DOCSLIB.ORG

ANDILE XABA MASTER of ARTS in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ANDILE XABA MASTER of ARTS in The Temporality and the past: Recollections of apartheid in selected South African novels in English by ANDILE XABA submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject THEORY OF LITERATURE at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: Prof AW OLIPHANT NOVEMBER 2014 1 “The truth is that memory does not consist in a regression from the present to the past, but, on the contrary, in a progress from the past to the present. It is in the past that we place ourselves at a stroke. We start from a ‘virtual state’ which we lead onwards, step by step, through a series of different planes of consciousness, up to the goal where it is materialized in an actual perception: that is to say, up to the point where it becomes a present active state ...” Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory (1950:319) 2 Student number: 31740936 I declare that Temporality and the past: recollections of apartheid in selected South African novels in English is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted have been acknowledged by means of complete references. .................................................................. ............................................ SIGNATURE DATE Mr. Andile Xaba 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Andries Walter Oliphant, for his expert guidance, judicious insight and support in all areas related to this study. I am also thankful to the Department of Afrikaans and Theory of Literature for providing a platform for my growth. I have also received generous support from the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, the National Research Foundation as well as the National Arts Council. The sustained support of Graeme Wilkinson, as well as all my family and friends has been empowering. I also acknowledge the contribution of the editor, Ester van der Schyff. 4 SUMMARY The study provides a theoretical account for the representation of apartheid in South African fiction. Narrative strategies employed in the post-apartheid novels The innocence of roast chicken (Richards, 1996), The smell of apples (Behr, 1996), All we have left unsaid (Case, 2006) and Thirteen cents (Duiker, 2011) reveal that depictions of the past contribute to narrative structure and the production of meaning. Genettean temporal relations, namely narrative order, duration and frequency are a systematic method to analyse the selected novels, since it enables a contrast between the narrative past as the histoire, and the narrative present as the récit. Retrospective events are constructed as memories, thereby are complemented by Bergson’s psychological and philosophical theory in the analysis and interpretation of the dualistic interaction between the apartheid and post-apartheid temporal centres adopted within the novels. The representation of apartheid may be seen as sub- themes and time as configurations of temporal zones. Title of dissertation: TEMPORALITY AND THE PAST: RECOLLECTIONS OF APARTHEID IN SELECTED SOUTH AFRICAN NOVELS IN ENGLISH Key terms Gerard Genette, structuralism, narratology, South African fiction, Jo-Anne Richards, Marc Behr, Maxine Case, K. Sello Duiker, Henri Bergson, temporal relations, memory, recollections of apartheid in fiction, apartheid and gender, apartheid and guilt, apartheid and secrets 5 CONTENTS ........................................................................... PAGE NUMBER CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1 INTRODUCTION, OVERVIEW AND SCOPE ...................................................................... 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 TITLE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.3 AIM OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.5 RESEARCH PROBLEM ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1 Research Question 1 ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.5.2 Research Question 2 ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.5.3 Research Question 3 ....................................................................................................................... 13 1.6 THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES ............................................................................................................. 14 1.6.1 Hypothesis 1 ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.6.2 Hypothesis 2 ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.6.3 Hypothesis 3 ................................................................................................................................... 14 1.7 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.8 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 20 1.9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 24 1.10 SCOPE OF RESEARCH ......................................................................................................................... 26 1.11 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 35 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 35 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 35 2.2 GENETTE’S TEMPORAL RELATIONS .................................................................................................... 36 2.2.1 Order ............................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Duration .......................................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.3 Frequency ....................................................................................................................................... 44 2.3 HENRI BERGSON: MEMORY AS A CONSTRUCT .................................................................................. 50 6 2.4 NARRATOLOGY AS A FIELD OF STUDY ............................................................................................... 53 2.4.1 Parallels in Genette, Todorov and Barthes’s structuralism ............................................................ 57 2.4.2 Genette exceeds structuralism ....................................................................................................... 60 2.4.3 Genettean mood as a device to structure temporal relations ....................................................... 64 2.4.4 Genettean temporality as an aspect of voluntary and involuntary memory ................................. 70 2.5 APARTHEID AND POST-APARTHEID SOCIO-POLITICAL DIFFERENCES ................................................ 73 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 78 3 TEMPORALITY IN THE INNOCENCE OF ROAST CHICKEN AND THE SMELL OF APPLES ....................................................................................................................................... 78 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 78 3.2 JO-ANNE RICHARDS’S THE INNOCENCE OF ROAST CHICKEN .............................................................. 78 3.2.1 Synopsis of the story ....................................................................................................................... 78 3.2.2 Synopsis of the structure ................................................................................................................ 79 3.2.3 Apartheid as a theme and its sub-themes ...................................................................................... 85 3.2.4 Apartheid, self-blame and guilt ...................................................................................................... 87 3.2.5 Apartheid and gender relations ...................................................................................................... 90 3.2.6 A global network of temporal relations .......................................................................................... 97 3.2.7 Expansion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • South African Literature's Russian Soul
    South African Literature’s Russian Soul Narrative Forms of Global Isolation Jeanne-Marie Jackson Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 9781472592996_txt_rev.indd 3 01/07/15 12:01 PM 1 Russia in the South African Imaginary In South Africa, as in Russia, life may be wretched; but how the brave spirit leaps to respond! —J.M. Coetzee, Diary of a Bad Year (2007) In 1825, the Russian Tsar Nicholas I suppressed an uprising of 3,000 army ofcers against his assumption of the throne, following its surprising renunciation by his brother Constantine. Te members of the group in which the revolt was seeded, called simply the “Decembrists” in what is considered a defning event of the Russian intelligentsia’s formation, divided their aims across two main factions: the moderate Northerners sought a constitutional monarchy and the serfs’ liberation, while a more radical Southern contingent sought the end of the monarchy and mass redistribution of land.1 Tsar Nicholas’s response was more direct. Beset by logistical mishaps over a day-long stand- of, the Decembrists eventually faced open fre by around 9,000 tsarist troops. Many of the rebels were shot and then dumped in Saint Petersburg’s icy Neva River, and those who survived were executed, lashed, or exiled to Siberia.2 It is a story of tragic proportions, chronicled most famously in the poetry of Alexander Pushkin, the so-called Father of Russian Literature. In the background of this lofy act of rebellion, though, is a macabre fecklessness that infects Russia’s legacy no less than its nobler aspects do.
    [Show full text]
  • GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING in a LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA in SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO Submitted in Accordance Wi
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Unisa Institutional Repository GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING IN A LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA IN SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION At the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof G Ferreira Co-supervisor: Dr M Reddy v KEYWORDS The keywords of this study as defined in section 1.8 of Chapter 1 of this study are as follows; Budget, Gender Responsive Budgeting, Gender Equality, Gender Mainstreaming, Municipality, Metropolitan Municipality, Integrated Development Plan, Government, Service Delivery vi ABSTRACT South Africa started the Women’s Budget Initiative in 1995 as part of its commitment to meeting its gender equality objectives and gender mainstreaming. However, in later years, research has found that government Gender Responsive Budgeting or GRB initiatives in South Africa are either dormant or dead. There is a range of reasons for this and some of them are not directly related to gender budgets or even gender. Research has shown that perhaps the greatest weakness is the lack of advocacy. From the review of existing literature, it is clear that there is a need for strong alliances between key stakeholders, which are Parliament, non-governmental organisations, academics, United Nations and the media to sustain the momentum of the gender budget process. Capacity building and training are also important for budget officers, civil society, national and local parliamentarians, given the low level of skilled financial personnel in municipalities. The availability of adequate sex-disaggregated data is an important success factor for municipalities so that they can deliver services equitably to their communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Unavowable Communities: Mapping Representational Excess in South African Literary
    Unavowable Communities: Mapping Representational Excess in South African Literary Culture, 2001–2011 Wamuwi Mbao Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English at the University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Signature:……………………………………. Date:………………………. Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis takes as its subject matter a small field of activity in South African fiction in English, a field which I provisionally title the post-transitional moment. It brings together several works of literature that were published between 2004 and 2011. In so doing, it recognises that there can be no delineation of the field except in the most tenuous of senses: as Michael Chapman asserts, such “phases of chronology are ordering conveniences rather than neatly separable entities” (South African Literature 2). In attempting to take a reading of this field, I draw on discussions of the innumerable post-transitional flows and trajectories of meaning advanced by critical scholars such as Ashraf Jamal, Sarah Nuttall, Louise Bethlehem and others. In this thesis, I trace the “enigmatic and acategorical” (Jamal, “Bullet Through the Church” 11) dimension of this field through several works by South African authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Community-Integrated GIS for Land Reform in South Africa
    Community-integrated GIS for Land Reform in South Africa Daniel Weiner and Trevor M. Harris Abstract: This article examines the role that GIS plays in how people view, exploit, and manage their physical resource base. The research contributes to the growing Participatory GIS literature and offers insight gained from the implementation of a Community-integrated GIS in South Africa. The Central Lowveld CiGIS explored landscape politics and struggles through the inclusion of socially differentiated community spatial stories and cognitive maps in a GIS to produce representations of local and regional political ecologies. Non-hegemonic ways of knowing and exploiting nature and environment were incorporated into the multimedia GIS. The paper provides conceptual and methodological guidance for integrating local community knowledge with geo-spatial technologies. The connection, however, to local policy making proved difficult to sustain because of dramatic policy and personnel changes within national and regional implementation agencies in the transition to post-apartheid government. Introduction conventional planning projects that peripherally involve targeted Almost a decade after the first democratic government was elected beneficiaries. This is the case in contemporary South Africa, where in South Africa, the euphoria of transformation and reconcilia- a neo-liberal macroeconomic framework, combined with a long tion has begun to recede. While there have been improvements in history of top-down and highly bureaucratic decision making, basic service provision for some South Africans since the transfer has created a planning environment that remains situated within of power in June 1994, the redistribution of economic and en- a modernization framework. vironmental resources has been slow and uneven (Khosa 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING in a LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA in SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO Submitted in Accordance Wi
    GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING IN A LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA IN SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION At the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof G Ferreira Co-supervisor: Dr M Reddy v KEYWORDS The keywords of this study as defined in section 1.8 of Chapter 1 of this study are as follows; Budget, Gender Responsive Budgeting, Gender Equality, Gender Mainstreaming, Municipality, Metropolitan Municipality, Integrated Development Plan, Government, Service Delivery vi ABSTRACT South Africa started the Women’s Budget Initiative in 1995 as part of its commitment to meeting its gender equality objectives and gender mainstreaming. However, in later years, research has found that government Gender Responsive Budgeting or GRB initiatives in South Africa are either dormant or dead. There is a range of reasons for this and some of them are not directly related to gender budgets or even gender. Research has shown that perhaps the greatest weakness is the lack of advocacy. From the review of existing literature, it is clear that there is a need for strong alliances between key stakeholders, which are Parliament, non-governmental organisations, academics, United Nations and the media to sustain the momentum of the gender budget process. Capacity building and training are also important for budget officers, civil society, national and local parliamentarians, given the low level of skilled financial personnel in municipalities. The availability of adequate sex-disaggregated data is an important success factor for municipalities so that they can deliver services equitably to their communities. This research is exploratory in nature and focuses on assessing GRB in one of South Africa’s largest urban municipalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Soft Power : Philosophies, Political Values, Foreign Policies and Cultural Exports / Oluwaseun Tella
    “This seven-chapter book is a powerful testimonial to consummate African scholarship. Its analysis is rigorous, insightful, lucid and authoritative, providing fresh perspectives on selected uniquely African philosophies, and the potential­ ities, deployment and limitations of soft power in Africa’s international relations. The author rigorously Africanises the concept, broadening its analytic scope from its biased Western methodology, thus brilliantly fulfilling that great African pro­ verb made famous by the inimitable Chinua Achebe: ‘that until the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter’. This is truly an intellectual tour de force.” W. Alade Fawole, Professor of International Relations, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. “This book addresses an important tool in the arsenal of foreign policy from an African perspective. African states have significant soft power capacities, although soft power is not always appreciated as a lever of influence, or fully integrated into countries’ foreign policy strategies. Tella takes Nye’s original concept and Africanises it, discussing Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa via their respective philosophies of Pharaonism, Harambee, Omolúwàbí and Ubuntu. This study is a critical contribution to the literature on African foreign policies and how to use soft power to greater effect in building African agency on the global stage.” Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, Chief Executive, South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, South Africa. “Soft power is seldom associated with African states, given decades bedevilled by coup d’états, brazen dictatorships and misrule. This ground-breaking book is certainly a tour de force in conceptualising soft power in the African context.
    [Show full text]
  • Mellon Mays Fellowship
    Washington University in St. Louis Mellon Mays Fellowship SPRING 2012 SPRING 2009 INSIDE THIS ISSUE: “Oh the Places You Will Go” Introduction 2 La Bibliotecca 6 “I’m filming a documentary Black female hip-hop bic language programs in in Dubai next winter, and I artists. He invited me the Middle East. My Legacy: 7 contact with Professor Librarian think that you should to join him next winter come.” In my first se- Willis and with Jamie Mark Behr 8 mester as a Mellon Fel- have shown me that low, I have constantly there are people in Alumni 9 Spotlight heard the word Mellon who have my best interest in mind, Chicago 10 “community” used to Conference describe the program. and who are willing to Dean Hill 11 People talk about how tell me about various the Mellon Foundation opportunities. Jamie and Professor Willis will stay with me after 2011-2012 Cohort graduation and that the had no obligation to networks I have now will contact me or give me S P E C I A L be important in the future. to help shoot the re- advice, yet they chose to P O I N T S O F Two events this semester mainder of the film, seek me out. Why? INTEREST: have helped me to under- and we have been in Because of the values Tribute to stand that those people contact ever since. I that the Mellon founda- Dean Mcleod have not lied to me, and have also been in tion instills in us. Since I Meet the that the Mellon program is contact with a Wash have been treated in fellows Alumni Spot- serious about community.
    [Show full text]
  • Adopting HIV/AIDS Policy in Russia and South Africa, 1999-2008
    Syracuse University SURFACE Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Political Science - Dissertations Affairs 2011 Treatment as a Common Good: Adopting HIV/AIDS Policy in Russia and South Africa, 1999-2008 Vladislav Kravtsov Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/psc_etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Kravtsov, Vladislav, "Treatment as a Common Good: Adopting HIV/AIDS Policy in Russia and South Africa, 1999-2008" (2011). Political Science - Dissertations. 97. https://surface.syr.edu/psc_etd/97 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT The goal of this dissertation is to increase our understanding of domestic policy responses to initiatives and expertise as provided by international health organizations. Although following international recommendations often improves domestic public health, in certain circumstances resistance to adopting them persists. My core theoretical argument suggests that a strong societal agreement about what constitutes the ―common good‖ served by state (e.g., ―social purpose‖) informs how domestic policy-makers evaluate the benefits of adopting international recommendations. This agreement also affects how governments frame the provision of treatment, decide which subpopulations should benefit from the consumption of public good, and choose their partners in policy implementation. To demonstrate the impact of social purpose I examine how, why and with what consequences Russia and South Africa adopted the external best case practices, guidelines, and recommendations in regard to the HIV/AIDS treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Protests and Gendered Identities
    Perspectives Violent protests and gendered identities Yandisa Sikweyiya1 Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Sebenzile Nkosi Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria ABSTRACT In post-apartheid South Africa there has been a proliferation of public protests occurring in various contexts. While public protests are common globally, in South Africa they appear to be uniquely characterised by extreme forms of violence. The current analysis of public protests suggests that the root causes of public protests are socio-economic and political. However, the role of gendered identities is missing in analyses of violence in public protests. In this perspective, we argue that violent public protests in post-apartheid South Africa are linked to gendered identities in their intersection with race, socio-economic status and social class. First, we contend that public protest violence is due to the gendered division of public and private spaces. In line with this, we claim that, public protests as public phenomena become masculinised such that women are represented as virtually absent or with insignificant contribution to public protests while men tend to be more visible, take the lead, and draw from hypermasculine practices in their approach. Second, we argue that public protests become violent due to the ongoing marginalisation of unemployed and working-class men, which tend to be race based in South Africa. Last, we argue that violence in public protests is due to protection of privilege status by hegemonic groups which invokes radical attempts for inclusion by protesters.
    [Show full text]
  • Families and Households in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Socio-Demographic Perspectives
    Families and households in post-apartheid South Africa: Socio-demographic perspectives Edited by Acheampong Yaw Amoateng & Tim B Heaton www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free HSRC SD_title.indd 1 6/6/07 10:15:04 AM www.hsrcpress.ac.za from Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za download First published 2007 Free ISBN 978-0-7969-2190-1 © 2007 Human Sciences Research Council Copy-edited by Vaun Cornell Typeset by Robin Taylor Cover design by comPress Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospangroup.com/bookstore Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Tables and figures iv Preface vii Acronyms and abbreviations ix Chapter 1 Social and economic context of families and households in South Africa 1 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng & Linda M Richter Chapter 2 Towards a conceptual framework for families and households 27 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng Chapter 3 Living arrangements in South Africa 43 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng, Tim B Heaton & Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti Chapter 4 The economic well-being of the family: Households’ access to resources in South Africa, 1995–2003 61 Daniela Casale & Chris Desmond Chapter 5 www.hsrcpress.ac.za Family formation and dissolution
    [Show full text]
  • Writing the Child in South African Literature Xiaoran Hu
    Undoing Apartheid, Becoming Children: Writing the Child in South African Literature Xiaoran Hu Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen Mary University of London Department of English September 2017 1 Statement of Originality I, Xiaoran Hu, confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Xiaoran Hu Date: 13/09/2017 2 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER 1 ENTANGLED TEMPORALITY, THE CHILD, AND THE BLACK SUBJECT: DRUM WRITERS REVISITED 28 CHAPTER 2 NADINE GORDIMER: CHILDHOOD AS METAMORPHOSIS 63 CHAPTER 3 IRONIC VOICES, AMBIGUOUS HISTORIES: WRITING THE CHILD THROUGH TRANSITION 101 CHAPTER 4 J. M.
    [Show full text]
  • Segvegutio N, Desegregation and De-Rucidzisu Tio N
    spotlight the way these themes impact on an important aspect of city CHAPTER SIX life - the classic 'brown' environmental issues - in a politically democratic but unequal social context. This book sheds light on the changing social structure of Durban in Segvegutio n, Desegregation and particular, but its inadequacies in this regard are fairly manifest. Further research is badly needed on many other milieux in South African society. De-RucidZisu tion As this volume can demonstrate, for instance, the remarkable terrain of Cato Manor gets a lot of deserved attention (see also Maylam and Edwards Racial Politics and the City of Durban1 1996). This erstwhile farm was divided into Indian smallholdings and became the site of a massive African shackland in the 1940s. It was the scene of the worst incidences ofviolence in the so-called race riots between BRIJ MAHARAJ Africans and Indians in 1949, in fact it was largely a struggle by Africans, perhaps under the sway of enterprising individuals, to drive Indians out of this quite central area. Then Cato Manor residents were resettled in Indian and African Group Areas apart from small remnant populations. The strategic central state idea to turn this area into a white residential core proved totally impractical. Eventually, the large district was conceded is chapter examines the origins, implementation and the demise to the Indian administration but, in good part due to the machinations Tof racial segregation in Durban through an abstraction of specific of speculators, it only began to be demarcated for a new lndian settlement moments in the history of the city.
    [Show full text]