DOCSLIB.ORG

Are Blastocystis Species Clinically Relevant to Humans?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Are Blastocystis Species Clinically Relevant to Humans? Are Blastocystis species clinically relevant to humans? Robyn Anne Nagel MB, BS, FRACP A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland in 2015 School of Veterinary Science Title page Culture of human faecal specimen Blastocystis organisms, vacuolated and granular forms, Photographed RAN: x40 magnification, polarised light ii Abstract Blastocystis spp. are the most common enteric parasites found in human stool and yet, the life cycle of the organism is unknown and the clinical relevance uncertain. Robust cysts transmit infection, and many animals carry the parasite. Infection in humans has been linked to Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although Blastocystis carriage is much higher in IBS patients, studies have not been able to confirm Blastocystis spp. are the direct cause of symptoms. Moreover, eradication is often unsuccessful. A number of approaches were utilised in order to investigate the clinical relevance of Blastocystis spp. in human IBS patients. Deconvolutional microscopy with time-lapse imaging and fluorescent spectroscopy of xenic cultures of Blastocystis spp. from IBS patients and healthy individuals was performed. Green autofluorescence (GAF), most prominently in the 557/576 emission spectra, was observed in the vacuolated, granular, amoebic and cystic Blastocystis forms. This first report of GAF in Blastocystis showed that a Blastocystis-specific fluorescein-conjugated antibody could be partially distinguished from GAF. Surface pores of 1m in diameter were observed cyclically opening and closing over 24 hours and may have nutritional or motility functions. Vacuolated forms, extruded a viscous material slowly over 12 hours, a process likely involving osmoregulation. Tear- shaped granules were observed exiting from the surface of an amoebic form but their identity and function could not be elucidated. Seventeen different subtypes of Blastocystis based on the 18S subunit of ribosomal DNA have been described. Using subtyping techniques, the human and animal household contacts of 11 symptomatic Blastocystis-positive patients were studied. All household contacts were found to be positive for Blastocystis spp. The specific subtypes within households had high similarity with the symptomatic patients (94% in human and 88% in animal contacts). Although 18S rDNA subtyping was not sufficient to discriminate genetically identical organisms, the ST findings suggest that intra-household transmission of Blastocystis is almost universal. IBS is a common, heterogeneous condition with no objective biomarker. We studied eradication rates of Blastocystis following administration of different antimicrobial drug regimes. Currently recommended first line therapy for eradication, metronidazole 400 mg three times daily or sulfamethozazole/trimethoprim 160/80mg were administered to 11 symptomatic patients for 14 days. No patient was negative for Blastocystis carriage after therapy with either drug. In a later study 10 diarrhoea-predominant IBS Blastocystis- positive patients were given 14 days of triple antimicrobial therapy, namely diloxanide furoate 500mg and secnidazole 400 mg three times daily, and trimethoprim- iii sulfamethoxazole 160/80 mg twice daily, with 60% of the patients eradicating the organism. It is not certain if particular Blastocystis organisms may have more pathogenic potential than others. Many different subtypes of Blastocystis were found in all symptomatic patients studied in this thesis and thus far there is no support for particular subtypes either being pathogenic or commonly transmitted from non-domestic animal contacts. Our study of household pets, combined with current knowledge in the literature, suggests that Blastocystis may well be a reverse zoonosis when it involves companion domestic pets such as dogs and cats. If there is no correlation between the Blastocystis subtype and pathogenic potential it is possible that the host immunological response determines symptomatology. The serological responses to infection in 40 symptomatic diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients (26 positive, 14 negative for Blastocystis) and 40 healthy controls (24 positive, 16 negative for Blastocystis) were examined. Low serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels were found to be associated with carriage of Blastocystis but not symptoms (p<0.001). All IBS patients, but more commonly the Blastocystis-positive group, had significantly greater reactivity with Blastocystis proteins of 27kDa (likely a cysteine protease), 50 and 75-95 kDa molecular weight. Specific anti-protease antibodies were shown to react with Blastocystis proteins suggesting that metalloproteases, as well as cysteine proteases, may be important Blastocystis antigens. The faecal microbiota (FM) is recognised to influence our health and is altered in IBS. We examined the FM in 40 patients with IBS (26 positive, 14 negative for Blastocystis) and 57 healthy controls (42 positive and 15 negative for Blastocystis). Characteristic changes in the FM profile of IBS patients at a phylum and genus level were observed. However, when the subgroups were analysed there were significant changes seen at different taxonomic levels between the Blastocystis positive and negative IBS groups. The lower serum IgA level present in Blastocystis carriers was hypothesised to result in changes in the FM that enable Blastocystis to flourish with increased epithelial cell contact. Other previously described host factors, such as cytokine polymorphisms in IBS patients that increase IL-8 production and decrease IL-10, may select subjects for immune activation and symptom development. In summary, Blastocystis spp. remain enigmatic organisms that are difficult to clear from our gastrointestinal tracts. Subtyping has increased our epidemiological understanding and infection within households is almost universal. Host immune iv responses and FM are significantly different in Blastocystis-positive IBS patients suggesting that this organism may contribute to IBS in some subjects. v Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis. vi Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed papers CR Stensvold, HV Smith, R Nagel, KEP Olsen, RJ Traub, 2010 Eradication of Blastocystis carriage with antimicrobials: reality or delusion? Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 44 (2), 85-90 R Nagel, L Cuttell, CR Stensvold, PC Mills, H Bielefeldt-Ohmann, RJ Traub, 2012. Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy. Internal Medicine Journal 42 (11), 1187-1195 R Nagel, H Bielefeldt-•Ohmann, RJ Traub, 2014 Clinical pilot study: efficacy of triple antibiotic therapy in Blastocystis positive irritable bowel syndrome patients. Gut pathogens 6 (1), 34 R Nagel, C Gray, H Bielefeldt-Ohmann, RJ Traub, 2015 Features of Blastocystis spp. in xenic culture revealed by deconvolutional microscopy. Parasitology Research 114, 3237-3245 R Nagel, RJ Traub, MMS Kwan, H Bielefeldt-Ohmann 2015 Blastocystis specific serum immunoglobulin in patients with irritable bowel (IBS) syndrome. Parasites and Vectors, 8, 453: 1-13 R Nagel, RJ Traub, MMS Kwan, RJN Allcock, H Bielefeldt-Ohmann 2015 Differences in faecal microbiota profile between Blastocystis-positive and negative Irritable bowel syndrome patients Submitted for publication 2015 vii Publications included in this thesis 1. R Nagel, L Cuttell, CR Stensvold, PC Mills, H Bielefeldt-Ohmann, RJ Traub, 2012. Blastocystis subtypes in symptomatic and asymptomatic family members and pets and response to therapy. Internal Medicine Journal 42 (11), 1187-1195 -incorporated as Chapter 2 Contributor Statement of contribution Nagel, Robyn (candidate) Study design (40%) Recruitment of study participants (100%) Collection of samples (100%) Analysis of results (50%) Wrote paper (80%) Cuttell, Leigh Technical analysis of samples (70%) Stensvold, Christian Rune Study design (5%) Technical contribution to analysis of samples (5%) Mills, Paul C Study design (5%) Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle Study design (5%) Edited paper (10%)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diloxanide Furoate Drug Information, Professional 11/11/20 16:08
    Diloxanide Furoate Drug Information, Professional 11/11/20 16:08 Diloxanide (Systemic) VA CLASSIFICATION Primary: AP109 Commonly used brand name(s): Entamide; Furamide. Note: For a listing of dosage forms and brand names by country availability, see Dosage Forms section(s). *Not commercially available in the U.S. †Not commercially available in Canada. Category: Antiprotozoal (systemic)— Indications Note: Because diloxanide is not commercially available in the U.S. or Canada, the bracketed information and the use of the superscript 1 in this monograph reflect the lack of labeled (approved) indications for this medication in these countries. Accepted [Amebiasis, intestinal (treatment)]1—Diloxanide is used alone as a primary agent in the treatment of asymptomatic (cyst passers) intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica {01} {02} {03} {04} {05} {07} {08} {09} {10} {11} {12} {13} {14} {23} This medication may also be used concurrently, or sequentially, with other agents such as the nitroimidazoles in the treatment of invasive or extraintestinal forms of amebiasis. {03} {09} {11} {12} {14} {20} {24} https://www.drugs.com/mmx/diloxanide-furoate.html Página 1 de 9 Diloxanide Furoate Drug Information, Professional 11/11/20 16:08 Unaccepted Diloxanide alone is not effective in the treatment of invasive or extraintestinal amebiasis. {04} {07} {11} {13} 1 Not included in Canadian product labeling. Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics Physicochemical characteristics: Source— Diloxanide furoate is the ester of 2-furoic acid and diloxanide, a dichloroacetamide derivative. {09} {13} The furoate ester is more active than the parent compound, diloxanide {13} Molecular weight— Diloxanide: 234.08 {15} Diloxanide furoate: 328.2 {16} Mechanism of action/Effect: Luminal amebicide.
    [Show full text]
  • Recurrent Amebic Liver Abscesses Over a 16-Year Period: a Case Report
    Creemers‑Schild et al. BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:472 DOI 10.1186/s13104-016-2275-0 BMC Research Notes CASE REPORT Open Access Recurrent amebic liver abscesses over a 16‑year period: a case report D. Creemers‑Schild1,2, P. J. J. van Genderen1, L. G. Visser2, J. J. van Hellemond3* and P. J. Wismans1 Abstract Background: Amebic liver abscess is a rare disease in high-income countries. Recurrence of amebic liver abscess is even rarer with only a few previous reports. Here we present a patient who developed three subsequent amebic liver abscesses over a sixteen-year period. Case presentation: A Caucasian male developed recurrent amebic liver abscesses, when aged 23, 27 and 39 years. Only on the first occasion did this coincide with a recent visit to the tropics. The patient received adequate treatment during each episode. Possible explanations are persistent asymptomatic carrier state, cysts passage in his family, re- infection or chance. Conclusion: We describe the unusual case of a healthy male who developed recurrent amebic liver abscesses over a long period despite adequate treatment. Possible pathophysiological explanations are explored. Keywords: Entamoeba histolytica, Amebiasis, Carrier state environment, Immune response, Relapse, Treatment Background times over a period of 16 years, despite adequate combi- Intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver abscess, caused by nation treatment on each occasion. the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, are rarely reported from high-income countries. It is mostly encountered as Case presentation an imported disease from regions with poor sanitation A previously healthy 23-year old, Caucasian man was levels. Infection occurs through ingestion of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Eukaryotes Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Cluster Assembly
    Evolution of the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery in Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Eukaryotes Anastasios D. Tsaousis, Eleni Gentekaki, Laura Eme, Daniel Gaston and Andrew J. Roger Eukaryotic Cell 2014, 13(1):143. DOI: 10.1128/EC.00158-13. Published Ahead of Print 15 November 2013. Downloaded from Updated information and services can be found at: http://ec.asm.org/content/13/1/143 http://ec.asm.org/ These include: SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Supplemental material REFERENCES This article cites 50 articles, 28 of which can be accessed free at: http://ec.asm.org/content/13/1/143#ref-list-1 on February 24, 2014 by Dalhousie University CONTENT ALERTS Receive: RSS Feeds, eTOCs, free email alerts (when new articles cite this article), more» Information about commercial reprint orders: http://journals.asm.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml To subscribe to to another ASM Journal go to: http://journals.asm.org/site/subscriptions/ Evolution of the Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery in Blastocystis Species and Other Microbial Eukaryotes Anastasios D. Tsaousis,a,b Eleni Gentekaki,a Laura Eme,a Daniel Gaston,a Andrew J. Rogera ‹Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canadaa; Laboratory of Molecular and Evolutionary Parasitology, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdomb The cytosolic iron/sulfur cluster assembly (CIA) machinery is responsible for the assembly of cytosolic and nuclear iron/sulfur clusters, cofactors that are vital for all living cells. This machinery is uniquely found in eukaryotes and consists of at least eight Downloaded from proteins in opisthokont lineages, such as animals and fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Ectocarpus: an Evo‑Devo Model for the Brown Algae Susana M
    Coelho et al. EvoDevo (2020) 11:19 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13227-020-00164-9 EvoDevo REVIEW Open Access Ectocarpus: an evo-devo model for the brown algae Susana M. Coelho1* , Akira F. Peters2, Dieter Müller3 and J. Mark Cock1 Abstract Ectocarpus is a genus of flamentous, marine brown algae. Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles, a large super- group of organisms that are only distantly related to animals, land plants and fungi. Brown algae are also one of only a small number of eukaryotic lineages that have evolved complex multicellularity. For many years, little information was available concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying multicellular development in the brown algae, but this situation has changed with the emergence of Ectocarpus as a model brown alga. Here we summarise some of the main questions that are being addressed and areas of study using Ectocarpus as a model organism and discuss how the genomic information, genetic tools and molecular approaches available for this organism are being employed to explore developmental questions in an evolutionary context. Keywords: Ectocarpus, Life-cycle, Sex determination, Gametophyte, Sporophyte, Brown algae, Marine, Complex multicellularity, Phaeoviruses Natural habitat and life cycle Ectocarpus is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring world- Ectocarpus is a genus of small, flamentous, multicellu- wide in temperate and subtropical regions, and has been lar, marine brown algae within the order Ectocarpales. collected on all continents except Antarctica [1]. It is pre- Brown algae belong to the stramenopiles (or Heter- sent mainly on rocky shores where it grows on abiotic okonta) (Fig. 1a), a large eukaryotic supergroup that (rocks, pebbles, dead shells) and biotic (other algae, sea- is only distantly related to animals, plants and fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • A Distinct Lineage of Giant Viruses Brings a Rhodopsin Photosystem to Unicellular Marine Predators
    A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators David M. Needhama,1, Susumu Yoshizawab,1, Toshiaki Hosakac,1, Camille Poiriera,d, Chang Jae Choia,d, Elisabeth Hehenbergera,d, Nicholas A. T. Irwine, Susanne Wilkena,2, Cheuk-Man Yunga,d, Charles Bachya,3, Rika Kuriharaf, Yu Nakajimab, Keiichi Kojimaf, Tomomi Kimura-Someyac, Guy Leonardg, Rex R. Malmstromh, Daniel R. Mendei, Daniel K. Olsoni, Yuki Sudof, Sebastian Sudeka, Thomas A. Richardsg, Edward F. DeLongi, Patrick J. Keelinge, Alyson E. Santoroj, Mikako Shirouzuc, Wataru Iwasakib,k,4, and Alexandra Z. Wordena,d,4 aMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; bAtmosphere & Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan; cLaboratory for Protein Functional & Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; dOcean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany; eDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; fGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; gLiving Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, United Kingdom; hDepartment of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; iDaniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; jDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and kDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved August 8, 2019 (received for review May 27, 2019) Giant viruses are remarkable for their large genomes, often rivaling genomes that range up to 2.4 Mb (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlled Sampling of Ribosomally Active Protistan Diversity in Sediment-Surface Layers Identifies Putative Players in the Marine Carbon Sink
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:984–998 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0581-y ARTICLE Controlled sampling of ribosomally active protistan diversity in sediment-surface layers identifies putative players in the marine carbon sink 1,2 1 1 3 3 Raquel Rodríguez-Martínez ● Guy Leonard ● David S. Milner ● Sebastian Sudek ● Mike Conway ● 1 1 4,5 6 7 Karen Moore ● Theresa Hudson ● Frédéric Mahé ● Patrick J. Keeling ● Alyson E. Santoro ● 3,8 1,9 Alexandra Z. Worden ● Thomas A. Richards Received: 6 October 2019 / Revised: 4 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 December 2019 / Published online: 9 January 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Marine sediments are one of the largest carbon reservoir on Earth, yet the microbial communities, especially the eukaryotes, that drive these ecosystems are poorly characterised. Here, we report implementation of a sampling system that enables injection of reagents into sediments at depth, allowing for preservation of RNA in situ. Using the RNA templates recovered, we investigate the ‘ribosomally active’ eukaryotic diversity present in sediments close to the water/sediment interface. We 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: demonstrate that in situ preservation leads to recovery of a significantly altered community profile. Using SSU rRNA amplicon sequencing, we investigated the community structure in these environments, demonstrating a wide diversity and high relative abundance of stramenopiles and alveolates, specifically: Bacillariophyta (diatoms), labyrinthulomycetes and ciliates. The identification of abundant diatom rRNA molecules is consistent with microscopy-based studies, but demonstrates that these algae can also be exported to the sediment as active cells as opposed to dead forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer Facilitated the Evolution of Plant Parasitic Mechanisms in the Oomycetes
    Horizontal gene transfer facilitated the evolution of plant parasitic mechanisms in the oomycetes Thomas A. Richardsa,b,1, Darren M. Soanesa, Meredith D. M. Jonesa,b, Olga Vasievac, Guy Leonarda,b, Konrad Paszkiewicza, Peter G. Fosterb, Neil Hallc, and Nicholas J. Talbota aBiosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom; bDepartment of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; and cSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved July 27, 2011 (received for review March 31, 2011) Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can radically alter the genomes of ramorum, for example, whereas the Irish potato famine of the microorganisms, providing the capacity to adapt to new lifestyles, 19th century was caused by the late blight parasite Phytophthora environments, and hosts. However, the extent of HGT between infestans. Important crop diseases caused by fungi include the eukaryotes is unclear. Using whole-genome, gene-by-gene phylo- devastating rice blast disease caused by M. oryzae and the rusts, genetic analysis we demonstrate an extensive pattern of cross- smuts, and mildews that affect wheat, barley, and maize. In this kingdom HGT between fungi and oomycetes. Comparative study we report that HGT between fungi and oomycetes has genomics, including the de novo genome sequence of Hyphochy- occurred to a far greater degree than hitherto recognized (19). trium catenoides, a free-living sister of the oomycetes, shows that Our previous analysis suggested four strongly supported cases of these transfers largely converge within the radiation of oomycetes HGT, but by using a whole-genome, gene-by-gene phylogenetic that colonize plant tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Seven Gene Phylogeny of Heterokonts
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Protist, Vol. 160, 191—204, May 2009 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 9 February 2009 ORIGINAL PAPER Seven Gene Phylogeny of Heterokonts Ingvild Riisberga,d,1, Russell J.S. Orrb,d,1, Ragnhild Klugeb,c,2, Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizid, Holly A. Bowerse, Vishwanath Patilb,c, Bente Edvardsena,d, and Kjetill S. Jakobsenb,d,3 aMarine Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway bCentre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES),Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway cDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432, A˚ s, Norway dMicrobial Evolution Research Group (MERG), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway eCenter of Marine Biotechnology, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA Submitted May 23, 2008; Accepted November 15, 2008 Monitoring Editor: Mitchell L. Sogin Nucleotide ssu and lsu rDNA sequences of all major lineages of autotrophic (Ochrophyta) and heterotrophic (Bigyra and Pseudofungi) heterokonts were combined with amino acid sequences from four protein-coding genes (actin, b-tubulin, cox1 and hsp90) in a multigene approach for resolving the relationship between heterokont lineages. Applying these multigene data in Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses improved the heterokont tree compared to previous rDNA analyses by placing all plastid-lacking heterotrophic heterokonts sister to Ochrophyta with robust support, and divided the heterotrophic heterokonts into the previously recognized phyla, Bigyra and Pseudofungi. Our trees identified the heterotrophic heterokonts Bicosoecida, Blastocystis and Labyrinthulida (Bigyra) as the earliest diverging lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DIX to the HTSUS—Continued
    20558 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 80 / Wednesday, April 26, 1995 / Notices DEPARMENT OF THE TREASURY Services, U.S. Customs Service, 1301 TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL APPEN- Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DIX TO THE HTSUSÐContinued Customs Service D.C. 20229 at (202) 927±1060. CAS No. Pharmaceutical [T.D. 95±33] Dated: April 14, 1995. 52±78±8 ..................... NORETHANDROLONE. A. W. Tennant, 52±86±8 ..................... HALOPERIDOL. Pharmaceutical Tables 1 and 3 of the Director, Office of Laboratories and Scientific 52±88±0 ..................... ATROPINE METHONITRATE. HTSUS 52±90±4 ..................... CYSTEINE. Services. 53±03±2 ..................... PREDNISONE. 53±06±5 ..................... CORTISONE. AGENCY: Customs Service, Department TABLE 1.ÐPHARMACEUTICAL 53±10±1 ..................... HYDROXYDIONE SODIUM SUCCI- of the Treasury. NATE. APPENDIX TO THE HTSUS 53±16±7 ..................... ESTRONE. ACTION: Listing of the products found in 53±18±9 ..................... BIETASERPINE. Table 1 and Table 3 of the CAS No. Pharmaceutical 53±19±0 ..................... MITOTANE. 53±31±6 ..................... MEDIBAZINE. Pharmaceutical Appendix to the N/A ............................. ACTAGARDIN. 53±33±8 ..................... PARAMETHASONE. Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the N/A ............................. ARDACIN. 53±34±9 ..................... FLUPREDNISOLONE. N/A ............................. BICIROMAB. 53±39±4 ..................... OXANDROLONE. United States of America in Chemical N/A ............................. CELUCLORAL. 53±43±0
    [Show full text]
  • Symbiomonas Scintillans Gen. Et Sp. Nov. and Picophagus Flagellatus Gen
    Protist, Vol. 150, 383–398, December 1999 © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/protist Protist ORIGINAL PAPER Symbiomonas scintillans gen. et sp. nov. and Picophagus flagellatus gen. et sp. nov. (Heterokonta): Two New Heterotrophic Flagellates of Picoplanktonic Size Laure Guilloua, 1, 2, Marie-Josèphe Chrétiennot-Dinetb, Sandrine Boulbena, Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staaya, 3, and Daniel Vaulota a Station Biologique, CNRS, INSU et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, BP 74, F-29682 Roscoff Cx, France b Laboratoire d’Océanographie biologique, UMR 7621 CNRS/INSU/UPMC, Laboratoire Arago, O.O.B., B.P. 44, F-66651 Banyuls sur mer Cx, France Submitted July 27, 1999; Accepted November 10, 1999 Monitoring Editor: Michael Melkonian Two new oceanic free-living heterotrophic Heterokonta species with picoplanktonic size (< 2 µm) are described. Symbiomonas scintillans Guillou et Chrétiennot-Dinet gen. et sp. nov. was isolated from samples collected both in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. This new species possesses ultrastructural features of the bicosoecids, such as the absence of a helix in the flagellar transitional region (found in Cafeteria roenbergensis and in a few bicosoecids), and a flagellar root system very similar to that of C. roenbergensis, Acronema sippewissettensis, and Bicosoeca maris. This new species is characterized by a single flagellum with mastigonemes, the presence of en- dosymbiotic bacteria located close to the nucleus, the absence of a lorica and a R3 root composed of a 6+3+x microtubular structure. Phylogenetical analyses of nuclear-encoded SSU rDNA gene se- quences indicate that this species is close to the bicosoecids C.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Algal Parasites: Models for a Life History Evolution That Leaves Photosynthesis Behind Again and Again
    Prospects & Overviews Review essays Red algal parasites: Models for a life history evolution that leaves photosynthesis behind again and again Nicolas A. Blouinà and Christopher E. Lane Many of the most virulent and problematic eukaryotic Introduction pathogens have evolved from photosynthetic ancestors, such as apicomplexans, which are responsible for a Parasitology is one of the oldest fields of medical research and continues to be an essential area of study on organisms wide range of diseases including malaria and toxoplas- that kill millions annually, either directly or through mosis. The primary barrier to understanding the early agricultural loss. In the early genomics era, parasites were stages of evolution of these parasites has been the diffi- some of the initial eukaryotes to have their genomes culty in finding parasites with closely related free-living sequenced. The combination of medical interest and small lineages with which to make comparisons. Parasites genome size (due to genome compaction [1]) has resulted found throughout the florideophyte red algal lineage, in a relatively large number of sequenced genomes from these taxa. The range of relationships that exist between however, provide a unique and powerful model to inves- parasites and comparative free-living taxa, however, compli- tigate the genetic origins of a parasitic lifestyle. This is cates understanding the evolution of eukaryotic parasitism. because they share a recent common ancestor with an In some cases (such as apicomplexans, which cause extant free-living red algal species and parasitism has malaria, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis, among other independently arisen over 100 times within this group. diseases) entire lineages appear to have a common parasitic ancestor [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Manufacturers of Drugs Used to Treat Parasitic
    Page 1 of 2 ASCARIASIS (Ascaris lumbricoides, roundworm) Drug Adult dosage Pediatric dosage Drug of choice:1 Albendazole2,3 400 mg PO once 400 mg PO once OR Mebendazole 100 mg bid PO x 3d or 500 mg 100 mg PO bid x 3d or 500 mg once once OR Ivermectin2,4 150-200 mcg/kg PO once 150-200 mcg/kg PO once 1. Nitazoxanide may be effective against a variety of protozoan and helminth infections (DA Bobak, Curr Infect Dis Rep 2006; 8:91; E Diaz et al, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68:384). It was effective against mild to moderate amebiasis, 500 mg bid x 3d, in a recent study (JF Rossignol et al, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007 Oct; 101:1025 E pub 2007 July 20). It is FDA-approved only for treatment of diar- rhea caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium (Med Lett Drugs Ther 2003; 45:29). Nitazoxanide is available in 500-mg tablets and an oral suspension; it should be taken with food. 2. Not FDA-approved for this indication. 3. Albendazole must be taken with food; a fatty meal increases oral bioavailability. 4. Safety of ivermectin in young children (<15 kg) and pregnant women remains to be established. Ivermectin should be taken on an empty stomach with water. Information provided by The Medical Letter. For a copy of the entire Drugs for Parasitic Infections article, go to: www.medicalletter.org/parasitic_cdc MANUFACTURERS OF DRUGS USED TO TREAT PARASITIC INFECTIONS albendazole – Albenza (GlaxoSmithKline) Lariam (Roche) – mefloquine Albenza (GlaxoSmithKline) – albendazole § Leshcutan (Teva, Israel) – topical paromomycin Alinia (Romark) – nitazoxanide levamisole
    [Show full text]