convenio U.M.S. A. - Gottingen Impresión: Artes Gr á fic as Latina Todos los derechos reservados O.L. 2-3-23-82 - 1 - Ecología en Bolivia NQ 16, agosto de 1990, 1-45 LA ECDLOGIA PAI5A..TlSTlCA DE LA REGlON DE CONCEPCION y LDMERlO EN LA PROVINCIA DE ÑUFLO DE CHAVEZ, SANTA tRUZ, BOLIVIA por Timothy J. Killeen, 8astian T. louman y Thomas Grimwood 1. Introducci6n Las tierras bajas en el oriente de Bolivia representan una de las áreas menos conocidas desde el punto de vista botánico en América del Sur (SOlOMDN, 1989). El área está experimentando un rápido desarrollo, debido a la cría de ganado, mecanización de la agri­ cultura y explotaci6n de madera. Siendo este desarrollo inevita­ ble, las prioridades en la investigaci6n de la historia natural son: 1) obtener inventarios de la fauna y flora, antes de que el paisaje natural sea alterado permanentecnente; 2) desarrollar e implementar políticas de conservaci6n, que manteng~n ejemplos representat ivos del ambiente n a t uv a l j y 3) basar el manejo de recursos renovables en el conocimiento adecuado de la ecología de la regi6n y la capacidad de los suelos, el agua y la vegetaci6n, para s o s t errer su explotac i6n en el futuro. Este informe es el resultado de vaY-ios años de investigaciones en la región de Concepci6n (16(103' S; 620 10' O) Y el cantón de Santa Rosa de la Palma (i.e., Lamería), una región situada entre 55 y 90 km al sUr de Concepci6n, en la provincia Ñuflo de Chávez, departa­ mento Santa Cr-uz, Bolivia (fig. 1). La yegi6n pertenece al Escudo Precámbrico, el cual es conocido como la Chiquitania por los habi­ tantes de la z on a , Como la mayor parte de Bolivia or Lerrt a l , la vegetaci6n de la zona es un mosaico complejo de bosque, sabana y tierra hómeda, con una alta diversidad biológica. Aunque la zona fue colonizada hace casi 300 años, su vegetación quedó poco alte­ rada. Los habitantes de la zona han utilizado la sabana para la ganadería y han explotado los bosques para madera y productos de la vida silvestre . Aunque la agricultuya migratoria es común, no representa una amenaza inmediata al medio ambiente de 1 a zona, debido a una baja población humanar 0r5 habitantes/km2 CSTOLZ et al., 1986) y a la migración de los habitantes a las ciudades. Pero la introducción de forrajes mejorados, adaptados a los suelos de bosques, está cambiando el uso tradicional de la tierra. El desa­ rrollo del sector ganadero a base de pastos cultivados, fue el factor principal en la disminución de los bosques en el departamen­ to de Santa Cruz entre 1976 y 1986 (STOlZ et al., 1986). La pro­ ductividad y calidad nutritiva de esos p a s t o e , principalmente 8rachiaria decumbens (la br~chiara), B. bizantha (el bracherón) y Panicum me x i mum (el c o l on i ó n ) , permiten al ganadero un mejor manejo de su ganado (PATERSON, 1984). Este informe p r ove e r á un mejor­ conocimiento de la regi6n, lo cual permitirá un manejo sostenible de los r e c u r a o s naturales y la conservaci6n de su diversidad biológica. El aeropuerto de Concepción tiene datos meteorológicos de los últi­ mos 35 a~os (f ig~ 2) Y el clima se describe como típico de zona sabanera~ con una época seca bien marcada durante el invierno aus­ tral. El promedio mensual de la temperatura no varía mucho durante el año, pero vientos que soplan del sur en mayo, junio y julio (los IlsuY"azos") pueden b a.i a r 1 a tempeY"atura hasta 3l:: e por breves - 2 - per íodos . Los meses má s c a l u rosos s e n o c tubr e y n o v i e rn b r e , a l f i n al d e la épo ca seca , cua n do l os ci e los c l a ros c oi n ciden c o n el e q u ino cc i o s olar. 45 ' "S:.l " Iq n·; ¿ I ; -~~ "" - . ' Vetasco . 120 km --? 16 OO ' .. 72 1 rn .. 772 m g A Est Las Maras ~ A . J /\ . San Javier _...... 15 ' A . ·. _; • • --'• • a_....... .-_... _. .... ··.. , " Es!. " '.~ , ~\ . San Ramon • ... ..... ,) , , ~ '---' ,'"'§' ;; 10 km /J cV c;~ San Antonio ·u 'll'" ~ .,i1i Lomerio / ..'J.t ' .f 0 ,':~ ''71 30 ' 15 . 6200 · 45 ' Fig . 1: Map a de l a r eg ión de Concepción y Lo me r í o, Sant a Cr uz , Bo l i v ia ( DAVI S , e n preparac i ón ) - 3 - 8 b Conc epción (500 m) 14.30 1129 mm (600·1710) 100mm , d \ e Junio epoca humeda epocaseca precipitación > 100 mmJmes (esc ara raduclda po r 1/10) Fig. 2: Diagrama climático de Concepción Leyenda: a ) localidad (alt itud) b) promed io anual de temperatura c ) promedio anual de precipitación (mínima-máxima) d) curva de promedios mensuales de precipitaci ón e ) curva de p romedios mensuales de temperatura f) temperatura máxima registrada g) promedio diario de temperatura má x ima del mes más c a l i e n t e del año h) promedio diario de fluctuación de la temperatura i ) promedio diario de temperatura mínima del mes má5 fr ío del a oo j) temperatura mínima registrada La región forma parte del Escudo Prec ámb rico y l os paisajes pueden ser clasificados en tres clases g enerales ( f i g . 3). En los al re­ d edores de Concepción s e encuentra una planic ie casi p l a n a compues­ ta de sedimentos terciarios, s obrepuesta al Escudo Precámbrico. Al e s t e de Co n c e p c i ón hay una planicie ondulada, donde los s uelos se desarrollaron, en su mayoría, a p artir de r o c a s metamórficas de granito del Escudo Precámbrico. Al sur y al oeste e xiste una zona coli n o s a con una geol ogía compleja. Cada paisaje t i ene un mosaico de vegetaci ón dist into: la planic ie terciaria está dominada por una sabana arbolada, mientras q ue la e n d u l a d a está principalmente cubierta por bosques s emidec iduos. La zona col inosa tiene un mosaico de vegetac ión más diverso, con bosque y sabana arbolada intercalada. En el sector sur de esta zona (el Lomerío) la saban a arbo I ada predomina, mientras que en el sector norte, c erc a del puebl o de San Jav ier, s e encuentra el bosque más alt o y h úmedo de 1 a r eg i ón . - 4 - i= ~l latertta t: sed imen tos terciar ios isla del bosque pe: rocas precambncas I ~ -- ---------- .. B bosque sernroccrcuo a:to bajo guapasal pe e sabana bosque arbolada somro ccrou c comunidades qraniticas pe ~: Mosaico de v e g e t a c i ó n a s o c i a d a con l o s tres paisajes p rincipales e n l a región d e Concepción y Lorner r o , A) Planicie p lan a d e sedImentos t erc i arios (t) . 8 ) Pl a n i c i e o n d u l a d a con s u el o s der i v ado s de rocas p r e c á mb r i c a s ( p c L. e) Zon a co l inosa. - 5 - 2. Sabanas en suelos bien drenados Las sabanas en suel os bien drenados están claramente relacionados con la vegetación de la planicie del Mato Grosso del centro de Brasil (BECK y 1986; KILLEEN, 1986).
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