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Participation and Sense of Community PARTICIPATION AND SENSE OF COMMUNITY: YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INVOLVEMENT AND PERCEPTIONS OF PUBLIC ENTITIES by Kendra Brumfield-NaWangna A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban Affairs and Public Policy. Spring 2020 © 2020 Kendra Brumfield-NaWangna All Rights Reserved PARTICIPATION AND SENSE OF COMMUNITY: YOUTH DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INVOLVEMENT AND PERCEPTIONS OF PUBLIC ENTITIES by Kendra Brumfield-NaWangna Approved: __________________________________________________________ Maria P. Aristigueta, D.P.A. Director of the Joseph R. Biden Jr. School of Public Policy and Administration Approved: __________________________________________________________ John Pelesko, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Harvey L. White, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Minion K. C. Morrison, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Yasser A. Payne, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Leland Ware, JD Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Words cannot express my gratitude to all the amazing people who have gone on this journey with me and that I have met along the way. I would like to give a special thanks to: Dr. Harvey White, my profoundest thanks for never seeming to consider that there is anything that I can’t do… and for encouraging me to achieve my goals, even before I set them. My committee members, despite the detours and delays, your patience and support meant more than you know. Over the span of just a few years, I have experienced more changes than I can imagine. Sometimes it felt overwhelming, but thank you for always making time for me and being willing to listen as I figured it all out. To Emanuel, “Ladybug,” and Braza, I am humbled and grateful for all the sacrifices you’ve made. Thank you for literally going the distance with me, even when I wasn’t quite sure where I was headed. To my mother, those “ordinary” things you do on a daily basis mean as much as the extraordinary ones. To my family and friends, thank you for being ready to laugh, cry, and/or commiserate with me. To everyone in Senegal and the States that made this research possible, thank you for giving me the confidence to see that my voice matters. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Why youth? ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Significance of Youth in Environments of Disproportionality .......... 5 1.3 African Youth ............................................................................................ 6 1.3.1 Senegalese Youth ........................................................................ 14 1.4 Origins of Youth Disproportionality ....................................................... 18 1.5 Youth Development (YD) as a Response to Youth Needs ...................... 23 1.6 Chapter Outline ....................................................................................... 26 1.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 30 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 32 2.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 32 2.2 Part I: “Youth Bulge” and “Demographic Dividend” ............................. 33 2.2.1 “Youth Bulge” ............................................................................. 35 2.2.2 “Demographic Dividend” ............................................................ 39 2.2.3 Similarities ................................................................................... 42 2.3 Part II: Considering Youth Agency ......................................................... 44 2.3.1 Youth Development (YD) ........................................................... 44 2.3.2 Sense of Community (SOC) ........................................................ 55 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 58 v 3 AFRICA: A SPECIAL CASE .......................................................................... 61 3.1 Overview ................................................................................................. 61 3.1.1 Beyond Senegal: A Conversation about Solutions ...................... 61 3.1.2 Notes on Methodology ................................................................ 65 3.2 Youth Demographic Snapshot ................................................................. 70 3.2.1 Population Growth and Future Outlook ...................................... 72 3.3 Trends in Youth-Specific Policy ............................................................. 77 3.3.1 National Youth Infrastructure ...................................................... 84 3.4 Regional Trends....................................................................................... 87 3.4.1 Northern Africa ........................................................................... 87 3.4.2 Eastern Africa .............................................................................. 89 3.4.3 Central Africa .............................................................................. 91 3.4.4 Southern Africa ........................................................................... 94 3.4.5 Western Africa ............................................................................. 95 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 100 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ..................................................... 102 4.1 Methodology Overview ......................................................................... 102 4.2 The Significance and Structure of YD Organizations ........................... 106 4.2.1 The Significance of YD in Young Societies ............................. 106 4.3 Study Sample ......................................................................................... 109 4.3.1 Organizational Profiles .............................................................. 110 4.3.2 Trends in Organizational Characteristics .................................. 113 4.3.3 Organizational Sample and their Relevance to the Senegalese Context ...................................................................................... 121 4.3.4 Informant Subsample................................................................. 126 4.3.5 Archival Research Subsample ................................................... 127 4.4 What is YD? .......................................................................................... 127 4.4.1 The Structure of YD Organizations: Three Models of Participation ............................................................................... 128 vi 4.4.2 What YD Organizations Provide: Four Resource Typologies .. 132 4.5 Procedure Overview .............................................................................. 139 4.5.1 Transcription.............................................................................. 140 4.5.2 Translation ................................................................................. 140 4.5.3 Inter-Rater Reliability (IRR) ..................................................... 142 4.5.4 Analysis ..................................................................................... 147 4.5.5 Limitations ................................................................................. 150 4.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................. 151 5 CASE STUDY: DAKAR,
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