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GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING in a LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA in SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO Submitted in Accordance Wi

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GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING in a LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA in SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO Submitted in Accordance Wi GENDER RESPONSIVE BUDGETING IN A LARGE METROPOLITAN AREA IN SOUTH AFRICA by MAXWEL MAKHANGALA MASEKO submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION At the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof G Ferreira Co-supervisor: Dr M Reddy v KEYWORDS The keywords of this study as defined in section 1.8 of Chapter 1 of this study are as follows; Budget, Gender Responsive Budgeting, Gender Equality, Gender Mainstreaming, Municipality, Metropolitan Municipality, Integrated Development Plan, Government, Service Delivery vi ABSTRACT South Africa started the Women’s Budget Initiative in 1995 as part of its commitment to meeting its gender equality objectives and gender mainstreaming. However, in later years, research has found that government Gender Responsive Budgeting or GRB initiatives in South Africa are either dormant or dead. There is a range of reasons for this and some of them are not directly related to gender budgets or even gender. Research has shown that perhaps the greatest weakness is the lack of advocacy. From the review of existing literature, it is clear that there is a need for strong alliances between key stakeholders, which are Parliament, non-governmental organisations, academics, United Nations and the media to sustain the momentum of the gender budget process. Capacity building and training are also important for budget officers, civil society, national and local parliamentarians, given the low level of skilled financial personnel in municipalities. The availability of adequate sex-disaggregated data is an important success factor for municipalities so that they can deliver services equitably to their communities. This research is exploratory in nature and focuses on assessing GRB in one of South Africa’s largest urban municipalities. It also reviewed the 2012/13 Integrated Development Plan through a focus on health, housing infrastructure, safety and security and education. These are some of the well- known variables to ease the plight of the poor and are good quality of life indicators for men, women, boys and girls. The research method that has been used in this research is both qualitative and quantitative. This study has found that there is no clear co-coordinated plan for the implementation of GRB in this metropolitan municipality. The lack of resources is also seen as the main challenge to GRB in this metropolitan municipality. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Title Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii List of abbreviations iv Keywords v Abstract vi Table of contents vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background and rationale 1 1.2.1 The study area 7 1.3 Problem statement 8 1.4 Aim and objective of the study 10 1.5 Research questions 11 1.6 Research method 12 1.7 Demarcation of the study 17 1.8 Terminology 18 1.9 Overview of chapters 20 1.10 Referencing 22 1.11 Permission for the study 22 1.12 Summary 22 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: GRB 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Contextualisation of GRB 24 2.2.1 Gender budgeting country experiences 38 2.2.1.1 GRB in Australia 39 2.2.1.2 GRB in Tanzania 41 2.2.1.3 GRB in Brazil 43 2.2.1.4 GRB in India 44 2.2.1.5 GRB in China 46 2.2.1.6 GRB in South Africa 48 2.3 Role of the United Nations in GRB 51 2.4 Summary 55 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Research design 56 3.3 Data sources 58 3.4 Data collection techniques 62 3.5 Sampling methods 67 3.6 Data analysis and interpretation 69 3.7 Limitations of the study 73 3.8 Ethical considerations 74 3.9 Summary 75 CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Review of the research process 77 4.3 Response rate of the survey 80 4.4 Data analysis and findings 82 4.4.1 GRB in the study area 83 4.4.1.1 Metropolitan municipality 2012/13 budget overview 89 4.4.1.1.1 Revenue 92 4.4.1.1.2 Spending on utility services in this metropolitan municipality 93 4.4.1.1.3 The capital budget 94 4.4.1.2 Analysis of this metropolitan municipality’s 2012/13 IDP 97 4.4.2 GRB in health, housing, safety and security in this metropolitan municipality 103 4.4.3 Responses to the researcher’s interview questions 105 4.4.4 GRB in education 119 4.5 Summary 125 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Introduction 130 5.2 Summary of this study 130 5.3 Discussion of data and findings of this study 133 5.4 Recommendations 143 5.5. Suggestions for further research 147 5.6 Conclusion 148 LIST OF REFERENCES 149 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 UN support for GRB by countries 53 Table 4.1 Group one sample composition 80 Table 4.2 The metropolitan municipality’s employment equity profile 2012/13 (As at June 2013) 85 Table 4.3 The 2012/13 budget numbers at a glance 89 Table 4.4 Breakdown of the 2012/13 municipal operating budget 90 Table 4.5 Year-on- year spending and growth in staff costs from the 2011/12 to 2012/13 financial year in this metropolitan municipality 91 Table 4.6 2012/13 revenue categories of this metropolitan municipality 93 Table 4.7 Operating expenditure for 2012/13 by vote 94 Table 4.8 Year-on-year increase from the 2011/12 budget to the 2012/13 capital funding sources 95 Table 4.9 Major capital projects for 2012/13 95 Table 4.10 Population of this metropolitan municipality from the last two recorded censuses in 2001 and 2011 104 Table 4.11 Metropolitan municipality population and households in 2011 104 Table 4.12 Changes in this metropolitan municipality’s population groups between 2001 and 2011 105 Table 4.13 How GRB strengthens the role of marginalised communities in the budgeting process in this metropolitan municipality? 106 Table 4.14 Role of stakeholders in the budgeting process in this metropolitan municipality 107 Table 4.15 Relevance of GRB programme in the budgeting process in this metropolitan municipality 108 Table 4.16 Level of community participation in the budgeting process in this metropolitan municipality 109 Table 4.17 How the priorities of men, women, boys and girls were identified in this metropolitan municipality’s 2012/13 budget 110 Table 4.18 Challenges/difficulties of GRB in this metropolitan municipality 112 Table 4.19 Implementation of GRB in this metropolitan municipality 113 Table 4.20 Training of this metropolitan municipality’s officials on GRB 114 Table 4.21 Individual opinion on the implementation of GRB in this metropolitan municipality 115 Table 4.22 Finalisation of the gender equality process in this metropolitan municipality 116 Table 4.23 How this metropolitan municipality is addressing unacceptable levels of gender inequality 117 Table 4.24 Cost effectiveness of GRB in this metropolitan municipality 118 Table 4.25 The metropolitan municipality’s records of gender disaggregated data for budgeting purposes 118 Table 4.26 Overview of enrolment in public higher education institutions: 2011 123 Table 5.1 This metropolitan municipality’s employment equity profile for women in top management in 2012/13 (As at June 2013) 137 Table 5.2 This metropolitan municipality’s employment equity profile for men in top management in 2012/13 (As at June 2013) 137 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Title Declaration ii Acknowledgements iii List of abbreviations iv Keywords v Abstract vi Table of contents vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background and rationale 1 1.2.1 The study area 7 1.3 Problem statement 8 1.4 Aim and objective of the study 10 1.5 Research questions 11 1.6 Research method 12 1.7 Demarcation of the study 17 1.8 Terminology 18 1.9 Overview of chapters 20 1.10 Referencing 22 1.11 Permission for the study 22 1.12 Summary 22 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW: GRB 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Contextualisation of GRB 24 2.2.1 Gender budgeting country experiences 38 2.2.1.1 GRB in Australia 39 2.2.1.2 GRB in Tanzania 41 2.2.1.3 GRB in Brazil 43 2.2.1.4 GRB in India 44 2.2.1.5 GRB in China 46 2.2.1.6 GRB in South Africa 48 2.3 Role of the United Nations in GRB 51 2.4 Summary 55 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Research design 56 3.3 Data sources 58 3.4 Data collection techniques 62 3.5 Sampling methods 67 3.6 Data analysis and interpretation 69 3.7 Limitations of the study 73 3.8 Ethical considerations 74 3.9 Summary 75 CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Review of the research process 77 4.3 Response rate of the survey 80 4.4 Data analysis and findings 82 4.4.1 GRB in the study area 83 4.4.1.1 Metropolitan municipality 2012/13 budget overview 89 4.4.1.1.1 Revenue 92 4.4.1.1.2 Spending on utility services in this metropolitan municipality 93 4.4.1.1.3 The capital budget 94 4.4.1.2 Analysis of this metropolitan municipality’s 2012/13 IDP 97 4.4.2 GRB in health, housing, safety and security in this metropolitan municipality 103 4.4.3 Responses to the researcher’s interview questions 105 4.4.4 GRB in education 119 4.5 Summary 125 CHAPTER 5.
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