DOCSLIB.ORG

A Distinct Lineage of Giant Viruses Brings a Rhodopsin Photosystem to Unicellular Marine Predators

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Distinct Lineage of Giant Viruses Brings a Rhodopsin Photosystem to Unicellular Marine Predators A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators David M. Needhama,1, Susumu Yoshizawab,1, Toshiaki Hosakac,1, Camille Poiriera,d, Chang Jae Choia,d, Elisabeth Hehenbergera,d, Nicholas A. T. Irwine, Susanne Wilkena,2, Cheuk-Man Yunga,d, Charles Bachya,3, Rika Kuriharaf, Yu Nakajimab, Keiichi Kojimaf, Tomomi Kimura-Someyac, Guy Leonardg, Rex R. Malmstromh, Daniel R. Mendei, Daniel K. Olsoni, Yuki Sudof, Sebastian Sudeka, Thomas A. Richardsg, Edward F. DeLongi, Patrick J. Keelinge, Alyson E. Santoroj, Mikako Shirouzuc, Wataru Iwasakib,k,4, and Alexandra Z. Wordena,d,4 aMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; bAtmosphere & Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan; cLaboratory for Protein Functional & Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; dOcean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany; eDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; fGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; gLiving Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, United Kingdom; hDepartment of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; iDaniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; jDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and kDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved August 8, 2019 (received for review May 27, 2019) Giant viruses are remarkable for their large genomes, often rivaling genomes that range up to 2.4 Mb (Fig. 1A)(9–13). The 6 isolated those of small bacteria, and for having genes thought exclusive from the ocean water column, an environment where both viruses to cellular life. Most isolated to date infect nonmarine protists, and protists have massive ecological importance (14–17), infect leaving their strategies and prevalence in marine environments 3 haptophyte algal species (Phaeocystis globosa, Emiliania huxleyi, largely unknown. Using eukaryotic single-cell metagenomics in and Chrysochromulina ericina), 1 green alga (Tetraselmis sp.), the Pacific, we discovered a Mimiviridae lineage of giant viruses, 1 stramenopile alga (Aureococcus anophagefferens), and 1 non- which infects choanoflagellates, widespread protistan predators photosynthetic predatory stramenopile (Cafeteria roenbergensis) related to metazoans. The ChoanoVirus genomes are the largest yet – from pelagic ecosystems, with 442 of 862 predicted proteins lacking (18 23). These marine viruses have smaller genomes, ranging from known homologs. They are enriched in enzymes for modifying organic compounds, including degradation of chitin, an abundant polysaccha- Significance ride in oceans, and they encode 3 divergent type-1 rhodopsins (VirR) with distinct evolutionary histories from those that capture sunlight in Although viruses are well-characterized regulators of eukaryotic cellular organisms. One (VirRDTS) is similar to the only other putative algae, little is known about those infecting unicellular predators rhodopsin from a virus (PgV) with a known host (a marine alga). Un- in oceans. We report the largest marine virus genome yet dis- like the algal virus, ChoanoViruses encode the entire pigment biosyn- covered, found in a wild predatory choanoflagellate sorted thesis pathway and cleavage enzyme for producing the required away from other Pacific microbes and pursued using integration chromophore, retinal. We demonstrate that the rhodopsin shared by of cultivation-independent and laboratory methods. The giant ChoanoViruses and PgV binds retinal and pumps protons. Moreover, virus encodes nearly 900 proteins, many unlike known proteins, our 1.65-Å resolved VirRDTS crystal structure and mutational analyses others related to cellular metabolism and organic matter deg- exposed differences from previously characterized type-1 rhodopsins, radation, and 3 type-1 rhodopsins. The viral rhodopsin that is all of which come from cellular organisms. Multiple VirR types are most abundant in ocean metagenomes, and also present in an present in metagenomes from across surface oceans, where they are algal virus, pumps protons when illuminated, akin to cellular correlated with and nearly as abundant as a canonical marker gene rhodopsins that generate a proton-motive force. Giant viruses from Mimiviridae. Our findings indicate that light-dependent energy likely provision multiple host species with photoheterotrophic transfer systems are likely common components of giant viruses of capacities, including predatory unicellular relatives of animals. photosynthetic and phagotrophic unicellular marine eukaryotes. Author contributions: D.M.N., S.Y., E.F.D., M.S., W.I., and A.Z.W. designed research; giant viruses | viral evolution | marine carbon cycle | single-cell genomics | D.M.N., S.Y., T.H., C.P., S.W., R.K., Y.N., K.K., T.K.-S., R.R.M., D.R.M., D.K.O., Y.S., S.S., – T.A.R., E.F.D., P.J.K., A.E.S., W.I., and A.Z.W. performed research; D.M.N., S.Y., T.H., C.P., host virus interactions C.J.C., E.H., N.A.T.I., C.-M.Y., C.B., G.L., T.A.R., E.F.D., P.J.K., A.E.S., M.S., and A.Z.W. ana- lyzed data; and D.M.N., S.Y., W.I., and A.Z.W. wrote the paper. iruses are increasingly recognized as key participants in the The authors declare no conflict of interest. Vmarine carbon cycle, short circuiting the classical flow of This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. carbon through food chains to higher trophic levels (1–3). Much This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- is known about how marine phages alter bacterial metabolism, NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). such as supplementing photosynthetic machinery during in- Data deposition: Data accession numbers and databases in which they have been de- fection (4, 5), and about viruses that infect protists (unicellular posited are provided in Dataset S2 for all sequence data; the protein biochemical char- acterization/crystallography data have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, www. eukaryotes), especially photosynthetic taxa, and the auxiliary wwpdb.org (PDB ID code 6JO0). – metabolic genes (AMGs) that they possess (6 8). Over the last 15 y, 1D.M.N., S.Y., and T.H. contributed equally to this work. there has also been the remarkable discovery of viruses with large 2 > Present address: Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amster- genomes ( 300 Kb) that infect eukaryotes, the so-called giant dam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands. – viruses (9 13). Giant viruses encode numerous functions previously 3Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 29688 Roscoff, France. considered exclusive to cellular life, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) 4To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected] or synthetases, translation initiation and elongation factors, and [email protected]. tRNAs. Those described so far primarily infect predatory protists This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. that live in soils, wastewater, and freshwater, especially members of 1073/pnas.1907517116/-/DCSupplemental. the Amoebozoa and Excavata eukaryotic supergroups, and have First Published September 23, 2019. 20574–20583 | PNAS | October 8, 2019 | vol. 116 | no. 41 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1907517116 Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 A This study Known giant viruses ( > 300 Kb) STRAMENOPILES ALVEOLATESVEOLATES Thraustochytrids Actinophryids Labyrinthulids Blastocystis Oomycetes Bicosoecids Bolidophytes Dinoflagellates Diatoms Syndinians Phaeophytes Perkinsids Pelagophytes Apicomplexa Actinophryids Colpodellids Raphidophytes Ciliates Chrysophytes RHIZARIA Colponemids Synurophytes Chlorarachniophytes Xanthophytes Cercomonads Cryptophytes Phaeodarea Katablepharids Euglyphids Picozoa Phytomyxea Centrohelids Haplosporidia TelonemidsT Foraminifera Haptophytes Acantharea Rappemonads Kinetoplastids Glaucophytes A Diplonemids Cyanidiophytes RCHAEPLASTIDS Euglenids Bangiophytes Heteroloboseans Porphyridiophytes Jakobids AVATES AVATES Floridiophytes Oxymonads Chlorophyceans XC XC Parabasalids Trebouxiophytes E Diplomonads Ulvophytes Diphylleids Prasinophytes Malawimonads Zygnematophyceans Dikarya Charophyceans Zygomycetes Bryophytes Chytrids Tracheophytes Microsporidia Mycetozoa Cryptomycetes Archamoebae Nucleariids Dactylopodids Vannellids AMOEBOZOA Cnidaria Acanthomyxids Ctenophora Leptomyxids Bilateria Arcellinids Porifera Tubulinids Choanoflagellates Breviates SCIENCES Filasterea Ancyromonads OPISTHOKONTS Ichthyosporea Apusomonads ENVIRONMENTAL 4 NCLDV & Eukaryote B C 10 D NCLDV & Prokaryote NCLDV (˚N) North NCLDV & Cellular 37.0 3 M2 M1 America 10 NCLDV & Phage Monterey Bay Prokaryote & Phage 67-70 2 No 10 Cellular & Phage 36.0 affiliation to (520±18nm) NoGenBank Mixed 1 Pacific 10 sequencesAffiliation Prokaryote 35.0 Ocean LysoTracker staining to Prokaryote & Eukaryote 1 GenBank 124 123122 121 (˚W) 1 1012 10 10 34 10 Eukaryote Forward Angle Light Scatter Fig. 1. A giant virus infects a predatory protist that is considered to be among the closest living unicellular
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapitre Quatre La Spécificité D'hôtes Des Virophages Sputnik
    AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE THESE DE DOCTORAT Présentée par Morgan GAÏA Né le 24 Octobre 1987 à Aubagne, France Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITE AIX -MARSEILLE SPECIALITE : Pathologie Humaine, Maladies Infectieuses Les virophages de Mimiviridae The Mimiviridae virophages Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant la FACULTE DE MEDECINE de MARSEILLE le 10 décembre 2013 Membres du jury de la thèse : Pr. Bernard La Scola Directeur de thèse Pr. Jean -Marc Rolain Président du jury Pr. Bruno Pozzetto Rapporteur Dr. Hervé Lecoq Rapporteur Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Directeur : Pr. Didier RAOULT Avant-propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe permettant un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
    PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming-Of-Age Characterization of Soil Viruses: a User's Guide To
    Review Coming-of-Age Characterization of Soil Viruses: A User’s Guide to Virus Isolation, Detection within Metagenomes, and Viromics Gareth Trubl 1,* , Paul Hyman 2 , Simon Roux 3 and Stephen T. Abedon 4,* 1 Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA 2 Department of Biology/Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA; [email protected] 3 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH 44906, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.T.); [email protected] (S.T.A.) Received: 25 February 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 21 April 2020 Abstract: The study of soil viruses, though not new, has languished relative to the study of marine viruses. This is particularly due to challenges associated with separating virions from harboring soils. Generally, three approaches to analyzing soil viruses have been employed: (1) Isolation, to characterize virus genotypes and phenotypes, the primary method used prior to the start of the 21st century. (2) Metagenomics, which has revealed a vast diversity of viruses while also allowing insights into viral community ecology, although with limitations due to DNA from cellular organisms obscuring viral DNA. (3) Viromics (targeted metagenomics of virus-like-particles), which has provided a more focused development of ‘virus-sequence-to-ecology’ pipelines, a result of separation of presumptive virions from cellular organisms prior to DNA extraction. This separation permits greater sequencing emphasis on virus DNA and thereby more targeted molecular and ecological characterization of viruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Blastocystis Species Clinically Relevant to Humans?
    Are Blastocystis species clinically relevant to humans? Robyn Anne Nagel MB, BS, FRACP A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2015 School of Veterinary Science Title page Culture of human faecal specimen Blastocystis organisms, vacuolated and granular forms, Photographed RAN: x40 magnification, polarised light ii Abstract Blastocystis spp. are the most common enteric parasites found in human stool and yet, the life cycle of the organism is unknown and the clinical relevance uncertain. Robust cysts transmit infection, and many animals carry the parasite. Infection in humans has been linked to Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although Blastocystis carriage is much higher in IBS patients, studies have not been able to confirm Blastocystis spp. are the direct cause of symptoms. Moreover, eradication is often unsuccessful. A number of approaches were utilised in order to investigate the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. in human IBS patients. Deconvolutional microscopy with time-lapse imaging and fluorescent spectroscopy of xenic cultures of Blastocystis spp. from IBS patients and healthy individuals was performed. Green autofluorescence (GAF), most prominently in the 557/576 emission spectra, was observed in the vacuolated, granular, amoebic and cystic Blastocystis forms. This first report of GAF in Blastocystis showed that a Blastocystis-specific fluorescein-conjugated antibody could be partially distinguished from GAF. Surface pores of 1m in diameter were observed cyclically opening and closing over 24 hours and may have nutritional or motility functions. Vacuolated forms, extruded a viscous material slowly over 12 hours, a process likely involving osmoregulation. Tear- shaped granules were observed exiting from the surface of an amoebic form but their identity and function could not be elucidated.
    [Show full text]
  • A Persistent Giant Algal Virus, with a Unique Morphology, Encodes An
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.228163; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 A persistent giant algal virus, with a unique morphology, encodes an 2 unprecedented number of genes involved in energy metabolism 3 4 Romain Blanc-Mathieu1,2, Håkon Dahle3, Antje Hofgaard4, David Brandt5, Hiroki 5 Ban1, Jörn Kalinowski5, Hiroyuki Ogata1 and Ruth-Anne Sandaa6* 6 7 1: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, 611-0011, Japan 8 2: Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, CEA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 9 CNRS, INRA, IRIG, Grenoble, France 10 3: Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Center for Deep Sea Research, 11 University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 12 4: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway 13 5: Center for Biotechnology, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany 14 6: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway 15 *Corresponding author: Ruth-Anne Sandaa, +47 55584646, [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.228163; this version posted January 13, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 16 Abstract 17 Viruses have long been viewed as entities possessing extremely limited metabolic 18 capacities.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Microplankton Ecology Reading
    Marine Microplankton Ecology Reading Microbes dominate our planet, especially the Earth’s oceans. The distinguishing feature of microorganisms is their small size, usually defined as less than 200 micrometers (µm); they are all invisible to the naked eye. As a group, sea microbes are extremely diverse, and extremely versatile with respect to their abilities to make and eat food. All marine microbes are too small to swim against the current and are therefore classified as plankton. First we will discuss several ways to classify marine microbes. 1. Size Planktonic marine organisms can be divided into the following size categories: Category Size femtoplankton <0.2 µm picoplankton 0.2-2 µm nanoplankton 2-20 µm microplankton 20-200 µm mesoplankton 200-2000 µm In this laboratory we are concerned with the microscopic portion of the plankton, less than 200 µm. These organisms are not visible to the naked eye (Figure 1). Figure 1. Size classes of marine plankton 2. Type A. Viruses Viruses are the smallest and simplest microplankton. They range from 0.01 to 0.3 um in diameter. Externally, viruses have a capsid, or protein coat. Viruses can also have simple or complex external morphologies with tail fibers and structures that are used to inject DNA or RNA into their host. Viruses have little internal morphology. They do not have a nucleus or organelles. They do not have chlorophyll. Inside a virus there is only nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. Viruses do not grow and have no metabolism. Marine viruses are highly abundant. There are up to 10 billion in one liter of seawater! B.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Exploration of Individual Giant Ocean Viruses
    The ISME Journal (2017) 11, 1736–1745 © 2017 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/17 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Genomic exploration of individual giant ocean viruses William H Wilson1,2, Ilana C Gilg1, Mohammad Moniruzzaman3, Erin K Field1,4, Sergey Koren5, Gary R LeCleir3, Joaquín Martínez Martínez1, Nicole J Poulton1, Brandon K Swan1,6, Ramunas Stepanauskas1 and Steven W Wilhelm3 1Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Boothbay, ME, USA; 2School of Marine Science and Engineering, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK; 3Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; 4Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; 5Genome Informatics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA and 6National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD, USA Viruses are major pathogens in all biological systems. Virus propagation and downstream analysis remains a challenge, particularly in the ocean where the majority of their microbial hosts remain recalcitrant to current culturing techniques. We used a cultivation-independent approach to isolate and sequence individual viruses. The protocol uses high-speed fluorescence-activated virus sorting flow cytometry, multiple displacement amplification (MDA), and downstream genomic sequencing. We focused on ‘giant viruses’ that are readily distinguishable by flow cytometry. From a single- milliliter sample of seawater collected from off the dock at Boothbay Harbor, ME, USA, we sorted almost 700 single virus particles, and subsequently focused on a detailed genome analysis of 12. A wide diversity of viruses was identified that included Iridoviridae, extended Mimiviridae and even a taxonomically novel (unresolved) giant virus.
    [Show full text]
  • Eukaryotes Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Cluster Assembly
    Evolution of the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery in Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Eukaryotes Anastasios D. Tsaousis, Eleni Gentekaki, Laura Eme, Daniel Gaston and Andrew J. Roger Eukaryotic Cell 2014, 13(1):143. DOI: 10.1128/EC.00158-13. Published Ahead of Print 15 November 2013. Downloaded from Updated information and services can be found at: http://ec.asm.org/content/13/1/143 http://ec.asm.org/ These include: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Supplemental material REFERENCES This article cites 50 articles, 28 of which can be accessed free at: http://ec.asm.org/content/13/1/143#ref-list-1 on February 24, 2014 by Dalhousie University CONTENT ALERTS Receive: RSS Feeds, eTOCs, free email alerts (when new articles cite this article), more» Information about commercial reprint orders: http://journals.asm.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml To subscribe to to another ASM Journal go to: http://journals.asm.org/site/subscriptions/ Evolution of the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery in Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Eukaryotes Anastasios D. Tsaousis,a,b Eleni Gentekaki,a Laura Eme,a Daniel Gaston,a Andrew J. Rogera ‹Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canadaa; Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdomb The cytosolic iron/sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) machinery is responsible for the assembly of cytosolic and nuclear iron/sulfur clusters, cofactors that are vital for all living cells. This machinery is uniquely found in eukaryotes and consists of at least eight Downloaded from proteins in opisthokont lineages, such as animals and fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Microbiology at Scripps
    81832_Ocean 8/28/03 7:18 PM Page 67 Special Issue—Scripps Centennial Marine Microbiology at Scripps A. Aristides Yayanos Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, • San Diego, California USA Marine microbiology is the study of the smallest isolated marine bioluminescent bacteria, isolated and organisms found in the oceans—bacteria and archaea, characterized sulfate-reducing bacteria, and showed many eukaryotes (among the protozoa, fungi, and denitrifying bacteria could both produce and consume plants), and viruses. Most microorganisms can be seen nitrous oxide, now known to be an important green- only with a microscope. Microbes pervade the oceans, house gas. Beijerinck also founded the field of virology its sediments, and some hydrothermal fluids and through his work on plant viruses (van Iterson et al., exhibit solitary life styles as well as complex relation- 1983). Mills (1989) describes the significance of the ships with animals, other microorganisms, and each work of Beijerink and Winogradsky to plankton other. The skeletal remains of microorganisms form the research and marine chemistry. largest component of sedimentary fossils whose study Around 1903, bacteriology in California was reveals Earth’s history. The enormous morphological, emerging in the areas of medicine and public health physiological, and taxonomic diversity of marine and accordingly was developing into an academic dis- microorganisms remains far from adequately cipline in medical schools (McClung and Meyer, 1974). described and studied. Because the sea receives terres- Whereas the branch of microbiology dealing with bac- trial microorganisms from rivers, sewage outfalls, and teria and viruses was just beginning, the branch con- other sources, marine microbiology also includes the cerning protozoa and algae was a relatively more estab- study of alien microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Protistology an International Journal Vol
    Protistology An International Journal Vol. 10, Number 2, 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM «PROTIST–2016» Yuri Mazei (Vice-Chairman) Welcome Address 2 Organizing Committee 3 Organizers and Sponsors 4 Abstracts 5 Author Index 94 Forum “PROTIST-2016” June 6–10, 2016 Moscow, Russia Website: http://onlinereg.ru/protist-2016 WELCOME ADDRESS Dear colleagues! Republic) entitled “Diplonemids – new kids on the block”. The third lecture will be given by Alexey The Forum “PROTIST–2016” aims at gathering Smirnov (Saint Petersburg State University, Russia): the researchers in all protistological fields, from “Phylogeny, diversity, and evolution of Amoebozoa: molecular biology to ecology, to stimulate cross- new findings and new problems”. Then Sandra disciplinary interactions and establish long-term Baldauf (Uppsala University, Sweden) will make a international scientific cooperation. The conference plenary presentation “The search for the eukaryote will cover a wide range of fundamental and applied root, now you see it now you don’t”, and the fifth topics in Protistology, with the major focus on plenary lecture “Protist-based methods for assessing evolution and phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics and marine water quality” will be made by Alan Warren DNA barcoding, genomics and molecular biology, (Natural History Museum, United Kingdom). cell biology, organismal biology, parasitology, diversity and biogeography, ecology of soil and There will be two symposia sponsored by ISoP: aquatic protists, bioindicators and palaeoecology. “Integrative co-evolution between mitochondria and their hosts” organized by Sergio A. Muñoz- The Forum is organized jointly by the International Gómez, Claudio H. Slamovits, and Andrew J. Society of Protistologists (ISoP), International Roger, and “Protists of Marine Sediments” orga- Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP), nized by Jun Gong and Virginia Edgcomb.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris Spelaea)
    viruses Article Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) Ian H Mendenhall 1,* , Dolyce Low Hong Wen 1,2, Jayanthi Jayakumar 1, Vithiagaran Gunalan 3, Linfa Wang 1 , Sebastian Mauer-Stroh 3,4 , Yvonne C.F. Su 1 and Gavin J.D. Smith 1,5,6 1 Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; [email protected] (D.L.H.W.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.F.S.) [email protected] (G.J.D.S.) 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore 3 Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore; [email protected] (V.G.); [email protected] (S.M.-S.) 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 168753, Singapore 6 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 7 March 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: Bats are unique mammals, exhibit distinctive life history traits and have unique immunological approaches to suppression of viral diseases upon infection. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has been used in characterizing the virome of different bat species. The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, has a broad geographical range across Southeast Asia, India and southern China, however, little is known about their involvement in virus transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectocarpus: an Evo‑Devo Model for the Brown Algae Susana M
    Coelho et al. EvoDevo (2020) 11:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00164-9 EvoDevo REVIEW Open Access Ectocarpus: an evo-devo model for the brown algae Susana M. Coelho1* , Akira F. Peters2, Dieter Müller3 and J. Mark Cock1 Abstract Ectocarpus is a genus of flamentous, marine brown algae. Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles, a large super- group of organisms that are only distantly related to animals, land plants and fungi. Brown algae are also one of only a small number of eukaryotic lineages that have evolved complex multicellularity. For many years, little information was available concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying multicellular development in the brown algae, but this situation has changed with the emergence of Ectocarpus as a model brown alga. Here we summarise some of the main questions that are being addressed and areas of study using Ectocarpus as a model organism and discuss how the genomic information, genetic tools and molecular approaches available for this organism are being employed to explore developmental questions in an evolutionary context. Keywords: Ectocarpus, Life-cycle, Sex determination, Gametophyte, Sporophyte, Brown algae, Marine, Complex multicellularity, Phaeoviruses Natural habitat and life cycle Ectocarpus is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring world- Ectocarpus is a genus of small, flamentous, multicellu- wide in temperate and subtropical regions, and has been lar, marine brown algae within the order Ectocarpales. collected on all continents except Antarctica [1]. It is pre- Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles (or Heter- sent mainly on rocky shores where it grows on abiotic okonta) (Fig. 1a), a large eukaryotic supergroup that (rocks, pebbles, dead shells) and biotic (other algae, sea- is only distantly related to animals, plants and fungi.
    [Show full text]