DOCSLIB.ORG

Grazing by Marine Nanoflagellates on Viruses and Virus-Sized Particles: Ingestion and Digestion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Grazing by Marine Nanoflagellates on Viruses and Virus-Sized Particles: Ingestion and Digestion l MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 94: 1-10. 1993 Published March 3 1 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. l Grazing by marine nanoflagellates on viruses and virus-sized particles: ingestion and digestion Juan M. Gonzalezl**,Curtis A. suttle2.** 'college of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Oceanography Admin. Bldg #104, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5503, USA *~arineScience Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, PO Box 1267, Port Aransas, Texas 78373-1267, USA ABSTRACT: We examined grazing of marine viruses and bacteria by natural assemblages and cultures of phagotrophic nanoflagellates. Ingestion rates were determined using fluorescently labelled viruses (FLVs) and bacteria (FLB), and 50 or 500 nm diameter fluorescent microspheres (FMs). Calculated clearance rates of viruses by natural nanoflagellate assemblages were about 4 % of those for bacter~a when the bacteria and viruses were present at natural concentrations. Different viruses were ingested at different rates w~ththe smallest virus being ingested at the slowest rate. Further, we found differ- ences in digestion times for the same flagellates grazing on different vlruses and for different flagellate assemblages grazing on the same viruses. FMs of 50 nm diameter were used as a control for egestion of undlgested particles. As rates of digestion were greater than those for ingestion both processes would occur simultaneously; hence, our estimates of grazing rate are likely conservative. Ingestion rates were positively correlated with the concentration of 50 nm FMs. Discriminat~onagalnst 50 nm FMs in favor of FLVs was also observed. Our calculations suggest that vlruses may be of nutritional sig- nificance for phagotrophic flagellates. When there are lob bacteria ml-l and 10' to 10' vvlruses ml-l, viruses may represent 0.2 to 9 % of the carbon, 0.3 to 14 '% of the nitrogen and 0.6 to 28 "/a of the phos- phorus that the flagellates obtain from ingestion of bacteria. This study demonstrates that both natural assemblages and cultures of phagotrophic nanoflagellates consume and digest a variety of marine vlruses, thereby deriving nutritional benefit and serving as a natural sink for marine viral particles. In addition, these results imply that some nanoflagellates are likely capable of consuming a wide spec- trum of organlc particles in the colloidal size range. INTRODUCTION rioplankton assemblages contain viral particles, which implies that a significant fraction of bacterial and Although it is well established that viruses infect cyanobacterial production may be diverted into viral marine bacteria (e.g. Spencer 1955, Hidaka 1971, Moe- production (Bergh et al. 1989, Barrsheim et al. 1990, bus 1980),it was only relatively recently demonstrated Proctor & Fuhrman 1990, Heldal & Bratbak 1991). that the concentrations of virus-like particles in sea- Despite the great abundance of viruses in the sea water are typically in excess of 107 ml-', whether and turnover times estimated to range from hours to counted by electron or epifluorescent microscopy days (e.g. Berry & Noton 1976, Kapuscinski & Mitchell (Bergh et al. 1989, Proctor & Fuhrman 1990, Suttle et al. 1980, Heldal & Bratbak 1991, Suttle & Chen 1992) 1990, Hara et al. 1991, Paul et al. 1991). There are also much remains to be learned concerning the processes viruses which infect marine prokaryotic and eukaryotic responsible for the decay of infectivity and removal of phytoplankton (Mayer & Taylor 1979, Suttle et al. 1990, viral particles from seawater. Obviously a number of 1991). However, our understandmg of how viruses fit mechanisms potentially contribute to the decay of viral into aquatic foodwebs is still very incomplete. Estimates particles and infectivity in seawater including adhe- suggest that up to 16 % of the bacteria in natural bacte- sion to particulate material, bacterial exoenzymatic activity, chemical inactivation and degradation by solar radiation (e.g. Berry & Noton 1976, Kapuscinslu & ' Present address: Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237, Mitchell 1980, Suttle & Chen 1992).Another possibility Japan is that viral particles are removed through grazing by ' ' Addressee for correspondenc~ phagotrophic flagellates. 0 Inter-Research 1993 2 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 94: 1-10, 1993 In this work, we report on a method for fluorescently decreased viral infectivity (data not shown). Following labelling viruses so that they are suitable for use as sonication and filtration, the FLVs were counted using tracers for the ingestion of viruses by phagotrophic epifluorescence microscopy (see below) and immedi- flagellates. Using this methodology and fluorescent ately inoculated into the water samples. The infectivity microspheres, we have investigated the potential of of FLVs following staining and sonication was tested isolates and natural assemblages of nanoflagellates to by plaque assays on the appropriate bacterial host. ingest marine bacteriophages and virus-sized parti- Electron microscopy. The viruses used for the graz- cles. We also examined digestion rates by quantifying ing studies were characterized morphologically using the disappearance of ingested viruses from within fla- electron microscopy. Samples either from amplified gellate food vacuoles. Our results confirm that being virus stocks or from freshly filtered fluorescently grazed by protists is one of the possible fates for labelled viral preparations were spotted onto 400 viruses in aquatic ecosystems. In addition, our calcula- mesh carbon-coated copper grids and allowed to tions indicate that viruses can contribute significantly adsorb for 30 min. The grids with the adsorbed to the nutrition of nanoflagellates. These results extend viruses were then rinsed through several drops of our concept of phagotrophic nanoflagellates as con- deionized-distilled water to remove salts and stained sumers of picoplanktonic cells, including virus-sized with 1 % w/v uranyl acetate and observed using particles as well. This further emphasizes the key role either a Joel JEM-1000X or Philips 301 transmission of flagellates in aquatic microbial foodwebs and sug- electron microscope. Procedures are outlined further gests that they may be even more important as re- in Suttle (1993). mineralizers than previously conceived. Ingestion rates. Aliquots (50 to 100 ml) of cultures or freshly collected seawater were poured into WhirlPak bags or polycarbonate flasks, which had been pre- MATERIALS AND METHODS soaked m 10 % (v/v) HC1, and rinsed with deionized water. To allow the protists to recover from handling Samples and enrichments. Seawater for grazing shock, experimental samples were incubated for experiments, enrichment cultures and isolation of fla- 30 min prior to the beginning of each experiment. gellates and viruses was collected from the pier at the Natural flagellate communities were from the Texas Marine Science Institute of The University of Texas at sampling location and were incubated at the in situ Austin (Port Aransas, Texas, USA) and from a sampling temperature (ca 30 'C). Cultures and enrichments of site located 5 km due west of Yaquina Bay (Oregon, flagellates were from Oregon and were incubated at USA). The bodonid isolate (E4, ca 5 X 8 pm in size) and 15 "C. Flagellate cultures were grown in 0.2 pm fil- the enrichments of natural flagellate communities orig- tered natural seawater plus 0.001 % yeast extract and inated with seawater collected from the Oregon sam- were used in grazing experiments during the late- pling site. Flagellate enrichments were prepared by exponential or stationary phases of growth. adding 0.001 % yeast extract (final concentration) to We compared the ingestion rates of flagellates on natural samples. Both monospecific cultures and nat- FLVs, 50 and 500 nm diameter fluorescent micro- ural enrichments were incubated in the dark at 15 "C spheres (FMs) (Polysciences, Inc., Warrington, Pa), and without shaking. The growth of associated bacteria fluorescently labelled bacteria (FLB) (Sherr et al. resulted in a yield of approximately 105 flagellates 1987). All treatments were duplicated. Prior to experi- ml-l. With the exception of bacteriophage T4, the ments the FMs were protein-coated in 5 mg ml-' albu- viruses used in these studies were isolated from Texas min solution for 24 h (Pace & Bailiff 1987). The FLVs coastal waters and were pathogens of marine bacteria. and 50 nm FMs (virus-sized particles) were added to Preparation of fluorescently labelled viruses the samples at a final concentration of about 107ml-l, (FLVs). Viruses were fluorescently labelled by whereas the FLB and 500 nm FMs (bacteria-sized adding 0.5 p1 of a solution of 4 mg ml-' of DTAF (5- particles) were added at about 106 ml-l. Grazing rates [{4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-y1)aminojfluorescein)in 0.05M on different particles were determined in independent Na2HP0, to 1 m1 of viral suspension (ca 101° viruses), experiments. Approximately 44 to 53 % of the virus- mixing gently and incubating overnight at 4 "C in the sized particles and 3 to 33 % of the bacteria-sized par- dark. The DTAF solution was filtered through a 0.2pm ticles in the natural samples were comprised of the pore-size polycarbonate filter before use. Stained viral fluorescent surrogates. The effect of particle concen- suspensions were sonicated for 1 min in an ultrasonic tration on ingestion rates of natural flagellate assem- cleaner (Branson Ultrasonic Co.), and filtered through blages was corrected according to McManus & Okubo a 0.2 pm pore-size polycarbonate filter
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Coming-Of-Age Characterization of Soil Viruses: a User's Guide To
    Review Coming-of-Age Characterization of Soil Viruses: A User’s Guide to Virus Isolation, Detection within Metagenomes, and Viromics Gareth Trubl 1,* , Paul Hyman 2 , Simon Roux 3 and Stephen T. Abedon 4,* 1 Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA 2 Department of Biology/Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA; [email protected] 3 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH 44906, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.T.); [email protected] (S.T.A.) Received: 25 February 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 21 April 2020 Abstract: The study of soil viruses, though not new, has languished relative to the study of marine viruses. This is particularly due to challenges associated with separating virions from harboring soils. Generally, three approaches to analyzing soil viruses have been employed: (1) Isolation, to characterize virus genotypes and phenotypes, the primary method used prior to the start of the 21st century. (2) Metagenomics, which has revealed a vast diversity of viruses while also allowing insights into viral community ecology, although with limitations due to DNA from cellular organisms obscuring viral DNA. (3) Viromics (targeted metagenomics of virus-like-particles), which has provided a more focused development of ‘virus-sequence-to-ecology’ pipelines, a result of separation of presumptive virions from cellular organisms prior to DNA extraction. This separation permits greater sequencing emphasis on virus DNA and thereby more targeted molecular and ecological characterization of viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Microplankton Ecology Reading
    Marine Microplankton Ecology Reading Microbes dominate our planet, especially the Earth’s oceans. The distinguishing feature of microorganisms is their small size, usually defined as less than 200 micrometers (µm); they are all invisible to the naked eye. As a group, sea microbes are extremely diverse, and extremely versatile with respect to their abilities to make and eat food. All marine microbes are too small to swim against the current and are therefore classified as plankton. First we will discuss several ways to classify marine microbes. 1. Size Planktonic marine organisms can be divided into the following size categories: Category Size femtoplankton <0.2 µm picoplankton 0.2-2 µm nanoplankton 2-20 µm microplankton 20-200 µm mesoplankton 200-2000 µm In this laboratory we are concerned with the microscopic portion of the plankton, less than 200 µm. These organisms are not visible to the naked eye (Figure 1). Figure 1. Size classes of marine plankton 2. Type A. Viruses Viruses are the smallest and simplest microplankton. They range from 0.01 to 0.3 um in diameter. Externally, viruses have a capsid, or protein coat. Viruses can also have simple or complex external morphologies with tail fibers and structures that are used to inject DNA or RNA into their host. Viruses have little internal morphology. They do not have a nucleus or organelles. They do not have chlorophyll. Inside a virus there is only nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. Viruses do not grow and have no metabolism. Marine viruses are highly abundant. There are up to 10 billion in one liter of seawater! B.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Microbiology at Scripps
    81832_Ocean 8/28/03 7:18 PM Page 67 Special Issue—Scripps Centennial Marine Microbiology at Scripps A. Aristides Yayanos Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, • San Diego, California USA Marine microbiology is the study of the smallest isolated marine bioluminescent bacteria, isolated and organisms found in the oceans—bacteria and archaea, characterized sulfate-reducing bacteria, and showed many eukaryotes (among the protozoa, fungi, and denitrifying bacteria could both produce and consume plants), and viruses. Most microorganisms can be seen nitrous oxide, now known to be an important green- only with a microscope. Microbes pervade the oceans, house gas. Beijerinck also founded the field of virology its sediments, and some hydrothermal fluids and through his work on plant viruses (van Iterson et al., exhibit solitary life styles as well as complex relation- 1983). Mills (1989) describes the significance of the ships with animals, other microorganisms, and each work of Beijerink and Winogradsky to plankton other. The skeletal remains of microorganisms form the research and marine chemistry. largest component of sedimentary fossils whose study Around 1903, bacteriology in California was reveals Earth’s history. The enormous morphological, emerging in the areas of medicine and public health physiological, and taxonomic diversity of marine and accordingly was developing into an academic dis- microorganisms remains far from adequately cipline in medical schools (McClung and Meyer, 1974). described and studied. Because the sea receives terres- Whereas the branch of microbiology dealing with bac- trial microorganisms from rivers, sewage outfalls, and teria and viruses was just beginning, the branch con- other sources, marine microbiology also includes the cerning protozoa and algae was a relatively more estab- study of alien microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between Marine Picoeukaryotes and Their Viruses One Cell at a Time
    Interactions between marine picoeukaryotes and their viruses one cell at a time Interacciones entre picoeucariotas marinos y sus virus célula a célula Yaiza M. Castillo de la Peña Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons . Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 4.0. España de Creative Commons . This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Spain License . Interactions between marine picoeukaryotes and their viruses one cell at a time (Interacciones entre picoeucariotas marinos y sus virus célula a célula) Yaiza M. Castillo de la Peña Tesis doctoral presentada por Dª Yaiza M. Castillo de la Peña para obtener el grado de Doctora por la Universitat de Barcelona y el Institut de Ciències del Mar, programa de doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació . Directoras: Dra. Mª Dolors Vaqué Vidal y Dra. Marta Sebastián Caumel Tutora: Dra. Josefa Badía Palacín Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC) La doctoranda La directora La co -directora La tutora Yaiza M. Castillo Dolors Vaqué Marta Sebastián Josefa Badía En Barcelona, a 25 de noviembre de 2019 Cover design and images: © Yaiza M. Castillo. TEM images from Derelle et al ., 2008 This thesis has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and competitivity (MINECO) through a PhD fellowship to Yaiza M. Castillo de la Peña (BES-2014- 067849), under the program “Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI)”, and adscribed to the project: “Impact of viruses on marine microbial communities using virus-host models and metagenomic analyzes.” MEFISTO (Ref.
    [Show full text]
  • A Distinct Lineage of Giant Viruses Brings a Rhodopsin Photosystem to Unicellular Marine Predators
    A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators David M. Needhama,1, Susumu Yoshizawab,1, Toshiaki Hosakac,1, Camille Poiriera,d, Chang Jae Choia,d, Elisabeth Hehenbergera,d, Nicholas A. T. Irwine, Susanne Wilkena,2, Cheuk-Man Yunga,d, Charles Bachya,3, Rika Kuriharaf, Yu Nakajimab, Keiichi Kojimaf, Tomomi Kimura-Someyac, Guy Leonardg, Rex R. Malmstromh, Daniel R. Mendei, Daniel K. Olsoni, Yuki Sudof, Sebastian Sudeka, Thomas A. Richardsg, Edward F. DeLongi, Patrick J. Keelinge, Alyson E. Santoroj, Mikako Shirouzuc, Wataru Iwasakib,k,4, and Alexandra Z. Wordena,d,4 aMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; bAtmosphere & Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan; cLaboratory for Protein Functional & Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; dOcean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany; eDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; fGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; gLiving Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, United Kingdom; hDepartment of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; iDaniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; jDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and kDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved August 8, 2019 (received for review May 27, 2019) Giant viruses are remarkable for their large genomes, often rivaling genomes that range up to 2.4 Mb (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Microbial Ecology 79:1
    Vol. 79: 1–12, 2017 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Published online March 28 https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01811 Aquat Microb Ecol Contribution to AME Special 6 ‘SAME 14: progress and perspectives in aquatic microbial ecology’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS REVIEW Exploring the oceanic microeukaryotic interactome with metaomics approaches Anders K. Krabberød1, Marit F. M. Bjorbækmo1, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi1, Ramiro Logares2,1,* 1University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway 2Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM), CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT: Biological communities are systems composed of many interacting parts (species, populations or single cells) that in combination constitute the functional basis of the biosphere. Animal and plant ecologists have advanced substantially our understanding of ecological inter- actions. In contrast, our knowledge of ecological interaction in microbes is still rudimentary. This represents a major knowledge gap, as microbes are key players in almost all ecosystems, particu- larly in the oceans. Several studies still pool together widely different marine microbes into broad functional categories (e.g. grazers) and therefore overlook fine-grained species/population-spe- cific interactions. Increasing our understanding of ecological interactions is particularly needed for oceanic microeukaryotes, which include a large diversity of poorly understood symbiotic rela- tionships that range from mutualistic to parasitic. The reason for the current state of affairs is that determining ecological interactions between microbes has proven to be highly challenging. How- ever, recent technological developments in genomics and transcriptomics (metaomics for short), coupled with microfluidics and high-performance computing are making it increasingly feasible to determine ecological interactions at the microscale.
    [Show full text]
  • Corals and Sponges Under the Light of the Holobiont Concept: How Microbiomes Underpin Our Understanding of Marine Ecosystems
    fmars-08-698853 August 11, 2021 Time: 11:16 # 1 REVIEW published: 16 August 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.698853 Corals and Sponges Under the Light of the Holobiont Concept: How Microbiomes Underpin Our Understanding of Marine Ecosystems Chloé Stévenne*†, Maud Micha*†, Jean-Christophe Plumier and Stéphane Roberty InBioS – Animal Physiology and Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology & Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium In the past 20 years, a new concept has slowly emerged and expanded to various domains of marine biology research: the holobiont. A holobiont describes the consortium formed by a eukaryotic host and its associated microorganisms including Edited by: bacteria, archaea, protists, microalgae, fungi, and viruses. From coral reefs to the Viola Liebich, deep-sea, symbiotic relationships and host–microbiome interactions are omnipresent Bremen Society for Natural Sciences, and central to the health of marine ecosystems. Studying marine organisms under Germany the light of the holobiont is a new paradigm that impacts many aspects of marine Reviewed by: Carlotta Nonnis Marzano, sciences. This approach is an innovative way of understanding the complex functioning University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy of marine organisms, their evolution, their ecological roles within their ecosystems, and Maria Pia Miglietta, Texas A&M University at Galveston, their adaptation to face environmental changes. This review offers a broad insight into United States key concepts of holobiont studies and into the current knowledge of marine model *Correspondence: holobionts. Firstly, the history of the holobiont concept and the expansion of its use Chloé Stévenne from evolutionary sciences to other fields of marine biology will be discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Picoplankton Distribution and Activity in the Deep Waters of the Southern Adriatic Sea
    water Article Picoplankton Distribution and Activity in the Deep Waters of the Southern Adriatic Sea Danijela Šanti´c 1,* , Vedrana Kovaˇcevi´c 2, Manuel Bensi 2, Michele Giani 2 , Ana Vrdoljak Tomaš 1 , Marin Ordulj 3 , Chiara Santinelli 2, Stefanija Šestanovi´c 1, Mladen Šoli´c 1 and Branka Grbec 1 1 Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovi´ca63, POB 500, 21000 Split, Croatia 2 National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics, Borgo Grotta Gigante 42/c, 34010 Sgonico (Ts), Italy 3 University of Split, University Department of Marine Studies, Ruđera Boškovi´ca37, 21000 Split, Croatia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +385-21-408-006; Fax: +385-21-358-650 Received: 19 July 2019; Accepted: 8 August 2019; Published: 10 August 2019 Abstract: Southern Adriatic (Eastern Mediterranean Sea) is a region strongly dominated by large-scale oceanographic processes and local open-ocean dense water formation. In this study, picoplankton biomass, distribution, and activity were examined during two oceanographic cruises and analyzed in relation to environmental parameters and hydrographic conditions comparing pre and post-winter phases (December 2015, April 2016). Picoplankton density with the domination of autotrophic biomasses was higher in the pre-winter phase when significant amounts of picoaoutotrophs were also found in the meso-and bathy-pelagic layers, while Synechococcus dominated the picoautotrophic group. Higher values of bacterial production and domination of High Nucleic Acid content bacteria (HNA bacteria) were found in deep waters, especially during the post-winter phase, suggesting that bacteria can have an active role in the deep-sea environment. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria accounted for a small proportion of total heterotrophic bacteria but contributed up to 4% of bacterial carbon content.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced Viral Activity in the Surface Microlayer of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans
    microorganisms Article Enhanced Viral Activity in the Surface Microlayer of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans Dolors Vaqué 1,*,† , Julia A. Boras 1,† , Jesús Maria Arrieta 2 , Susana Agustí 3 , Carlos M. Duarte 3 and Maria Montserrat Sala 1 1 Institut de Ciències del Mar-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (J.A.B.); [email protected] (M.M.S.) 2 Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias (Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO), Farola del Mar 22, Dársena Pesquera, 38180 Tenerife, Spain; [email protected] 3 Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (C.M.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-932309592 † Contributed equally to the elaboration of the study and manuscript. Abstract: The ocean surface microlayer (SML), with physicochemical characteristics different from those of subsurface waters (SSW), results in dense and active viral and microbial communities that may favor virus–host interactions. Conversely, wind speed and/or UV radiation could adversely affect virus infection. Furthermore, in polar regions, organic and inorganic nutrient inputs from melting ice may increase microbial activity in the SML. Since the role of viruses in the microbial food web of the SML is poorly understood in polar oceans, we aimed to study the impact of viruses on prokaryotic communities in the SML and in the SSW in Arctic and Antarctic waters. We hypothesized that a higher viral activity in the SML than in the SSW in both polar systems would be observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Virus Infection on Respiration Rates of Marine Phytoplankton and Microplankton Communities
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 262: 71–80, 2003 Published November 7 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Effects of virus infection on respiration rates of marine phytoplankton and microplankton communities Yoanna Eissler 1,*, Elisabeth Sahlsten3, Renato A. Quiñones1, 2 1Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacifico Sur-Oriental (COPAS), and 2Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile 3Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Nya Varvet 31, 426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden ABSTRACT: The possible influence of viral infection on respiration rates in marine microbial pelagic communities was assessed by means of 3 experiments on respiration rate with viral concentrate addi- tion on single-species cultures of Mantoniella sp. and Micromonas pusilla and another 3 on natural microplankton communities (organisms <200 µm) from the Kattegat Sea (Åstol) and the Baltic Sea. Coastal surface seawater samples were taken during cruises of the RVs ‘Ancylus’ and ‘Argos’ during winter and spring 2000. Approximately 50 to 70 l of seawater were concentrated by ultrafiltration. The experiments were started by adding a viral particle concentrate to a container with algae or a natural microplankton community; a control container was kept free of the viral concentrate addition. Oxygen concentration determinations were carried out on each treatment and control to measure respiration rates throughout the incubation period. The in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence was also monitored as an indication of algal infection. The rates of respiration indicated that the addition of the viral particle concentrate affected the respective metabolisms of the Mantoniella sp. and Micromonas pusilla cultures as well as natural microplankton communities. Viral infection decreased the Man- toniella sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Marine Viruses
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT HILO ◆ HOHONU 2020 ◆ VOL. 18 role in the health of our oceans. The ecological roles and behaviors of marine viruses drive evolu- Rachel Willard tion, shape populations and ecosystems, and with English 225 advances in technology, can potentially be used in Abstract the near future to increase the health of our oceans Marine viruses have played a critical role in and prevent marine life and habitat loss caused by the development of life on our planet. They are of- climate change. ten seen negatively as disease pathogens, but their About Marine Viruses ecological roles and behaviors have played a ma- Viruses are found virtually everywhere on the jor role in the evolution of all species, they have planet and are abundant around any forms of life. shaped populations and ecosystems, and have many important uses and relationships with their of energy consumption, being capable of growth, hosts. Their vast abundance and diversity have adapting to surroundings, responding to external shaped whole ecosystems and drive population forces, reproducing, and most importantly, be- rates in organisms such as marine microbes to cor- ing composed of at least a single cell (Lloyd 11). als and pilot whales. They have been seen to have a Following these rules, these loose strands of ge- mutualistic symbiotic relationship with corals, sea slugs, and many other marine organisms. Marine but they are the most abundant and diverse bio- viruses reduce the harmful plankton populations logical entities in the ocean (Suttle 2007). In the in algal blooms. They play a very important role 1980s, scientists estimated the amount of marine in the stabilization of ocean ecosystems through viral bodies in one milliliter of seawater to be well biogeochemical and nutrient cycling.
    [Show full text]
  • A Community Perspective on the Concept of Marine Holobionts: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions
    A community perspective on the concept of marine holobionts: current status, challenges, and future directions Simon M. Dittami1, Enrique Arboleda2, Jean-Christophe Auguet3, Arite Bigalke4, Enora Briand5, Paco Cárdenas6, Ulisse Cardini7, Johan Decelle8, Aschwin H. Engelen9, Damien Eveillard10, Claire M.M. Gachon11, Sarah M. Griffiths12, Tilmann Harder13, Ehsan Kayal2, Elena Kazamia14, Francois¸ H. Lallier15, Mónica Medina16, Ezequiel M. Marzinelli17,18,19, Teresa Maria Morganti20, Laura Núñez Pons21, Soizic Prado22, José Pintado23, Mahasweta Saha24,25, Marc-André Selosse26,27, Derek Skillings28, Willem Stock29, Shinichi Sunagawa30, Eve Toulza31, Alexey Vorobev32, Catherine Leblanc1 and Fabrice Not15 1 Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France 2 FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Roscoff, France 3 MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Montpellier, France 4 Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany 5 Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Nantes, France 6 Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 7 Integrative Marine Ecology Dept, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy 8 Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Grenoble, France 9 CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal 10 Laboratoire des Sciences Numériques de Nantes (LS2N), Université
    [Show full text]