Chapitre Quatre La Spécificité D'hôtes Des Virophages Sputnik

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Chapitre Quatre La Spécificité D'hôtes Des Virophages Sputnik AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE FACULTE DE MEDECINE DE MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA SANTE THESE DE DOCTORAT Présentée par Morgan GAÏA Né le 24 Octobre 1987 à Aubagne, France Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITE AIX -MARSEILLE SPECIALITE : Pathologie Humaine, Maladies Infectieuses Les virophages de Mimiviridae The Mimiviridae virophages Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant la FACULTE DE MEDECINE de MARSEILLE le 10 décembre 2013 Membres du jury de la thèse : Pr. Bernard La Scola Directeur de thèse Pr. Jean -Marc Rolain Président du jury Pr. Bruno Pozzetto Rapporteur Dr. Hervé Lecoq Rapporteur Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095 Directeur : Pr. Didier RAOULT Avant-propos Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe permettant un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation a paru plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui béné ficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Pr. Didier Raoult Résumé Les virophages sont des petits virus à ADN possédant une capside icosaédrique de 50- 60 nm et un génome de 17 à 26 Kb codant potentiellement pour une vingtaine de gènes. Ils ont été découverts associés à des grands virus à ADN appartenant à l’ordre des 0HJDYLUDOHV , pour lesquels leur présence serait délétère. Le virophage Sputnik est ainsi associé aux Mimiviridae , Mavirus à Cafeteria roenbergensis virus, et les Phycodnaviridae pourraient également avoir leurs virophages. Il a été suggéré que leur répartition dans l’environnement est largement sous- estimée et qu’ils pourraient y jouer un rôle majeur dans la régulation des populations virales. Si leurs principales caractéristiques sont largement acceptées, leur position dans le monde viral, ainsi que les interactions qu’ils pourraient avoir avec leur virus hôtes sont encore discutées. Le premier projet du travail de thèse a été de faire le bilan des propriétés connues des virophages au travers d’une revue. Les virus hôtes, la structure de leurs particules, ainsi que leur génome ou encore leurs effets potentiels sur leurs hôtes sont abordés dans ce travail. La deuxième partie correspond à un bilan des avancées en matière d’isolement de virus géants dans les amibes – hôtes naturels des Mimiviridae –, la découverte de virophages étant indissociable de celle de leurs hôtes. La troisième section se focalise sur la réplication des virophages Sputnik avec différents virus parmi les Mimiviridae , lesquels sont répartis en trois groupes – A, B et C – sur la base de leur séquence du gène de la polymérase B. Il a été montré que Sputnik, initialement isolé avec des Mimiviridae du groupe A, pouvait se multiplier en association avec tous les groupes de Mimiviridae , capacité ayant permis l’isolement d’une nouvelle souche de Sputnik sans son hôte natif par l’utilisation d’un Mimiviridae en tant que virus rapporteur. Dans ce travail, l’impact délétère du virophage sur le virus géant qui l’accompagne a également été d émontré à nouveau. La dernière partie est enfin basée sur l’identification d’un nouveau virophage – Zamilon – isolé en association avec un Mimiviridae du groupe C. Proche de Sputnik, ce virophage présente toutefois des caractéristiques propres, notamment une spécificité d’hôtes limitée aux Mimiviridae des groupes B et C. Un gène prédit en particulier pourrait être un acteur majeur de cette spécificité : par analyse phylogénétique, celui-ci rapprocherait Zamilon des Mimiviridae des groupes B et C, quand Sputnik serait rattaché au groupe A. Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse démontrent une certaine complexité des interactions entre les virophages et leurs hôtes. Au sein d’une même famille d’hôtes, certains virophages possèdent un large spectre de spécificité, alors que d’autres ne peuvent se multiplier qu’avec certains d’entre eux, comme cela a déjà été observé chez les bactériophages. Compte-tenu de leur impact potentiel sur les virus géants, ces résultats soutiennent l’hypothèse d’une régulation des populations virales environnementales par les virophages. Mots-clés : Mimiviridae , 0HJDYLUDOHV , virophages, Sputnik, amibes. Abstract Virophages are small DNA viruses with a 50-60 nm width icosahedral capsid encompassing a 17 to 26 Kb genome, putatively coding approximately 20 genes. They have been discovered in association with large DNA virus belonging to the order of the 0HJDYLUDOHV . The Sputnik virophage is thus associated to Mimiviridae , the Mavirus virophage with Cafeteria roenbergensis virus, and the giant Phycodnaviridae could have their own virophages too. They are thought to be more prevalent in the environment than initially expected, and they could be major players in the regulation of viral populations. Yet, if their mean characteristics are widely recognized, their place in the viral world as well as their interactions they have with their host viruses are still a matter of debate. The first project of this thesis work was to recapitulate in a review the known features of the virophages. Their hosts, the virion structure, their genomes and their potential impacts on their host viruses are discussed herein. The second part corresponds to a summary of the advances in the field of giant viruses isolation in amoebas – the common hosts of Mimiviridae –, for the discovery of virophages is closely related to that of their giant hosts. The third section is focused on the replication of the Sputnik virophages with viruses belonging to the Mimiviridae , which are divided in three lineages – A, B and C – based on their polB gene sequences. It has been shown that Sputnik, initially isolated with Mimiviridae of the group A, can replicate associated to all the groups of Mimiviridae , feature that allowed isolating a new Sputnik strain with a Mimiviridae reporter instead of with its natural viral host. In this work, the detrimental impact of the virophage over its host was confirmed. Finally, the last part is based on the identification of a new virophage – Zamilon – isolated in combination with a group C Mimiviridae . Closely related to Sputnik, this virophage nevertheless has unique features, particularly a host specificity limited to viruses from the groups B and C of the Mimiviridae . One particular predicted gene could be an important actor of this specificity: its phylogenetic analysis clusters Zamilon more related to groups B and C Mimiviridae than to the group A and Sputnik virophages. The results described herein show the complexity of the interactions between virophages and their giant hosts viruses. Within the same host family, some virophages have a broad-range host spectrum whereas others are limited to some viruses, a feature already described for bacteriophages. Regarding the potential impact of the virophages over their host viruses, these results support the hypothesis of a virophages’ major role in a regulation of viral populations in environment. Keywords : Mimiviridae , 0HJDYLUDOHV , virophages, Sputnik, amoebae. Remerciements Je tiens à remercier le Professeur Didier Raoult de m’avoir accueilli au sein de l’URMITE, me permettant de réaliser mon projet dans des conditions stimulantes. Mes remerciements vont également au Professeur Bernard La Scola pour m’avoir offert l’opportunité d’intégrer son équipe. Durant mes nombreuses années ici, j’ai pu grandir et apprendre beaucoup plus que je ne l’aurais cru. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude envers le Professeur Jean-Marc Rolain, qui a accepté de présider le jury de cette thèse, ainsi qu’envers les rapporteurs dont la participation dans l’évaluation de mon travail m’honore. Merci à Lina, qui m’a montré qu’il était possible de conserver sa passion sans concession, et qui m’a toujours soutenu. J’ai appris énormément de choses grâce à toi, tu resteras ma marraine de cœur. Les mots, et la place, ne suffiraient pas à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance envers tous ceux qui m’ont permis d’en arriv er là, à travers les bons moments comme les mauvais. Merci à ma famille et à ceux qui en font partie à mes yeux pour leur soutien de chaque instant. Merci à celles et ceux qui par leurs encouragements et leur présence me permettent aujourd’hui d’écrire ces lignes. De trop nombreuses personnes ont marqué ma thèse par bien des façons, ponctuellement ou dans la durée, et toutes les lister serait impossible, aussi j’espère que ceux - ci comprendront en lisant ceci que même s’il n’y pas d’encre pour en témoigner, je les remercie sincèrement. Table des matières Avant-propos Résumé Abstract Remerciements Table des matières Liste des abréviations Chapitre Un – Introduction 1.1 – Les Megavirales 1.2 – Les virophages 1.3 – Objectifs de thèse
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