DOCSLIB.ORG

Layout for Pdf.Cdr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Layout for Pdf.Cdr Statistics South Africa Private Bag X44 Pretoria 0001 South Africa 170 Andries Street Pretoria 0002 User information service: (012) 310-8600 Fax: (012) 310-8500 Publications: (012) 310-8251 Fax: (012) 310-8619 Main switchboard: (012) 310-8911 Fax: (012) 322-3374 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.statssa.gov.za Pali Lehohla Statistician-General Statistics South Africa 2002 Published by Statistics South Africa, Private Bag X44, Pretoria 0001 © Statistics South Africa, 2002 Users may apply or process this data, provided Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) is acknowledged as the original source of the data; that it is specified that the application an/or analysis is the result of the user's independent processing of the data; and that neither the basic data nor any reprocessed version or application thereof may be sold or offered for sale in any form whatsoever without prior permission from Stats SA. Author: Joyce Lestrade-Jefferis Stats SA Library Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) Data The South African labour market: Selected time-based social and international comparisons/ Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, 2002 221 p. 1. Labour market – South Africa 2. Labour supply – Statistics I. Statistics South Africa II. Joyce Lestrade-Jefferis (LCSH 16) A complete set of Stats SA publications is available at Stats SA Library and the following libraries: National Library of South Africa, Pretoria Division National Library of South Africa, Cape Town Division Library of Parliament, Cape Town Bloemfontein Public Library Natal Society Library, Pietermaritzburg Johannesburg Public Library Eastern Cape Library Services, King William's Town Central Regional Library, Polokwane Central Reference Library, Nelspruit Central Reference Collection, Kimberley Central Reference Library, Mmabatho Obtainable from: Publications, Statistics South Africa Tel: (012) 310 8251 Fax: (012) 322 3374 (012) 310 8619 E-mail: [email protected] Executive summary 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Background 7 Objectives of the report 7 Data sources 7 Data quality issues 7 Technical notes 8 Layout of the remainder of the report 9 Definitions 11 Chapter 2: Demographic characteristics Introduction 13 Demographic features of various regions in the world 13 The age distribution of the labour market in South Africa 15 Age and sex differences in the labour market 18 Summary 20 Chapter 3: Education and the labour market Introduction 21 Education profile of main labour market categories 21 Education profile of people in the labour force 24 Education and unemployment 24 Summary 30 Chapter 4: Summary labour market measures Introduction 31 Unemployment rates 32 Labour force activity/participation rates 42 International comparisons of labour force activity rates 44 Labour absorption 47 Summary 51 Chapter 5: People who are without employment Introduction 53 Definition of people who are without employment 53 Reasons for not being employed 55 Inactivity rates 60 Duration of unemployment 65 Previous work 70 Summary 72 Chapter 6: Industry and occupation of employed people Introduction 73 Overall trends in employment 73 Industrial sector of employed people 74 Distribution of employment by occupation 80 Occupation and industry 86 Summary 87 Chapter 7: Part-time and casual versus full-time work Introduction 89 Full-time, part-time and hours actually worked 91 Age profile of full-time and part-time workers 93 Full-time and part-time work by population group and province 94 Full-time and part-time employment by industry and occupation 96 International comparisons 98 Summary 103 Chapter 8: Informal sector Introduction 105 Definition of the informal sector 105 Socio-economic characteristics 106 International comparisons 114 Summary 117 Chapter 9: Youth in the labour market Introduction 119 Unemployment rates among youth 120 International comparisons 124 Labour force activity/participation rates 132 Industry and occupation of employed youth 133 Reasons for no employment among youth 135 Previous work experience among youth 136 Summary 138 Chapter 10: Disability and labour market status Introduction 139 The disabled working-age population 139 Official unemployment rates among the disabled 140 Employment by industry and occupation 141 Full-time and part-time work among the disabled 143 Summary 144 Chapter 11: Poverty and labour market status Introduction 145 Hourly wages of employees 145 Monthly income bands 152 Means of financial support among those without employment 155 International comparisons 156 Summary 158 Chapter 12: Conclusion Introduction 159 Demographic features 162 Education 164 Economic growth and the labour market 168 Labour absorption 174 Labour force participation/activity rate 176 Long-term unemployment 178 Reason for being out of the labour force 180 Sectoral shifts in employment 180 Self-employment and the informal sector 182 Unpaid family workers 185 Occupations 185 Part-time employment 186 Youth in the labour market 192 Poverty and labour market status 195 Education and poverty 196 Summary 198 Selected references 199 Appendix 1: Statistical tables 201 Table 2.1: The total population, working-age population and labour force in various regions of the world 13 Table 3.1: Distribution of working-age people in main labour market categories by highest level of education, 1995 compared with 1999 22 Table 3.2: Level of educational attainment of people in the labour force by population group, 1995 compared with 1999 24 Table 3.3: Official unemployment rate by population group and highest level of education, 1995 compared with 1999 27 Table 4.1: Major labour market categories and rates, 1995 compared with 1999 32 Table 4.2: Unemployment rate by province (official and expanded definitions), 1995 compared with 1999 35 Table 4.3: Comparison of unemployment rates in selected countries (restricted and expanded definitions), 1990 36 Table 5.1: Distribution of people without employment, 1995 compared with 1999 54 Table 5.2: Main reason for not being employed, 1999 55 Table 5.3: People with no employment and no work experience, 1999 70 Table 6.1: Total employment by sex, 1995 compared with 1999 73 Table 6.2: Employment by industry and sex, 1995 compared with 1999 74 Table 6.3: Distribution of occupations among employed people, 1995 compared with 1999 80 Table 7.1: Full-time and part-time employment, 1995 compared with 1999 91 Table 8.1: Operational criteria commonly used in defining the informal sector 105 Table 8.2: Employment in the informal sector, 1995 compared with 1999 106 Table 8.3: Employment in the informal and formal sectors of the economy, 1999 107 Table 8.4: Percentage of people employed in the informal sector in selected countries 114 Table 9.1: Official unemployment rate by age and level of education, 1995 compared with 1999 120 Table 9.2: Unemployment rate among urban and rural youth in selected developing countries, 1991/92 131 Table 9.3: Percentage of those with no employment that had never worked, 1999 137 Table 10.1: Distribution of disabled people by labour market category, 1995 compared with 1999 139 Table 11.1: Means of financial support, 1999 155 Table 12.1: Annual growth rate of GDP per capita, 1990-1999 169 Table 12.2: Trend in self-employment in South Africa, 1995 compared with 1999 184 Table 12.3: Income poverty by region – proportion of the population living on less than one US dollar per day 196 Box 7.1: A profile of casual and part-time workers in 1999 90 Chapter 2: Demographic characteristics Figure 2.1: Percentage of the population that are young and old in selected regions of the world, 1999 14 Figure 2.2: Age distribution of the working-age population, 1999 15 Figure 2.3: Age distribution of the working-age population by population group, 1999 16 Figure 2.4: Age distribution of the working-age population by province, 1999 17 Figure 2.5: Percentage of the working-age population in main labour market categories, 1999 18 Figure 2.6: Age/sex differences in the labour market, 1999 19 Figure 2.7: Sex ratios in the labour market, 1995 compared with 1999 20 Chapter 3: Education and the labour market Figure 3.1: Distribution of working-age people in main labour market categories by highest level of education, 1995 compared with 1999 23 Figure 3.2: Distribution of unemployed people by highest level of education attained, in selected countries 25 Figure 3.3: Official unemployment rate by highest education level and sex, 1995 compared with 1999 26 Figure 3.4: Official unemployment rate by age and education, 1995 compared with 1999 28 Figure 3.5: Unemployment rate by education in selected countries 29 Chapter 4: Summary labour market measures Figure 4.1: Unemployment rate (official definition) by population group and sex, 1995 compared with 1999 33 Figure 4.2: Unemployment rate (expanded definition) by population group and sex, 1995 compared with 1999 34 Figure 4.3: Official and expanded unemployment rate by province, 1999 35 Figure 4.4: Trend in unemployment rate in selected countries, 1995 compared with 1999 38 Figure 4.5: Unemployment rate by sex in selected countries 40 Figure 4.6: Urban and rural unemployment rate in selected countries, 1989/90 41 Figure 4.7: Labour force participation rate (official definition) by population group and sex, 1995 compared with 1999 42 Figure 4.8: Labour force participation rate (official definition) by province, 1995 compared with 1999 43 Figure 4.9: Labour force participation rate in selected countries 45 Figure 4.10: Labour force participation rate by age in selected countries 1998/99 46 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING in a LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA in SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO Submitted in Accordance Wi
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Unisa Institutional Repository GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING IN A LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA IN SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION At the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof G Ferreira Co-supervisor: Dr M Reddy v KEYWORDS The keywords of this study as defined in section 1.8 of Chapter 1 of this study are as follows; Budget, Gender Responsive Budgeting, Gender Equality, Gender Mainstreaming, Municipality, Metropolitan Municipality, Integrated Development Plan, Government, Service Delivery vi ABSTRACT South Africa started the Women’s Budget Initiative in 1995 as part of its commitment to meeting its gender equality objectives and gender mainstreaming. However, in later years, research has found that government Gender Responsive Budgeting or GRB initiatives in South Africa are either dormant or dead. There is a range of reasons for this and some of them are not directly related to gender budgets or even gender. Research has shown that perhaps the greatest weakness is the lack of advocacy. From the review of existing literature, it is clear that there is a need for strong alliances between key stakeholders, which are Parliament, non-governmental organisations, academics, United Nations and the media to sustain the momentum of the gender budget process. Capacity building and training are also important for budget officers, civil society, national and local parliamentarians, given the low level of skilled financial personnel in municipalities. The availability of adequate sex-disaggregated data is an important success factor for municipalities so that they can deliver services equitably to their communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Community-Integrated GIS for Land Reform in South Africa
    Community-integrated GIS for Land Reform in South Africa Daniel Weiner and Trevor M. Harris Abstract: This article examines the role that GIS plays in how people view, exploit, and manage their physical resource base. The research contributes to the growing Participatory GIS literature and offers insight gained from the implementation of a Community-integrated GIS in South Africa. The Central Lowveld CiGIS explored landscape politics and struggles through the inclusion of socially differentiated community spatial stories and cognitive maps in a GIS to produce representations of local and regional political ecologies. Non-hegemonic ways of knowing and exploiting nature and environment were incorporated into the multimedia GIS. The paper provides conceptual and methodological guidance for integrating local community knowledge with geo-spatial technologies. The connection, however, to local policy making proved difficult to sustain because of dramatic policy and personnel changes within national and regional implementation agencies in the transition to post-apartheid government. Introduction conventional planning projects that peripherally involve targeted Almost a decade after the first democratic government was elected beneficiaries. This is the case in contemporary South Africa, where in South Africa, the euphoria of transformation and reconcilia- a neo-liberal macroeconomic framework, combined with a long tion has begun to recede. While there have been improvements in history of top-down and highly bureaucratic decision making, basic service provision for some South Africans since the transfer has created a planning environment that remains situated within of power in June 1994, the redistribution of economic and en- a modernization framework. vironmental resources has been slow and uneven (Khosa 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING in a LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA in SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO Submitted in Accordance Wi
    GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING IN A LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA IN SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION At the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof G Ferreira Co-supervisor: Dr M Reddy v KEYWORDS The keywords of this study as defined in section 1.8 of Chapter 1 of this study are as follows; Budget, Gender Responsive Budgeting, Gender Equality, Gender Mainstreaming, Municipality, Metropolitan Municipality, Integrated Development Plan, Government, Service Delivery vi ABSTRACT South Africa started the Women’s Budget Initiative in 1995 as part of its commitment to meeting its gender equality objectives and gender mainstreaming. However, in later years, research has found that government Gender Responsive Budgeting or GRB initiatives in South Africa are either dormant or dead. There is a range of reasons for this and some of them are not directly related to gender budgets or even gender. Research has shown that perhaps the greatest weakness is the lack of advocacy. From the review of existing literature, it is clear that there is a need for strong alliances between key stakeholders, which are Parliament, non-governmental organisations, academics, United Nations and the media to sustain the momentum of the gender budget process. Capacity building and training are also important for budget officers, civil society, national and local parliamentarians, given the low level of skilled financial personnel in municipalities. The availability of adequate sex-disaggregated data is an important success factor for municipalities so that they can deliver services equitably to their communities. This research is exploratory in nature and focuses on assessing GRB in one of South Africa’s largest urban municipalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Soft Power : Philosophies, Political Values, Foreign Policies and Cultural Exports / Oluwaseun Tella
    “This seven-chapter book is a powerful testimonial to consummate African scholarship. Its analysis is rigorous, insightful, lucid and authoritative, providing fresh perspectives on selected uniquely African philosophies, and the potential­ ities, deployment and limitations of soft power in Africa’s international relations. The author rigorously Africanises the concept, broadening its analytic scope from its biased Western methodology, thus brilliantly fulfilling that great African pro­ verb made famous by the inimitable Chinua Achebe: ‘that until the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter’. This is truly an intellectual tour de force.” W. Alade Fawole, Professor of International Relations, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. “This book addresses an important tool in the arsenal of foreign policy from an African perspective. African states have significant soft power capacities, although soft power is not always appreciated as a lever of influence, or fully integrated into countries’ foreign policy strategies. Tella takes Nye’s original concept and Africanises it, discussing Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa via their respective philosophies of Pharaonism, Harambee, Omolúwàbí and Ubuntu. This study is a critical contribution to the literature on African foreign policies and how to use soft power to greater effect in building African agency on the global stage.” Elizabeth Sidiropoulos, Chief Executive, South African Institute of International Affairs, Johannesburg, South Africa. “Soft power is seldom associated with African states, given decades bedevilled by coup d’états, brazen dictatorships and misrule. This ground-breaking book is certainly a tour de force in conceptualising soft power in the African context.
    [Show full text]
  • Violent Protests and Gendered Identities
    Perspectives Violent protests and gendered identities Yandisa Sikweyiya1 Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Sebenzile Nkosi Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria ABSTRACT In post-apartheid South Africa there has been a proliferation of public protests occurring in various contexts. While public protests are common globally, in South Africa they appear to be uniquely characterised by extreme forms of violence. The current analysis of public protests suggests that the root causes of public protests are socio-economic and political. However, the role of gendered identities is missing in analyses of violence in public protests. In this perspective, we argue that violent public protests in post-apartheid South Africa are linked to gendered identities in their intersection with race, socio-economic status and social class. First, we contend that public protest violence is due to the gendered division of public and private spaces. In line with this, we claim that, public protests as public phenomena become masculinised such that women are represented as virtually absent or with insignificant contribution to public protests while men tend to be more visible, take the lead, and draw from hypermasculine practices in their approach. Second, we argue that public protests become violent due to the ongoing marginalisation of unemployed and working-class men, which tend to be race based in South Africa. Last, we argue that violence in public protests is due to protection of privilege status by hegemonic groups which invokes radical attempts for inclusion by protesters.
    [Show full text]
  • Families and Households in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Socio-Demographic Perspectives
    Families and households in post-apartheid South Africa: Socio-demographic perspectives Edited by Acheampong Yaw Amoateng & Tim B Heaton www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free HSRC SD_title.indd 1 6/6/07 10:15:04 AM www.hsrcpress.ac.za from Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za download First published 2007 Free ISBN 978-0-7969-2190-1 © 2007 Human Sciences Research Council Copy-edited by Vaun Cornell Typeset by Robin Taylor Cover design by comPress Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospangroup.com/bookstore Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Tables and figures iv Preface vii Acronyms and abbreviations ix Chapter 1 Social and economic context of families and households in South Africa 1 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng & Linda M Richter Chapter 2 Towards a conceptual framework for families and households 27 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng Chapter 3 Living arrangements in South Africa 43 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng, Tim B Heaton & Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti Chapter 4 The economic well-being of the family: Households’ access to resources in South Africa, 1995–2003 61 Daniela Casale & Chris Desmond Chapter 5 www.hsrcpress.ac.za Family formation and dissolution
    [Show full text]
  • Segvegutio N, Desegregation and De-Rucidzisu Tio N
    spotlight the way these themes impact on an important aspect of city CHAPTER SIX life - the classic 'brown' environmental issues - in a politically democratic but unequal social context. This book sheds light on the changing social structure of Durban in Segvegutio n, Desegregation and particular, but its inadequacies in this regard are fairly manifest. Further research is badly needed on many other milieux in South African society. De-RucidZisu tion As this volume can demonstrate, for instance, the remarkable terrain of Cato Manor gets a lot of deserved attention (see also Maylam and Edwards Racial Politics and the City of Durban1 1996). This erstwhile farm was divided into Indian smallholdings and became the site of a massive African shackland in the 1940s. It was the scene of the worst incidences ofviolence in the so-called race riots between BRIJ MAHARAJ Africans and Indians in 1949, in fact it was largely a struggle by Africans, perhaps under the sway of enterprising individuals, to drive Indians out of this quite central area. Then Cato Manor residents were resettled in Indian and African Group Areas apart from small remnant populations. The strategic central state idea to turn this area into a white residential core proved totally impractical. Eventually, the large district was conceded is chapter examines the origins, implementation and the demise to the Indian administration but, in good part due to the machinations Tof racial segregation in Durban through an abstraction of specific of speculators, it only began to be demarcated for a new lndian settlement moments in the history of the city.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting New Challenges Domesticworkers' Leader Ontour
    MEETING NEW CHALLENGES I t has been a tough year for our con­ cerns in Washington. Congress has slashed programs for the poor in the US. and in Africa. Jesse Helms has found allies in his call for U.S. isola­ tion from the world. As the mood and tide seem to shift against us, people ask constant­ ly, "So, what are you doing now?" At THE AFRICA FUND we still be­ lieve that active U.S. citizen engage­ ment with southern Africa and with U.s. policy is critical for the survival of the new democracies. u.s. relations with Africa must not be left to the exclusive control of State Department experts, corporate interests and isola­ tionists who see no US. national in­ terest in Africa. Among the actions we have un­ When The Africa Fund brought Florence De Villiers, General Secretary of the South African Domestic dertaken this year: Workers Union, to tour the United States, the borough of Manhattan honored the occasion by proclaiming • We took up the fight to stop Con­ October 10 Florence De Villiers Day. Here De Villiers (left) joins Africa Fund Executive Director Jennifer Davis to receive the proclamation from Deputy Manhattan Borough President Fred Davies. gressional destruction of devel­ opment aid to Africa. Our sup­ porters phoned, faxed, and sent DOMESTICWORKERS' LEADER ONTOUR hundreds of letters to their Sena­ tors and Representatives. Cities In South Africa, more than one mil­ it assists about 50,000 domestics each as far apart as Newark, NJ and lion Black women live in tiny back year, through literacy programs, so­ Seattle, WA passed resolutions rooms in white homes.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Violence Sources and Solutions in South Africa
    Youth violence Youth violence Africa and Solutions in South Sources Sources and Solutions in South Africa Youth violence: Sources and Solutions in South Africa thoroughly and carefully reviews the Youth violence evidence for risk and protective factors that influence the likelihood of young people acting aggressively. Layers of understanding are built by looking at the problem from a multitude of perspectives, including developmental psychology and the influences Sources and Solutions in South Africa of race, class and gender. The book explores effective interventions in the contexts of young people’s lives – their homes, their schools, their leisure activities, with gangs, in the criminal justice system, in cities and neighbourhoods, the media, with sexual Edited by offenders – and the broader socioeconomic context. Thoughtful suggestions are made Catherine L. Ward, Amelia van der Merwe, Andrew Dawes for keeping an evidence-based perspective, and interventions from other contexts are (necessarily) adapted for developing world contexts such as South Africa. Youth violence: Sources and Solutions in South Africa is a valuable source of information for practitioners, academics and anyone who has ever wondered about youth violence or wanted to do something about it. Amelia van der Merwe, Andrew Dawes Andrew Amelia van der Merwe, Edited by Catherine L. Ward, ‘It is … a national book of global relevance.’ Alexander Butchart, Prevention of Violence Coordinator, World Health Organization ‘On the one hand the book is indeed about youth violence
    [Show full text]
  • Lence Youth Violence Sources and Solutions in South Africa
    Youth violence Youth violence Africa and Solutions in South Sources Sources and Solutions in South Africa Youth violence: Sources and Solutions in South Africa thoroughly and carefully reviews the Youth violence evidence for risk and protective factors that influence the likelihood of young people acting aggressively. Layers of understanding are built by looking at the problem from a multitude of perspectives, including developmental psychology and the influences Sources and Solutions in South Africa of race, class and gender. The book explores effective interventions in the contexts of young people’s lives – their homes, their schools, their leisure activities, with gangs, in the criminal justice system, in cities and neighbourhoods, the media, with sexual Edited by offenders – and the broader socioeconomic context. Thoughtful suggestions are made Catherine L. Ward, Amelia van der Merwe, Andrew Dawes for keeping an evidence-based perspective, and interventions from other contexts are (necessarily) adapted for developing world contexts such as South Africa. Youth violence: Sources and Solutions in South Africa is a valuable source of information for practitioners, academics and anyone who has ever wondered about youth violence or wanted to do something about it. Amelia van der Merwe, Andrew Dawes Andrew Amelia van der Merwe, Edited by Catherine L. Ward, ‘It is … a national book of global relevance.’ Alexander Butchart, Prevention of Violence Coordinator, World Health Organization ‘On the one hand the book is indeed about youth violence
    [Show full text]
  • Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution and Child Respiratory Health in South Africa
    Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20(1): 4–13 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2009/v20i1a3296 Household energy, indoor air pollution and child respiratory health in South Africa Brendon Barnes School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand; and Environment and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa Angela Mathee Environment and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa Elizabeth Thomas Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand; and Medical Research Council of South Africa Nigel Bruce Department of Public Health, University of Liverpool, England Abstract Introduction Indoor air pollution due to the indoor burning of Over half the global population (3 billion people) polluting fuels has been associated with Acute are reliant on solid biomass fuels such as wood, Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) amongst chil- coal, crop residues and animal dung for their dren less than five years old. This paper reviews evi- domestic energy requirements (The World Rsources dence of the association between household energy, Institute, 1998; Ezzati et al., 2004). When burned indoor air pollution and child ALRI in South Africa. indoors in open fires or rudimentary appliances, the Studies show evidence consistent with the interna- incomplete combustion of solid biomass fuels tional literature with the likelihood of ALRI between release high concentrations of toxic pollutants such 2 and 4 amongst children living in households using as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), polluting fuels compared to households using elec- oxides of nitrogen, sulphur dioxide (SO2) and tricity. Indoor air pollution is responsible for the volatile organic compounds into the living environ- deaths of up to 1 400 children annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern and Southern Africa
    Eastern and Southern Africa Brendan Girdler-Brown* ABSTRACT The countries included in this review are Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Very little research has specifically addressed the important issue of the relationship between migration and HIV/AIDS in these regions of Africa. However there is a great deal of information about migration, and also about HIV/AIDS, in isolation from each other. HIV/AIDS is widespread and prevalent throughout the two regions. Since HIV prevalence rates are now high in almost all African countries, the concern that migrants may bring the virus with them is no longer appropriate. Instead, the concern is that migrants may be vulnerable to acquiring the infection during migration, and that they may spread the infection when they return to their homes at the end of migration. In the eastern African region there has been rapid growth of urban populations during the last ten years, mainly as a result of rural to urban migration. In addition, the conflict in Sudan and disputes in the Horn of Africa have created large numbers of internally displaced persons. Most recently, conflict in the Great Lakes region has also resulted in very large numbers of refugees crossing international borders. The UNHCR estimates that there were approximately 1.3 million refugees from and in eastern African countries in 1997, and an estimated 5 million internally displaced persons (4 million in Sudan alone). In the southern Africa region there has been a rapid increase in rural-urban migration.
    [Show full text]