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Ambiente Urbano Y Bicicletas Compartidas: Efectos Sobre La Actividad Física” Presentada Por D

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Ambiente Urbano Y Bicicletas Compartidas: Efectos Sobre La Actividad Física” Presentada Por D AMBIENTE URBANO Y BICICLETAS COMPARTIDAS: EFECTOS SOBRE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA ALBERTO SANMIGUEL RODRÍGUEZ Tesis Doctoral Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y el Deporte Programa de Doctorado en Actividad Física, Deporte y Salud Universidad de Vigo, 2015 PONTEVEDRA AMBIENTE URBANO Y BICICLETAS COMPARTIDAS: EFECTOS SOBRE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA DOCTORANDO Alberto Sanmiguel Rodríguez DIRECTOR Vicente Romo Pérez Tesis Doctoral DEPARTAMENTO DIDÁCTICAS ESPECIALES Universidad de Vigo, 2015 2 DIRECTOR: Dr. Vicente Romo Pérez Vicente Romo Pérez, Director del Departamento de Didácticas Especiales de la Universidad de Vigo, HACE CONSTAR: Que la memoria titulada “Ambiente urbano y bicicletas compartidas: Efectos sobre la Actividad Física” presentada por D. Alberto Sanmiguel Rodríguez reúne los requisitos exigibles para su defensa pública, para optar al Grado de Doctor y que ha sido realizada bajo mi dirección. Y para que conste, a los efectos oportunos, firmo este presente informe en Pontevedra, a 23 de febrero de 2015. Fdo.: Vicente Romo Pérez 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS: Siempre que se celebra algún acontecimiento o con motivo de cualquier efeméride especial, tenemos cierta tendencia a echar la vista atrás, a escarbar en los recuerdos y extraer lo mejor y lo peor que nos ha tocado vivir. En mi caso, las líneas que ahora redacto se quedarían demasiado frías, para expresar el agradecimiento y gratitud a toda la gente que me ha ofrecido su apoyo más sincero a lo largo de mi vida. Cuando uno lleva a cabo un trabajo de investigación de esta índole, se da cuenta de todo lo que ha tenido que luchar para llegar hasta este punto. Sin caer en ningún tópico negativo sino más bien motivador, se suele expresar que somos lo que luchamos, pero también tengo presente que algunos lo tienen que combatir quizás un poco más. Pero todo esto me ha servido de voluntad para progresar y mejorar, ha sido un desafío, una etapa terminada y ahora tocarán nuevos horizontes, otros retos por venir. No me olvido de ningún ciclo de mi formación académica, si he llegado hasta aquí ha sido gracias a unos valores de base inculcados por mi familia, con un gusto por el trabajo bien hecho, la honradez y la perseverancia en conseguir todo lo que uno se proponga en la vida. Hay que tener presente, que somos todo lo que hemos sido, con una mirada puesta en el crecimiento y progreso personal del presente y futuro. Por todo ello, me gustaría expresar mis más sinceros agradecimientos: A mis padres José Ramón y María José, por ofrecerme la posibilidad de estudiar y por motivarme cada uno a su manera, pero ambas igual de necesarias e importantes. Por tener e inculcar un espíritu luchador para siempre saber estar a la altura de las circunstancias y dar lo mejor que uno lleva dentro. A hacerme ver que, difícil es todo hasta que le pones horas, y que más tarde o más temprano, si le dedicas ese tiempo, se recogerán los frutos del trabajo. Por enseñarme que en la vida es muy importante el esfuerzo para llegar a conseguir los objetivos que uno se quiera proponer, pese a todas 4 las adversidades y dificultades que se presenten en el camino. A no buscar la aceptación de los demás, sino a mejorar mediante la exigencia y responsabilidad. En un modo más específico, a mi padre, por darme la confianza suficiente en mi forma de hacer las cosas para exigirme siempre un poco más. A mi madre por saber estar en los momentos precisos para dar toda su comprensión, ánimo y apoyo. A mi hermano gemelo Pablo, por ser un incentivo creativo permanente y por compartir tantos momentos irrepetibles y experiencias en la vida que me han servido para ser como soy hoy, sin su presencia a mi lado todo habría sido mucho más difícil. A mi chica Mónica por ser fuente de mi superación y por estar en cada instante a mi lado apoyándome, ahora sé que la excelencia académica puede alcanzarse con constancia y no necesariamente por recomendaciones. Al profesor Vicente Romo, por darme la posibilidad de hacer una tesis tan original e interesante. Por su orientación, consejos y disponibilidad prestada durante esta etapa doctoral. Como dice una frase en su despacho, las cosas difíciles las hacemos inmediatamente, las cosas imposibles tardan un poco más. En general a todas las instituciones, como el ayuntamiento de Vilagarcía de Arousa, que han hecho posible esta propuesta tan sumamente atractiva. Sin querer ofender a ninguna persona por omisión o por el orden en los agradecimientos (aunque se dice en términos matemáticos que el orden de factores no altera el producto). Por eso, doy las gracias a todas aquellas personas (familiares, amigos y conocidos) que me han ayudado desinteresadamente a lo largo de mi vida. Desde un cierto punto, este proyecto de investigación es parte de ellos y espero que lo sientan tan propio como lo siento yo. Somos lo que luchamos, Alberto Sanmiguel Rodríguez 5 6 RESUMEN Introducción : La creciente contaminación en las ciudades y el incremento de la obesidad y sobrepeso aconsejan medios de transporte activos. Uno de los sistemas que está en auge en los últimos años es el de bicicletas compartidas de uso público. En la actualidad, en España, apenas existen estudios que aporten información sobre las características de los usuarios y los hábitos de utilización del servicio, por lo que con este estudio se pretende categorizar las edades de los usuarios del sistema de bicicletas compartidas, así como la frecuencia de uso y características de los itinerarios. Objetivo : El objetivo principal del estudio fue conocer los usos de un sistema público de bicicletas en función de las características de los usuarios, así como el tiempo de utilización de las bicicletas, los meses, estaciones del año y climatología. Método : Se ha diseñado un estudio cuantitativo y longitudinal con recolección y análisis de datos del sistema público de bicicletas de Vilagarcía de Arousa desde el 17 de julio de 2009 hasta el 18 de enero de 2012. La muestra fueron los usos de las bicicletas públicas (n=84,183). Para el análisis estadístico se empleó el SPSS 16.1, medidas de tendencia central, t, ANOVA y el Post ANOVA test de Bonferroni. Resultados : La edad media de los usuarios fue de 46 años (hombres 49; mujeres 38,7), siendo las diferencias significativas t=83,06; p <0,001. La mayor frecuencia de uso se inicia y finaliza en el centro de la ciudad (15,995 usos; 19%). Los hombres entre 50 y 69 años y las mujeres entre 30 y 49 años son los que más utilizan las bicicletas. Los itinerarios por la costa son los preferidos por las mujeres. La media de minutos de uso de los viajes de las bicicletas públicas fue de 36,1 (hombres 38,1; mujeres 31,4), siendo las diferencias estadísticamente significativas t84181 =26,30; p <0,001. Conclusiones : Los usuarios de bicicletas compartidas son de mediana edad. Si tenemos en cuenta el género, los hombres utilizan el servicio más que las mujeres. Las mujeres utilizan el servicio en edades más tempranas que los hombres. 7 Los trayectos más utilizados son los que transcurren paralelos al paseo de la costa y son los preferidos por las mujeres. Los trayectos que tiene su origen en el centro urbano y finalizan, también en el centro urbano, presentan una gran frecuencia de utilización. Palabras clave: Sistemas públicos, servicios de préstamo, bicicletas, urbano. 8 ABSTRACT Introduction : The growing pollution in the cities and the increase in obesity and overweight recommend the use of active means of transport. One of these means, which has become extremely popular in recent years is the bicycle sharing system. Currently, hardly any study provides information about the users characteristics and the usage habits of the service in Spain. Therefore, in this study it is intended to categorize the ages of the participants in this system, as well as the frequency of use and the characteristics of the routes. Objective : The objective of the study was to analyse the uses of a public bike system according to user characteristics, as well as the time of use of bicycles, months, seasons and weather. Methods : It has been designed a quantitative and longitudinal study with data collection and analysis in the public bike system of Vilagarcía de Arousa from July 17, 2009 to January 18, 2012. The sample was the uses of public bike (n=84,183). Statistics used to analyse were SPSS 16.1, measures of central tendency, t, ANOVA and Post ANOVA Bonferroni test. Results : The average age of the users was 46 years (men 49; women 38,7), being the significant differences t=83,06; p<0,001. The highest frequency of use is initiated and finished in the city centre (15,995 uses; 19%). Men between 50 and 69 years old and women between 30 and 49 years old are those who use the bicycles more. Coastal routes are the most preferred by women. The average minutes of use in the public bicycle trips was 36,1 (men 38,1; women 31,4), with statistically significant differences t84181 =26,30; p<0,001. Conclusions : Users of the bicycle sharing system are middle-aged. If we take into consideration the gender, the service is more used by men than by women. Women show an earlier usage of the service, compared to men. The routes that are most frequented are parallel to coastal promenades and women use them more than men. The routes that are initiated and finished in the city centre show the highest impact of usage. 9 Keywords: Public system, service schemes, bicycle, urban environmental. 10 ÍNDICE 11 XII ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO Índice de Figuras ..........................................................................................................
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