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Families and Households in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Socio-Demographic Perspectives

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Families and Households in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Socio-Demographic Perspectives Families and households in post-apartheid South Africa: Socio-demographic perspectives Edited by Acheampong Yaw Amoateng & Tim B Heaton www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free HSRC SD_title.indd 1 6/6/07 10:15:04 AM www.hsrcpress.ac.za from Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za download First published 2007 Free ISBN 978-0-7969-2190-1 © 2007 Human Sciences Research Council Copy-edited by Vaun Cornell Typeset by Robin Taylor Cover design by comPress Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 www.eurospangroup.com/bookstore Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents Tables and figures iv Preface vii Acronyms and abbreviations ix Chapter 1 Social and economic context of families and households in South Africa 1 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng & Linda M Richter Chapter 2 Towards a conceptual framework for families and households 27 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng Chapter 3 Living arrangements in South Africa 43 Acheampong Yaw Amoateng, Tim B Heaton & Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti Chapter 4 The economic well-being of the family: Households’ access to resources in South Africa, 1995–2003 61 Daniela Casale & Chris Desmond Chapter 5 www.hsrcpress.ac.za Family formation and dissolution patterns 89 from Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti, Martin Palamuleni, Monde Makiwane & Acheampong Yaw Amoateng download Chapter 6 Fertility and childbearing in South Africa 113 Free Martin Palamuleni, Ishmael Kalule-Sabiti & Monde Makiwane Chapter 7 Children’s household work as a contribution to the well-being of the family and household 135 Sharmla Rama & Linda M Richter Chapter 8 The family context for racial differences in child mortality in South Africa 171 Tim B Heaton & Acheampong Yaw Amoateng Contributors 188 LIst oF tabLes and FIgures Tables Table 3.1 Distribution of household types by race of head in rural and urban areas 52 Table 3.2 Percentage distribution of husbands living apart from their spouses by race 53 Table 4.1 Households’ main source of income (percentage of households), 2002 63 Table 4.2 Household income from employment, 1995–2003 66 Table 4.3 Percentage of households with a member receiving a private pension 69 Table 4.4 Percentage of households with a member receiving a welfare grant 69 Table 4.5 Percentage of households receiving remittances and average remittance value 70 Table 4.6 Proportion of households in nominal total monthly expenditure categories 72 Table 4.7 Percentage of households with access to and making use of various services, 1995 76 Table 4.8 Percentage of households whose main dwelling is an informal structure 77 Table 4.9 Percentage of households using mains electricity for lighting 79 Table 4.10 Percentage of households using mains electricity for cooking 80 Table 4.11 Percentage of households with access to a tap in the household or yard, www.hsrcpress.ac.za or a public tap, as their main source of water 82 Table 4.12 The distribution of access to different toilet types 84 from Table 5.1 Singulate mean age at first marriage by province and race, 1996 and 2001 96 download Table 5.2 Age at first marriage by selected background variables, all women 1998 98 Table 5.3 Percentage distribution of timing of first birth in relation to first marriage by Free race of respondent, all women 1998 99 Table 5.4 Percentage distribution of the population by current age and marital status, South Africa 2001 101 Table 5.5a Percentage single males by age group and province, South Africa 2001 102 Table 5.5b Percentage single females by age group and province, South Africa 2001 102 Table 5.6 Proportions married within each five-year age group by race 105 Table 5.7 Logistic regression analysis of marriage patterns 106 Table 6.1 Use-effectiveness of different contraceptive methods 120 Table 6.2 Mean number of children ever born to women by age and selected socio-economic factors, South Africa, 1998 122 Table 6.3 Indices of proximate determinants of fertility by population group, South Africa 1998 124 Table 7.1 Derived household income by households with children, and children by derived income of household 139 iv ©HSRC 2007 Table 7.2 Distribution of children by background characteristics (weighted and unweighted) 148 Table 7.3 Diary of main activities for two girls aged 10, residing in an area categorised as other rural 150 Table 7.4 Total and mean time children spend on cooking-related activities, by age and gender (unweighted) 153 Table 7.5 Total and mean time children spend on the cleaning and upkeep of the dwelling, by age and gender (unweighted) 153 Table 7.6 Total and mean time children spend on the care of textiles, by age and gender (unweighted) 154 Table 7.7 Total and mean time children spend on the combined household activities, by age and gender (unweighted) 155 Table 7.8 Total and mean time children spend on the collection of fuel sources for the household, by age and gender (unweighted) 156 Table 7.9 Total and mean time children spend on the collection of fuel sources for the household, by gender and locale (unweighted) 157 Table 7.10 Total and mean time children spend on the collection of water for the household, by gender and age (unweighted) 158 Table 7.11 Total and mean time children spend on the collection of water for the household, by locale (unweighted) 158 www.hsrcpress.ac.za Table 7.12 Total and mean time children spend on chopping wood, lighting fires and heating water for the household, by gender and age (unweighted and from unweighted) 160 Table 7.13 Total and mean time spent by children on caring for household and download non-household members (unweighted and weighted) 161 Table 7.14 Total and mean time children spend on shopping for the household, Free by gender and age (unweighted) 162 Table 7.15 Activities engaged in by one 13-year-old girl for the diary day, Tuesday 163 Table 8.1 Cox regression models predicting child mortality: demographic and socio-economic conditions 178 Table 8.2 Cox regression models predicting child mortality in South Africa: reproduction and health 181 Table 8.3 Cox regression models of child mortality: summary model 182 Figures Figure 3.1 Distribution of household types in South Africa, 1996 and 2001 48 Figure 3.2a Distribution of household type by race of head 49 Figure 3.2b Distribution of household type by race of head 49 Figure 3.3 Education and complex household living by race 50 Figure 3.4 Education and household type 54 v ©HSRC 2007 Figure 3.5 Rural/urban residence and household type 55 Figure 5.1 Percentage of males never married by population group, South Africa 2001 103 Figure 5.2 Percentage of females never married by population group, South Africa 2001 103 Figure 5.3 Percentage of males married, by population group, South Africa 2001 104 Figure 5.4 Percentage of females married, by population group, South Africa 2001 104 Figure 5.5 Race differences in marriage 106 Figure 6.1 Linkages between fertility and the socio-economic and cultural system through biosocial and proximate determinates 115 Figure 6.2 Impact of proximate determinants on fertility 121 Figure 6.3 Proximate determinants of fertility in South Africa by population group 125 Figure 8.1 Child survival by race group 174 Figure 8.2 Maternal education by race/ethnicity 183 Figure 8.3 Contraceptive use by race/ethnicity 183 Figure 8.4 Utilisation of pre- and post-natal healthcare by race/ethnicity 184 www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free vi ©HSRC 2007 preFaCe Because of the devastating effect apartheid-induced policies such as migratory labour, influx control, the Immorality Act and so on, had on families and communities before the democratic transition in 1994, concerns about families and their well-being have come to occupy centre stage in the post-transition period both by policy-makers and the general public. One indication of this increasing concern about families and their social and economic circumstances is the rapid rate at which social and economic data on families and the households they occupy are becoming available for the purpose of planning to meet their needs. The idea for the present publication originated in 2002 when I joined the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) from the University of the Western Cape. In this new position the Executive Director, Professor Linda Richter put me in charge of an in-house project called the Strengthening Families Project. Essentially, this project involved secondary and descriptive analyses of the various survey and census data that had proliferated in the country in the immediate post-transition period. Even though before 1994 sociologists and other social scientists had documented the nature of changes in families and households in the country, limitations of such studies in terms of coverage and scope had made works like the present monograph imperative. In other words, the idea was to take advantage of the myriad large-scale, quantitative socio-economic data sets that were increasingly becoming available to the South African public to describe the changes that families and households were experiencing as a result of the political, economic, and social transformations that www.hsrcpress.ac.za were engulfing the broader society.
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