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The International Geophysical Year

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The International Geophysical Year IAF/IAA/IISL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON HISTORY ACTIVITIES THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INITIATING INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SPACE CO-OPERATION Published by the International Astronautical Federation, 2012 Cover Photo Credit: NASA ISBN has been requested ACHA Study1.indd 4 28/02/2012 14:02:05 &ŽƌĞǁŽƌĚ ƵƌŝŶŐĂƚǁŽͲLJĞĂƌƉĞƌŝŽĚ;ϮϬϬϵͲϮϬϭϭͿĂĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞŐƌŽƵƉ͕ĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐĂĚĞŵLJ ŽĨ ƐƚƌŽŶĂƵƟĐƐ ;/Ϳ͕ ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ^ƉĂĐĞ >Ăǁ ;//^>Ϳ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐƚƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů &ĞĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ;/&Ϳ͕ŚĂƐƐƚƵĚŝĞĚƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůzĞĂƌ;/'zͿĨƌŽŵĂŶŽǀĞůƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁ͘dŚĞƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ŽĨƚŚŝƐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚǁĂƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĞdžƚĞŶƚƚŽǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞ/'z͕ĂƚƚŚĞƟŵĞŽĨŝƚƐĞdžƚĞŶƚϭϵϱϳƚŽ ϭϵϱϴ͕ƐĞƌǀĞĚĂƐĂƐƟŵƵůƵƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƉĂĐĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐĐůĞĂƌƚŚĂƚĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞ ƐŽŵĞŶĂƐĐĞŶƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŝŶƉůĂĐĞďLJƚŚĞŵŝĚͲϭϵϱϬƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĞůůŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚŶĂƟŽŶĂůƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞƚŚŽƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͕ǁĂƐƋƵŝƚĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƵŶƟůƚŚĞ/'zƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚĂĨŽĐƵƐĂŶĚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ƚŽĞŶĂďůĞŶĂƟŽŶƐƚŽǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝŶƚŚŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĮĞůĚ͘dŚĞ/'zĞŶĂďůĞĚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĂŶĚĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨŽƵƌŚŽŵĞƉůĂŶĞƚ͛ƐƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝŶŝƚƐƐƉĂĐĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚŽĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌ ĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͕ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJƵŶŬŶŽǁŶ͕ŽĨƚŚĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶ^ƵŶĂŶĚĂƌƚŚ͘ dŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŝƐŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚĂƐĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƌĞǀŝĞǁ͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞŐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĂƐƚŚĞLJ ĞŵĞƌŐĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞĂŐĞǁŝƚŚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚƚĂůĞŶƚƐĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĂůůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨ ƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘tŚĞŶƚŚĞĞŝŐŚƚĞĞŶŵŽŶƚŚƐ;:ƵůLJϭϵϱϳƚŽĞĐĞŵďĞƌϭϵϱϴͿŽĨƚŚĞ/'zǁĞƌĞĐŽŵŝŶŐ ƚŽĂŶĞŶĚ͕ƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐhŶŝŽŶƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂ ĨŽƌŵĂů͕ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŵŽŶŐŶĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƐƉĂĐĞƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͗ƚŚĞŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽŶ^ƉĂĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;K^WZͿ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞ/&ŝŶĂŵƵůƟĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĂƌLJ ƐƉĂĐĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕K^WZŚĂƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͕ŝŶƚŚĞĮĞůĚŽĨƐƉĂĐĞƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚǁŝĚĞůLJĞŶŐĂŐŝŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚŝĐ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŵĞĞƟŶŐƐƚŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘ Ŷ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ ŐƌŽƵƉ ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϱ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂƐƐĞŵďůĞĚ ƚŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚLJ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƉŽŶƐŽƌƐŚŝƉĂŶĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƚƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů&ĞĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘ŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐŬŝŶĚ ŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ/&ĂŶĚŝƚŝƐĂƐĂƟƐĨLJŝŶŐƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽƉƵďůŝƐŚƐƵĐŚĂƌĞƉŽƌƚĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘dŚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĞĚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽĨƚŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨ/&͕/͕ĂŶĚ//^> ŵĂŬĞƐƐƵĐŚǁŽƌŬƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚĂŶŐŝďůĞĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨŽƵƌĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŵŽŶŐ ĂůůƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŶŐŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͘ WƌŽĨ͘ƌĞƌŶĚƚ&ĞƵĞƌďĂĐŚĞƌ President /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƚƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů&ĞĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ ACHA Study1.indd 5 28/02/2012 14:02:06 ACHA Study1.indd 6 28/02/2012 14:02:06 dĂďůĞŽĨŽŶƚĞŶƚƐ Foreword 5 ĐƌŽŶLJŵƐĂŶĚďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐ ϵ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ϭϯ /͘^ƚƵĚLJ^ĐŽƉĞĂŶĚWĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ϭϴ //͘ZĞůĂƚĞĚWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ͛ĂŶĚWƌŽũĞĐƚƐ͛ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐ ϭϵ ///͘ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ'ƌŽƵƉĞĚŝŶZĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽ^ƉĂĐĞĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ Ϯϳ /s͘͘'ƌŽƵƉ/ͲŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŝƚŚƐƉĂĐĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐŽƌƐƉĂĐĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƚŚĞ/'z Ϯϵ ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ Ϯϵ ĂŶĂĚĂ ϯϮ ŚŝŶĂ ϯϱ dŚĞ&ĞĚĞƌĂůZĞƉƵďůŝĐŽĨ'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ;&Z'Ϳ ϯϲ &ƌĂŶĐĞ ϯϵ :ĂƉĂŶ ϰϭ dŚĞhŶŝŽŶŽĨ^ŽǀŝĞƚ^ŽĐŝĂůŝƐƚZĞƉƵďůŝĐƐ;h^^ZͿ ϰϯ hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵ;h<Ϳ ϰϴ hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂ;h^Ϳ ϱϯ /s͘͘'ƌŽƵƉϮʹŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĂĐƟǀĞŝŶƐƉĂĐĞĚƵƌŝŶŐŽƌƐŚŽƌƚůLJĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞ/'z ϱϴ In Western Europe ϱϴ ƵƐƚƌŝĂ ϱϴ ĞůŐŝƵŵ ϲϬ ĞŶŵĂƌŬ ϲϭ &ŝŶůĂŶĚ ϲϭ /ƌĞůĂŶĚ ϲϮ Italy ϲϰ dŚĞEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ ϲϰ EŽƌǁĂLJ ϲϱ WŽƌƚƵŐĂů ϲϲ ^ƉĂŝŶ ϲϳ ^ǁĞĚĞŶ ϲϵ ^ǁŝƚnjĞƌůĂŶĚ ϳϮ /ŶĂƐƚĞƌŶƵƌŽƉĞ ϳϯ njĞĐŚŽƐůŽǀĂŬŝĂ ϳϯ ZŽŵĂŶŝĂ ϳϰ /ŶdŚĞDŝĚĚůĞĂƐƚĂŶĚĨƌŝĐĂ ϳϱ ƚŚŝŽƉŝĂ ϳϱ 'ŚĂŶĂ ϳϱ /ƌĂŶ ϳϱ /ƐƌĂĞů ϳϲ ZŚŽĚĞƐŝĂĂŶĚELJĂƐĂůĂŶĚ ϳϲ hŶŝŽŶŽĨ^ŽƵƚŚĨƌŝĐĂ ϳϲ ϳ ACHA Study1.indd 7 28/02/2012 14:02:06 d>K&KEdEd^ /Ŷ>ĂƟŶŵĞƌŝĐĂ ϳϳ ƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ ϳϳ ƌĂnjŝů ϳϵ ŚŝůĞ ϴϬ ĐƵĂĚŽƌ ϴϬ DĞdžŝĐŽ ϴϭ WĞƌƷ ϴϮ /ŶdŚĞ&ĂƌĂƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐĂƐŝŶ ϴϮ ƵƌŵĂ ϴϮ /ŶĚŝĂ ϴϮ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ϴϰ WŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ ϴϰ s͘/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶĂů/ŵƉĂĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ/'zWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƐ ϴϱ s/͘dŚĞŶƚĂƌĐƟĐdƌĞĂƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞ/'z ϴϳ s//͘ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚKďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƐ ϴϴ ŶŶĞdžϭ͘ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁŚŝĐŚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ/'z ϵϮ ŶŶĞdžϮ͗^ƚƵĚLJŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚLJ ϵϯ ŶŶĞdžϯ͗^ƚƵĚLJWĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐ ϭϬϬ ŶŶĞdžϰ͗DĞŵďĞƌŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůDŝƐƐŝůĞdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŽŶƚƌŽůZĞŐŝŵĞ ϭϬϭ ŶŶĞdžϱ͗/&ͬ/ͬ//^>ĚǀŝƐŽƌLJŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽŶ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶŝŶ^ƉĂĐĞĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ϭϬϮ ϴ ACHA Study1.indd 8 28/02/2012 14:02:06 IAF/ACHA STUDY OF THE IGY ĐƌŽŶLJŵƐĂŶĚďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐ AAF ƌŵLJŝƌ&ŽƌĐĞ;h^ďĞĨŽƌĞϭϵϰϳͿ ACHA ĚǀŝƐŽƌLJŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽŶ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ADE ƌŵĂŵĞŶƚĞƐŝŐŶƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ;h<Ϳ AFB ŝƌ&ŽƌĐĞĂƐĞ AVSA 'ƌŽƵƉǀŝŽŶŝĐƐĂŶĚ^ƵƉĞƌƐŽŶŝĐĞƌŽĚLJŶĂŵŝĐƐ'ƌŽƵƉ;:ĂƉĂŶͿ CA ĂůŝĨŽƌŶŝĂ;h^Ϳ CERN Conference européenne pour la recherche nucléaire CETS CŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĞƵƌŽƉĠĞŶŶĞƉŽƵƌůĞƐƚĞůĞͲĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƉĂƌƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƐ CFR ŽĚĞŽĨ&ĞĚĞƌĂůZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ;h^Ϳ CNES ĞŶƚƌĞEĂƟŽŶĂůĚ͛ƚƵĚĞƐ^ƉĂƟĂůĞƐ;&ƌĂŶĐĞͿ Comp. ŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶ COPERS ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƉƌĠƉĂƌĂƚŽŝƌĞĞƵƌŽƉĠĞŶŶĞĚĞƌĞĐŚĞƌĐŚĞƐƐƉĂƟĂůĞƐ COPUOS ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽŶƚŚĞWĞĂĐĞĨƵůhƐĞƐŽĨKƵƚĞƌ^ƉĂĐĞ;hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐͿ COSPAR ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽŶ^ƉĂĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ;/^hͿ CRC ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞŶƚƌĞ;ĂŶĂĚĂͿ CSAGI ŽŵŝƚĠ^ƉĞĐŝĂůĚĞů͛ŶŶĠĞ'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝƋƵĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĞ;/^hͿ CSIRO ŽŵŵŽŶǁĞĂůƚŚ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĚ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ;ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂͿ CTS ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ DC ŝƐƚƌŝĐƚŽĨŽůƵŵďŝĂ;h^Ϳ DRB ĞĨĞŶĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŽĂƌĚ;ĂŶĂĚĂͿ DREL ĞĨĞŶĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ;ĂŶĂĚĂͿ DRTE ĞĨĞŶĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚdĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ;ĂŶĂĚĂͿ DSN ĞĞƉ^ƉĂĐĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬ;E^Ϳ DSS ĞĞƉ^ƉĂĐĞEĞƚǁŽƌŬ^ƚĂƟŽŶ DSTO ĞĨĞŶĐĞ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ;ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂͿ EIC ĂƐƚ/ŶĚŝĂŽŵƉĂŶLJ ELDO ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ>ĂƵŶĐŚĞƌĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ERTS ĂƌƚŚZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ ESA ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ^ƉĂĐĞŐĞŶĐLJ ESRO ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶ^ƉĂĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ FR &ĞĚĞƌĂůZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ;h^Ϳ FRG &ĞĚĞƌĂůZĞƉƵďůŝĐŽĨ'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ GA 'ĞŶĞƌĂůƐƐĞŵďůLJ;hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐͿ ϵ ACHA Study1.indd 9 28/02/2012 14:02:06 ZKEzD^EZs/d/KE^ GEERS 'ƌŽƵƉĞĚ͛ƚƵĚĞƐƵƌŽƉĠĞŶƐƉŽƵƌůĂŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶĚĂŶƐůĞŽŵĂŝŶĞĚĞƐZĞĐŚĞƌĐŚĞƐ ^ƉĂƟĂůĞƐ GHz 'ŝŐĂŚĞƌƚnj;ŽŶĞďŝůůŝŽŶĐLJĐůĞƐƉĞƌƐĞĐŽŶĚͿ GMDDS 'ůŽďĂůDĂƌŝƟŵĞŝƐƚƌĞƐƐĂŶĚ^ĂĨĞƚLJ^LJƐƚĞŵ HAD ,ŝŐŚůƟƚƵĚĞĞŶƐŝƚLJ HARP ,ŝŐŚůƟƚƵĚĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚWƌŽũĞĐƚ HF ŚŝŐŚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ;ƌĂĚŝŽͿ IAA /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨƐƚƌŽŶĂƵƟĐƐ IAF /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƚƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů&ĞĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ IAGS /ŶƚĞƌͲŵĞƌŝĐĂŶ'ĞŽĚĞƟĐ^ƵƌǀĞLJ IAU /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐƚƌŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůhŶŝŽŶ ICBM /ŶƚĞƌĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůĂůůŝƐƟĐDŝƐƐŝůĞ ICSP /ŶƚĞƌŵŝŶŝƐƚĞƌŝĂůŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞWŽůŝĐLJ;ĞůŐŝƵŵͿ ICSU /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐhŶŝŽŶƐ /'Ͳϱϵ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶϭϵϱϵ IGU /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůhŶŝŽŶ IGY /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůzĞĂƌ IIS /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ;:ĂƉĂŶͿ IISL /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ^ƉĂĐĞ>Ăǁ IMCO /ŶƚĞƌŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚĂůDĂƌŝƟŵĞŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟǀĞKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ;ƌĞŶĂŵĞĚŝŶϭϵϴϮ/DKͿ IMO /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůDĂƌŝƟŵĞKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ IMS /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůDĂŐŶĞƚŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐ^ƚƵĚLJ IMSO /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůDŽďŝůĞ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ INCOSPAR /ŶĚŝĂŶEĂƟŽŶĂůŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĨŽƌ^ƉĂĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ Inmarsat /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůDĂƌŝƟŵĞ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ;ůĂƚĞƌƌĞŶĂŵĞĚ/D^KͿ Intelsat /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůdĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞKƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ /WzͲϭ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWŽůĂƌzĞĂƌϭ /WzͲϮ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWŽůĂƌzĞĂƌϮ /WzͲϯ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWŽůĂƌzĞĂƌϯ IQSY /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůzĞĂƌŽĨƚŚĞYƵŝĞƚ^ƵŶ;:ĂŶ͘ϭϵϲϰʹĞĐ͘ϭϵϲϱͿ IRBM /ŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞZĂŶŐĞĂůůŝƐƟĐDŝƐƐŝůĞ ISAS /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨ^ƉĂĐĞĂŶĚĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ;:ĂƉĂŶͿ ISIS /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƐĨŽƌ/ŽŶŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐ ISRO /ŶĚŝĂŶ^ƉĂĐĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚKƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ ITU /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůdĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶhŶŝŽŶ;'ĞŶĞǀĂͿ ϭϬ ACHA Study1.indd 10 28/02/2012 14:02:06 IAF/ACHA STUDY OF THE IGY IUB /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨŝŽĐŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ IUBS /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ IUGG /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨ'ĞŽĚĞƐLJĂŶĚ'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐƐ IUPAC /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨWƵƌĞĂŶĚƉƉůŝĞĚŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ IUPAP /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨWƵƌĞĂŶĚƉƉůŝĞĚWŚLJƐŝĐƐ IUPS /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨWŚLJƐŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ IUTAM /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůhŶŝŽŶŽĨdŚĞŽƌĞƟĐĂůĂŶĚƉƉůŝĞĚDĞĐŚĂŶŝĐƐ JAXA :ĂƉĂŶĞƌŽƐƉĂĐĞdžƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶŐĞŶĐLJ KGO <ŝƌƵŶĂ'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůKďƐĞƌǀĂƚŽƌLJ;^ǁĞĚĞŶͿ LAPAN EĂƟŽŶĂů/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐƐĂŶĚ^ƉĂĐĞ;/ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂͿ MD DĂƌLJůĂŶĚ;h^Ϳ MHz DĞŐĂŚĞƌƚnj;ŽŶĞŵŝůůŝŽŶĐLJĐůĞƐƉĞƌƐĞĐŽŶĚͿ MO DĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝĐĂůKĸĐĞ;h<Ϳ MoS DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJŽĨ^ƵƉƉůLJ;h<Ϳ MPE DĂdžWůĂŶĐŬ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌdžƚƌĂƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂůWŚLJƐŝĐƐ;&Z'Ϳ MPIPA DĂdžWůĂŶĐŬ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĨŽƌWŚLJƐŝĐƐĂŶĚƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐƐ;&Z'Ϳ MSFN DĂŶŶĞĚ^ƉĂĐĞ&ůŝŐŚƚEĞƚǁŽƌŬ;E^Ϳ NAS EĂƟŽŶĂůĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ;h^Ϳ NAE EĂƟŽŶĂůĐĂĚĞŵLJŽĨŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ;h^Ϳ NASA EĂƟŽŶĂůĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐƐĂŶĚ^ƉĂĐĞĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ;h^Ϳ NASDA EĂƟŽŶĂů^ƉĂĐĞĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŐĞŶĐLJ;:ĂƉĂŶͿ NCSP EĂƟŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞWŽůŝĐLJ;ĞůŐŝƵŵͿ NRL EĂǀĂůZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ;h^Ϳ NSC EĂƟŽŶĂů^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJŽƵŶĐŝů;E^Ϳ NSF EĂƟŽŶĂů^ĐŝĞŶĐĞ&ŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶ;h^Ϳ NSW EĞǁ^ŽƵƚŚtĂůĞƐ;ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂͿ PRC WĞŽƉůĞƐ͛ZĞƉƵďůŝĐŽĨŚŝŶĂ RAE ZŽLJĂůŝƌĐƌĂŌƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƵŶƟůϭϵϴϴ͕ƚŚĞŶZŽLJĂůĞƌŽŶĂƵƟĐĂůƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ;h<Ϳ RNII ZĞĂĐƟǀĞ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ;h^^ZͿ RPL ZĂĚŝŽWƌŽƉĂŐĂƟŽŶ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ;ĂŶĂĚĂͿ SAO ^ŵŝƚŚƐŽŶŝĂŶƐƚƌŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůKďƐĞƌǀĂƚŽƌLJ;h^Ϳ SARSAT ^ĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚZĞƐĐƵĞ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ SCAR ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞŽŶŶƚĂƌĐƟĐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ SCOR ^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĨŽƌKĐĞĂŶŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ϭϭ ACHA Study1.indd 11 28/02/2012 14:02:06 ZKEzD^EZs/d/KE^ SOLAS ^ĂĨĞƚLJŽĨ>ŝĨĞĂƚ^ĞĂŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶ SPO ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞWŽůŝĐLJKĸĐĞ;ĞůŐŝƵŵͿ SPOT ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞWŽƵƌů͛KďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĚĞůĂdĞƌƌĞ;&ƌĂŶĐĞͿ STADAN ^ƉĂĐĞĐƌĂŌdƌĂĐŬŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƚĂĐƋƵŝƐŝƟŽŶEĞƚǁŽƌŬ;E^Ϳ TERLS dŚƵŵďĂƋƵĂƚŽƌŝĂůZŽĐŬĞƚ>ĂƵŶĐŚŝŶŐ^ƚĂƟŽŶ;/ŶĚŝĂͿ TTC&M dƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ͕dĞůĞŵĞƚƌLJ͕ŽŶƚƌŽůĂŶĚDŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐ;ĨŽƌƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƵƉƉŽƌƚͿ UCL hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽůůĞŐĞ>ŽŶĚŽŶ;h<Ϳ UK hŶŝƚĞĚ<ŝŶŐĚŽŵŽĨ'ƌĞĂƚƌŝƚĂŝŶĂŶĚEŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ/ƌĞůĂŶĚ UN hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ UNESCO hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚ^ŽĐŝĂůŽƵŶĐŝů UNGA hŶŝƚĞĚEĂƟŽŶƐ'ĞŶĞƌĂůƐƐĞŵďůLJ UP ƵŶƌŽƚĂƚĞĚƉƌŽũĞĐƟůĞ;ƐŵĂůůƐŽůŝĚƌŽĐŬĞƚͿ URSI ů͛hŶŝŽŶZĂĚŝŽ^ĐŝĞŶƟĨƋƵĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĞ US or USA hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂ USAAF hŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐƌŵLJŝƌ&ŽƌĐĞ USSR hŶŝŽŶŽĨ^ŽǀŝĞƚ^ŽĐŝĂůŝƐƚZĞƉƵďůŝĐƐ VfR sĞƌĞŝŶĨƺƌZĂƵŵƐĐŚŝīĂŚƌƚ;'ĞƌŵĂŶLJͿ VLF ǀĞƌLJůŽǁĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ;ƌĂĚŝŽͿ WRE tĞĂƉŽŶƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ;ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂͿ WRESAT tĞĂƉŽŶƐZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚ^ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞ;ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂͿ ϭϮ ACHA Study1.indd 12 28/02/2012 14:02:06 IAF/ACHA STUDY OF THE IGY /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ dŚĞ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů 'ĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů zĞĂƌ ;/'zͿ ǁĂƐ Ă ŐůŽďĂů ĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽĨ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŐĞŽƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚĂŶĚŶĞĂƌͲĞĂƌƚŚƐƉĂĐĞ͘dŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐ ĚŝƐĐŝƉůŝŶĞƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŶŐ ĚĂƚĂ ŝŶ ǁŽƌůĚͲǁŝĚĞ ĐŽͲŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ :ƵůLJ ϭ͕ ϭϵϱϳ ƚŽĞĐĞŵďĞƌϯϭ͕ϭϵϱϴ͘ůŝŵŝƚĞĚŐƌŽƵƉŽĨĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĂŐƌĞĞĚƚŽĂŶĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞŽĨƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĚĂƚĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĞĐĞŵďĞƌϯϭ͕ϭϵϱϵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞdžƚĞŶƐŝŽŶǁĂƐŬŶŽǁŶƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJŝŶƚŚĞh^ĂƐƚŚĞ
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    Statement by Denmark on behalf of Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark 75th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations Debate in the General Assembly Agenda item 74: Report of the International Court of Justice Delivered by: Counsellor Rasmus Jensen, Denmark New York 2 November 2020 Check against delivery E-mail: [email protected] http://fnnewyork.um.dk 1 M(r/s) Chair, I have the honour to speak on behalf of Finland, , Iceland, Norway, Sweden - and my own country - Denmark. The Nordic countries would like to thank the President of the International Court of Justice for his report on the Court’s work over the past year (A/75/4) and for his presentation today. The big amount of cases indicate the trust and confidence States place in the Court by referring disputes to it for resolution. The Nordic countries would in particular like to note the case filed by The Gambia against Myanmar regarding application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, where the Court indicated provisional measures on January 23rd. In addition to being important for the gravity of the issues The Gambia’s application seeks to address, the case is also an opportunity for the Court to develop its jurisprudence regarding obligations erga omnes and erga omnes partes. All States parties share an interest in compliance with the obligations under the Genocide Convention by all States parties. We applaud the Court and its personnel for continuing to discharge its judicial functions as described by the President in his report, despite the difficult circumstances following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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  • Handbookhandbook Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) Handbook
    n International Telecommunication Union Mobile-satellite service (MSS) HandbookHandbook Mobile-satellite service (MSS) Handbook *00000* Edition 2002 Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2002 ISBN 92-61-09951-3 Radiocommunication Bureau Edition 2002 THE RADIOCOMMUNICATION SECTOR OF ITU The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Inquiries about radiocommunication matters Please contact: ITU Radiocommunication Bureau Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 5800 Fax: +41 22 730 5785 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.itu.int/itu-r Placing orders for ITU publications Please note that orders cannot be taken over the telephone. They should be sent by fax or e-mail. ITU Sales and Marketing Division Place des Nations CH -1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Telephone: +41 22 730 6141 English Telephone: +41 22 730 6142 French Telephone: +41 22 730 6143 Spanish Fax: +41 22 730 5194 Telex: 421 000 uit ch Telegram: ITU GENEVE E-mail: [email protected] The Electronic Bookshop of ITU: www.itu.int/publications ITU 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the prior written permission of ITU. International Telecommunication Union HandbookHandbook Mobile-satellite service (MSS) Radiocommunication Bureau Edition 2002 - iii - FOREWORD In today’s world, people have become increasingly mobile in both their work and play.
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  • Austrian Space Law Newsletter
    Austrian Space Law Newsletter Number 16 , June 2017 Editorial 2 Interview with Simonetta Di Pippo 3 The International Astronautical Congress (IAC) 6 Interview with Andreas Geisler 8 ”Big Data” at the Global Conference on Space and the Information Society (GLIS) 11 GLIS 11 Interview with David Kendall 13 NPOC Symposium ”Looking to the Future: Changing International Relations and Legal Issues Facing Space Activities” 17 Interview with Jean-Jacques Tortora 18 “Born to Explore”: the 29th Planetary Congress of the Association of Space Explorers 20 Interview with Franz Viehböck 23 Space Law at the Vienna Humanities Festival 26 “Born to Explore” 20 Women in Aerospace Europe: Vienna Local Group Launch Event 27 Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition 2016 28 25th ECSL Summer Course on Space Law and Policy 2016 29 NPOC Space Law Austria Subpoint Graz Outreach Activities 2016 30 Seminar on Space Law and Space Policy at the University of Graz 2016 30 Humanities Festival 26 Upcoming Events 31 EDITORIAL Irmgard Marboe The year 2017 marks the 50th Viehböck, the first and only Austrian astronaut, at the margins anniversary of the legal foun- of the 29th Planetary Congress of the Association of Space dation of international space Explorers which took place in Austria in autumn 2016, shares law, the Outer Space Treaty. experiences and perspectives 25 years after the Austromir Opened for signature on 27 mission with Cordula Steinkogler who did not only conduct January 1967, it entered into all the interviews but was also in the ÖWF (Österreichisches force on 10 October in the Weltraum Forum) organising team of the Planetary Congress.
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  • EMC18 Abstracts
    EUROPEAN MARS CONVENTION 2018 – 26-28 OCT. 2018, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND EMC18 Abstracts In alphabetical order Name title of presentation Page n° Théodore Besson: Scorpius Prototype 3 Tomaso Bontognali Morphological biosignatures on Mars: what to expect and how to prepare not to miss them 4 Pierre Brisson: Humans on Mars will have to live according to both Martian & Earth Time 5 Michel Cabane: Curiosity on Mars : What is new about organic molecules? 6 Antonio Del Mastro Industrie 4.0 technology for the building of a future Mars City: possibilities and limits of the application of a terrestrial technology for the human exploration of space 7 Angelo Genovese Advanced Electric Propulsion for Fast Manned Missions to Mars and Beyond 8 Olivia Haider: The AMADEE-18 Mars Simulation OMAN 9 Pierre-André Haldi: The Interplanetary Transport System of SpaceX revisited 10 Richard Heidman: Beyond human, technical and financial feasibility, “mass-production” constraints of a Colony project surge. 11 Jürgen Herholz: European Manned Space Projects 12 Jean-Luc Josset Search for life on Mars, the ExoMars rover mission and the CLUPI instrument 13 Philippe Lognonné and the InSight/SEIS Team: SEIS/INSIGHT: Towards the Seismic Discovering of Mars 14 Roland Loos: From the Earth’s stratosphere to flying on Mars 15 EUROPEAN MARS CONVENTION 2018 – 26-28 OCT. 2018, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, SWITZERLAND Gaetano Mileti Current research in Time & Frequency and next generation atomic clocks 16 Claude Nicollier Tethers and possible applications for artificial gravity
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  • SPACE RESEARCH in POLAND Report to COMMITTEE
    SPACE RESEARCH IN POLAND Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2020 Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) ISBN 978-83-89439-04-8 First edition © Copyright by Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Warsaw, 2020 Editor: Iwona Stanisławska, Aneta Popowska Report to COSPAR 2020 1 SATELLITE GEODESY Space Research in Poland 3 1. SATELLITE GEODESY Compiled by Mariusz Figurski, Grzegorz Nykiel, Paweł Wielgosz, and Anna Krypiak-Gregorczyk Introduction This part of the Polish National Report concerns research on Satellite Geodesy performed in Poland from 2018 to 2020. The activity of the Polish institutions in the field of satellite geodesy and navigation are focused on the several main fields: • global and regional GPS and SLR measurements in the frame of International GNSS Service (IGS), International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), European Reference Frame Permanent Network (EPN), • Polish geodetic permanent network – ASG-EUPOS, • modeling of ionosphere and troposphere, • practical utilization of satellite methods in local geodetic applications, • geodynamic study, • metrological control of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, • use of gravimetric satellite missions, • application of GNSS in overland, maritime and air navigation, • multi-GNSS application in geodetic studies. Report
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  • Amateur Radio Satellites 101 an Introduction to the AMSAT “Easy Sats”
    Amateur Radio Satellites 101 An introduction to the AMSAT “Easy Sats” Presented to the: Fayette County Amateur Radio Club Presented by: Joe Domaleski, KI4ASK AMSAT #41409 Date: November 21, 2019 Revision 2 [email protected] 1 The real title of this presentation How to have a QSO on a repeater that is 4 inches square, traveling 17,000 MPH 600 miles away, in outer space, with a handheld radio, running 5 watts. 2 Agenda • Why satellites? • Where are the satellites located? • What is a “hamsat”? • What are the Easy Sats? • What’s inside a hamsat? • An example pass of AO-91 • Emergency traffic via AO-92 • Basic equipment I use • An example pass of AO-92 • Here’s how to make your 1st QSO • Where the “cool kids” hang out • Some memorable QSO’s Stone Mountain Hamfest 2019 • Other satellite topics with Daryl Young, K4RGK President of NFARL & • Some general tips AMSAT Ambassador • Suggested resources 3 Why satellites? • Easy to get started • Only need a Technician license • Doesn’t require expensive gear • DX when HF conditions are poor • Science involved in tracking • Camaraderie of AMSAT community • Skill involved in making contact • Fun for kids of all ages • Adds another skill to your toolkit • Like “foxhunting” in the sky • The passes are short • The wonderment of it all • Because I couldn’t be an astronaut • It’s a lot of fun! Example QSO with K5DCC https://www.facebook.com/dennyj/videos/10157742522839570/ 4 Where are the satellites located? The Easy Sats are in LEO – 300-600 miles up Source: Steve Green (KS1G) & Paul Stoetzer (N8HM) 5 What
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  • Amateur Satellite Frequency Coordination Request1
    Amateur Satellite Frequency Coordination Request — Page 1 AMATEUR SATELLITE FREQUENCY COORDINATION REQUEST1 1. Amateur-satellite service. Amateur stations meet the requirements of the radio regulations2, RR 1.56. and 1.57. RR 1.56 amateur service: A radiocommunication service for the purpose of self- training, intercommunication and technical investigations carried out by amateurs, that is, by duly authorized [licensed] persons [individual natural people] interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim [for themselves] and without pecuniary interest [compensation]. (NOTE: Explanatory terms in brackets are not part of the treaty text.) RR 1.57 amateur-satellite service: A radiocommunication service using space stations on earth satellites for the same purposes as those of the amateur service. Before asking for help from IARU with frequency coordination in the amateur-satellite service, make sure that your proposed operation meets the treaty requirements. NOTE: “Without pecuniary interest” means that you may accept free will donations of goods and services, that is, with nothing required in return. You may not sell services or data to anyone for any reason. Ultimately, the decision of whether the proposed operation is appropriate for the amateur- satellite service rests with your country’s administration (your national telecommunication regulator). Therefore, before sending your frequency coordination request to IARU, we suggest that you consult with your administration to determine whether the amateur-satellite service or another radiocommunication service is appropriate for your operation. 2. Self coordination. For over 100 years, amateur radio operators have maintained an effective tradition of self-regulation. Amateurs are expected to coordinate their use of frequencies.
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  • UK Space Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 HC2258
    Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 HC 2258 Delivering an excellent space programme with the maximum economic, scientific and policy benefit for the UK UK Space Agency Annual Report and Accounts 2018-19 Presented to the House of Commons pursuant to section 7 of the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 4 July 2019. HC 2258 © Crown copyright 2019 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available on our website at: www.gov.uk/official-documents Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at [email protected] ISBN 978-1-5286-1332-3 CCS0519290152 07/19 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. Printed in the UK on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. UK SPACE AGENCY ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2018-19 CONTENTS PERFORMANCE REPORT Overview 6 Chief Executive’s statement 7 Highlights in 2018-19 8 About the UK Space Agency 11 What could stop us achieving our objectives? 12 Our finances 14 Our people 18 Performance Analysis 20 How we have performed 21 2018-19 performance in detail 27 Our plans for the future 37 ACCOUNTABILITY REPORT Audit Committee Chairman 39 Corporate Governance 40 Director’s Report 41 Statement of Accounting Officer’s responsibilities 45 Governance Statement 46 Remuneration and Staff Report 57 Parliamentary Accountability and Audit 69 The certificate and report of the Comptroller and Auditor General to the House of Commons 70 ACCOUNTS Financial Statements 76 Notes to the financial statements for the year ended 31 March 2019 80 Glossary 93 3 PERFORMANCE REPORT OVERVIEW 6 UK SPACE AGENCY ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS 2018-19 CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S STATEMENT Stevenage for an event that unveiled the winning name.
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  • Comparing the Financial Crises in Iceland and Ireland
    Financial crises in Iceland and Ireland: Does EU and Euro membership matter? This working paper by Prof Baldur Thorhallsson and Prof Peadar Kirby is being published by TASC in Dublin and by the Centre for Small State Studies at the University of Iceland in Reykjavik. Financial Crises in Iceland and Ireland | November 2011 Financial crises in Iceland and Ireland: Does EU and Euro membership matter? Baldur Thorhallsson and Peadar Kirby1 Introduction The collapse of the banking systems in Iceland and Ireland in 2008, the impacts on economy and society of this collapse, and the measures taken by the political authorities in each country to deal with the crises, have all been the subject of extensive commentary (see for example, Krugman (2009, 2010) and O’Brien (2011c)). Yet little attention has been devoted to the role that membership of the European Union (EU) and of the Euro played in the case of Ireland, contrasted with Iceland which is a member of neither. This is the purpose of this report. It begins by situating the study in the political science literature on small states, framing it as testing the claim in this literature that small states prosper better by being members of multilateral organizations that provide them with a shelter, particularly valuable at a time of economic and political crisis. The report then examines the Irish and Icelandic cases under three headings – their respective economic booms before the crises, the trajectory of the crisis in each country, and the role of EU membership and of the Euro in the Irish case compared with its absence in the case of Iceland.
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  • Institutional Patterns in the Austrian Space Sector Wong, Annie; Van Burg, Elco; Giannopapa, Christina
    VU Research Portal Institutional patterns in the Austrian space sector Wong, Annie; van Burg, Elco; Giannopapa, Christina published in Acta astronautica 2018 DOI (link to publisher) 10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.030 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record document license Article 25fa Dutch Copyright Act Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Wong, A., van Burg, E., & Giannopapa, C. (2018). Institutional patterns in the Austrian space sector. Acta astronautica, 142, 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.030 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Acta Astronautica 142 (2018) 201–211 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Astronautica journal
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  • Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition
    Tf Freewheel simply a tour « // o é Z oon" ‘ , c AUS Figas - 3 8 tion = ~ Conds : 8O man | S. | —§R Transhu : QO the Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition Science Slightly Over the Edge ED REGIS A VV Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. - Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario Wokingham, England Amsterdam Bonn Sydney Singapore Tokyo Madrid San Juan Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei Acknowledgmentof permissions granted to reprint previously published material appears on page 301. Manyofthe designations used by manufacturers andsellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial capital letters (e.g., Silly Putty). .Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regis, Edward, 1944— Great mambo chicken and the transhuman condition : science slightly over the edge / Ed Regis. p- cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-201-09258-1 ISBN 0-201-56751-2 (pbk.) 1. Science—Miscellanea. 2. Engineering—Miscellanea. 3. Forecasting—Miscellanea. I. Title. Q173.R44 1990 500—dc20 90-382 CIP Copyright © 1990 by Ed Regis All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Text design by Joyce C. Weston Set in 11-point Galliard by DEKR Corporation, Woburn, MA - 12345678 9-MW-9594939291 Second printing, October 1990 First paperback printing, August 1991 For William Patrick Contents The Mania..
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  • Annual Report 2015
    UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS 2015 Annual Report UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS Annual Report 2015 Foreword . iii Introduction . 1 I .Highlights . 6 II . Space and development . 14 III . Partnerships and cooperation . 24 IV . Awareness-raising and capacity-building . 30 Administrative information . 36 Abbreviations . 40 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2016 © United Nations, May 2016. All rights reserved, worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Photographs ©: DigitalGlobe, ESA, NASA, UNOOSA, UN Photo. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword Space unifies, and a united international commu- nity will be essential if those targets are to be achieved. Lastly, Space provides us with unique tools, new cutting-edge technology and innovative solutions. All of this puts the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), with its unique mandate, at the centre of our joint problem-solving efforts, and 2015 can be seen as the first step in this direction. With the adoption of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, UNISPACE+50 The year 2015 was an eventful and crucial year for in Vienna in 2018, the spotlight is on UNOOSA the United Nations.
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