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Balancing Natural and Built Environments in the Conservation of Architectural Remains

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Balancing Natural and Built Environments in the Conservation of Architectural Remains RUIN AND REBIRTH: BALANCING NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTS IN THE CONSERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL REMAINS A THESIS SUBMITTED ON THE SECOND DAY OF DECEMBER 2016 TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PRESERVATION STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE OF TULANE UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PRESERVATION STUDIES BY JOHN MARSHALL BROWN APPROVED: ____________________________ John Stubbs Director ____________________________ Laura Ewen Blokker Assistant Director 2 Table of Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 6 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7 II. Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 9 III. Methodology .................................................................................................................... 10 IV. Heritage Conservation and the Meaning of Ruins .................................................. 10 V. Influences on Memory and Interpretation ................................................................... 13 VI. Romanticism and its Influence on the Built and Natural Environments ...................... 14 VII. Examination of Preservation Theory ................................................................ 21 VIII. A Review of the Prevailing Western Preservation Theoretical Continuum ......... 24 IX. John Ruskin and Eugène-Emanuelle Viollet-le-Duc .................................................... 24 X. Italian Preservation Theory, Law, and Practice .................................................. 30 XI. Primary Contributors to the Development of Italian Architectural Conservation Theory 31 XII. Italian Legal Framework for Architectural Conservation ........................................ 37 XIII. Relevant International Architectural Preservation Charters ......................... 39 XIV. The Past in the Present: Interpretation of Time in the Conservation of Ruins and Other Historic Sites ................................................................................................. 42 XV. The Legacy of Ruins and a Philosophy for Conservation ...................................... 43 XVI. A Philosophy for the Conservation of Ruins ........................................................... 44 3 XVII. Visitation and Access to Ruins ................................................................................ 47 XVIII. The Interpretation and Display of Ruins .................................................................. 49 XIX. Approaches for the Conservation of Masonry Ruins and Nature at Historic Sites 54 XX. Biodeterioration and Approaches to Prevention and Maintenance at Ruin Sites .... 55 XXI. Balancing the Ecological Needs of Ruin Sites with Architectural Conservation .... 58 XXII. Biologically-Based Conservation Methods for Architectural Ruins ....................... 61 XXIII. New Technologies and Techniques for Old Ruins: A Proposal .............................. 67 XXIV. Case Study: Ruins and Site Management of the Gardens of Ninfa, Province of Latina, Italy ................................................................................................. 70 XXV. A Brief History of Ninfa and the Caetani Family .................................................... 71 XXVI. Past Interventions, Methods of Display, and Management Strategies used at Ninfa 76 XXVII. The Project to Restore and Conserve the Southeastern Outer Walls of Ninfa, 2002 - 2015 ........................................................................................................................... 78 XXVIII. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 93 Appendix I: Garden of Ninfa Image Gallery ............................................................... 96 Appendix II: Plants in the Ruins Garden at Afton Villa ............................................. 99 Appendix III: Plants for Preservation and Conservation ......................................... 101 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 106 4 List of Tables Table 1: Appearance of biological alterations of cultural heritage on stones. Adapted from Pinna and Salvadori. ......................................................................................... 66 Table 2: Types of Damage, Southeastern Outer Walls of Ninfa. ..................................... 81 Table 3: Quantification of vegetal damages at Ninfa. ...................................................... 88 List of Figures Figure 1:"Cottage Villa in the Rural Gothic Style" from A.J. Downing's "The Architecture of Country Houses." ............................................................................. 16 Figure 2: Temple of British Worthies, Stowe, England. (Courtesy: Richard Dear/Creative Commons) ................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 3:"Carmontelle présentant les clefs du parc Monceau au duc de Chartres" ("Carmontelle giving the Keys of the Parc Monceau in Paris to the Duke of Chartres"). Painting by Louis de Carmontelle (Public Domain) .............................. 19 Figure 4: The "Ruins Garden" at Afton Villa, St. Francisville, Louisiana. (From "Afton Villa: The Birth and Rebirth of a Nineteenth-Century Louisiana Garden, by Genevieve Munson Trimble). ................................................................................... 20 Figure 5: “Judith Holding the Head of Holofernes Aloft,” 1850, Viollet-le-Duc and Michel Pascal. This capitol replaced a previous Medieval-era capital depicting a siren. Limestone. Nave of La Madeleine, Vézelay. (Nick Havholm/Nineteenth- Century Art Worldwide: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century Visual Art). ................. 27 Figure 6: Nineteenth-century view of St. Mark's Basilica, Venice, Italy. (Photograph by John Ruskin/DailyMail UK). .................................................................................... 29 Figure 7: Details of Valadier's restoration of the Arch of Titus in Rome, 1818. Different finishes were used to replicate missing elements (lacunae) and create a sense of form for the missing pieces. (Stubbs, Time Honored: A Global View of Architectural Conservation). ........................................................................................................... 45 Figure 8: Unobtrusive signage at ancient Roman ruins, Carsulae Parco Archaeolgico, Province of Terni, Italy. (Photograph by author.) ..................................................... 52 Figure 9: "Le son-et-lumière de Château Royal de Blois." A son-et-lumière show at the Royal Château of Blois, France. (Photograph courtesy: Agence de Développement Touristique – Loire et Cher, Coeur Val de Cher). .................................................... 53 Figure 10: Types and quantites of root growth on masonry structures. (Photograph courtesy of Caneva, Nugari, and Salvadori). ............................................................ 60 Figure 11: "Hard-capped" wall tops at Carsulae archaeological site, Province of Terni, Italy. (Photograph by author). ................................................................................... 62 5 Figure 12: "Alvastra klosterruin." The soft-capped ruins of the twelfth-century Alvastra Abbey, Östergötland, Sweden, currently under the stewardship of the Swedish National Heritage Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet). (Photograph courtesy: Visit Östergötland). ............................................................................................................ 63 Figure 13:Caixa Forum, Madrid, Spain. Vertical garden design by Patrick Blanc. (Photograph courtesy: Herzog and de Meuron, and www.verticalgardenpatrickblanc.com). .................................................................... 68 Figure 14: Floating grass plain at the Mercati di Traiano in Rome, Italy. Designed by Dutch firm Wonder 8, this “living system” allows exploration of the ruins without direct interaction. By hovering over exposed ruins, the installation does not touch sensitive remains. Additionally, it becomes part of the interpretive scheme of the site, for better or worse. (Photograph courtesy: West 8). ......................................... 69 Figure 15: Ada Caetani and her family. (Photograph Courtesy: Fondazione Roffredo Caetani). .................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 16: Ninfa as depicted by Sir Edward Lear in "Illustrated Excursions in Italy," 1846. (Public Domain). ............................................................................................. 74 Figure 17: "Pianta delle Rovine di Ninfa" from the Domus Caetana, by Prince Gelasio Caetani. This plan depicts the extent of the ruins at Ninfa. Author has highlighted the southeastern outer walls. (Photograph courtesy: Fondazione Roffredo Caetani, Ilaria Rossi-Doria). ..................................................................................................
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