I 21 November 2020 2 20|20 CENTENARY BI00DY SUNDAY

CONTENTS 6 The GAA’s complex relationship November 21, 1920: with the nationalist struggle, by Paul Rouse 8 A British officer’s wife remembers an IRA raid Catherine Holmes 10 Tipperary player Thomas Ryan on details the his capture after fleeing Croke Park assassinations, 12 , through the words of those who were there indiscriminate 14 The Collins Papers, slaughter and by Conor Mulvagh executions 16 Retracing the footsteps of the y 1920, British intelligence Collins Squad assassins had improved its ability to gather information about the 18 How de Valera harnessed the republican movement, and it posed a serious threat to diaspora during a US trip Binsurgents. The Royal Irish 20 The diaries of UCD student Constabulary (RIC) was bolstered by war veterans, commonly known as the Black Celia Shaw on and Tans, and the new and Bloody Sunday of the RIC whose role was to conduct counter-insurgency operations. 22 Barry and Sinead Andrews on Michael Collins, the IRA’s director of their revolutionary grandparents intelligence, had established the Squad, a special unit created to target members 24 Fake news and propaganda of the British intelligence such as plain- clothes detectives from the G Division, 26 How both sides abused women who held files on known IRA members. 28 Kathleen Lynn: converted to He had also built up a network of civilian informants including dock workers, clean- republicanism through suffrage ers and secretaries who fed him informa- 30 Who shot the best tion about the British intelligence. Collins sanctioned a plan to eliminate, in revolutionary-period movie? one operation, a large number of the Brit- ish intelligence network in . In the weeks leading up to what became Bloody

1 Sunday, Collins used his network of spies, November 21, 2020 particularly Lily Mernin, a typist in Dublin 20|20 CENTENARY Castle, to gather names and addresses of B I00DY undercover British officers. A list of targets SUNDAY was created. Due to the size of the planned operation, members of the Dublin Brigade ‘Transilience’, by 9.20am General FP Crozier was passing were called in to support Collins’ Squad. artist David Sweeney, 22 Mount Street with a group of Auxiliaries On the night of November 20, 1920, the a former Dublin when they heard shooting. They ran to the units involved were briefed on the plans GAA senior hurling house, where a group of IRA men led by at secret locations around Dublin includ- captain, was specially Squad member Tom Kehoe burst through ing , Gloucester Street and commissioned as part the door and shot two Auxiliaries before Parnell Square. After the briefings, Dick of the GAA Museum’s escaping. Volunteer Frank Teeling was McKee, commanding officer of the Dublin exhibition to mark caught while trying to escape and sent to

IN ASSOCIATION WITH Brigade, and , its vice-com- the centenary of . mandant, were arrested by the Auxiliaries Bloody Sunday at their hideout on Gloucester Street. COURTESY OF THE GAA 9.30am Within half an hour, the killings ON THE COVER , a civilian and Gaelic MUSEUM, CROKE PARK were finished. Laurence Thermes as a British soldier in League member, who was visiting Dublin the TV docudrama, A Terrible Beauty (2013) from Co Clare, was arrested in a sweep of A Collins Papers 10am-11am Soon news of the killings Vaughan’s Hotel, which was a known IRA file in the Military reached the British administration FOR THE IRISH INDEPENDENT meeting place. Archives, listing at Dublin Castle. They suspected that Editor: Jon Smith hotels where British the IRA might be using the Dublin-Tip- Design and Production: Joe Coyle TIMELINE OF A DAY agents were staying, perary football match at Croke Park as Sub-editing: Sam Wheeler OF BLOODSHED the Republican a cover, so planned a search operation ‘insiders’ in each as the crowds left the ground that after- Newspaper archives: Clodagh Finn 8.15am The groups involved in the attacks one, and codes for noon. Pictures: Thanks to UCD, National Library of set out, as recalled by Paddy Daly, a member Collins’ agents , GAA Museum, Military Archives of the Squad who helped organise them. PHOTO: FRANK McGRATH 11.30am The first game of the day at Croke and the Atlas of the Irish Revolution Park, a Dublin Intermediate Champion- 9am The series of killings of members ship match between Dún Laoghaire Com- FOR UCD of the British intelligence mercials and Erin’s Eilis O’Brien, Director of Communications network began. Eleven Hope, began. The Dr Conor Mulvagh, Assistant Professor British officers, two auxil- game was followed in Irish History iary cadets and two civil- by a meeting of Kate Manning, Principal Archivist ians were killed in Dublin’s administrators south inner city (see table). from across the Two British intelligence country to dis- IN PARTNERSHIP WITH officers survived, three cuss the rule that were wounded and four banned GAA play- who were targeted could ers playing soccer not be found. and rugby. 21 November 2020 I Irish Independent 3 How Bloody Sunday unfolded

The 11 British officers, two auxiliary cadets and two civilians killed in Dublin’s south inner city on the morning of Bloody Sunday

LOCATION VICTIMS DETAILS

22 Lower Lt Henry Angliss, a Angliss’s belongings were searched Mount British intelligence before he was shot dead. A friend Street officer staying with him was left unharmed. Lt Peel, another British agent in the house, barricaded his door and managed to escape. Auxiliaries passing by heard the gunshots and attempted to enter the building.

38 Upper Mount Lt Peter Ashmun Ames (pictured far left) and Bennett Street Ames, a commanding (below right) were marched to a officer of the British back room where they were intelligence unit shot multiple times.

Lt George Bennett, a commanding officer of the British intelligence unit

92 Lower Capt WF Newberry was shot multiple times Baggot Newberry, a while trying to escape through Street courts-martial the window. His pregnant wife officer witnessed the attack and died giving birth to a stillborn baby weeks later.

119 Lower Baggot Capt George T Future taoiseach Seán Lemass Street Baggallay, a was one of the three men who courts-martial shot the one-legged captain. officer

28 Earlsfort Sgt John Fitzgerald Fitzgerald was killed in a case of Terrace of the RIC mistaken identity when republicans were looking for a Colonel Fitzpatrick.

Midday A large crowd was expected at the began to arrive and took up positions sur- 117-119 Capt Donald L MacLean was shot in a spare room Dublin vs Tipperary match. News of that rounding the ground on Clonliffe Road and Morehampton MacLean (left), an as he begged not to be killed in morning’s killings had reached GAA gen- Jones’s Road outside the main entrance and Road intelligence officer at front of his family. John Caldow eral-secretary Luke O’Toole at Croke Park. at the Canal Bridge outside Croke Park. Dublin Castle was wounded but survived. Smith, Shortly before its scheduled start, three the owner of the house, was also officers of the Dublin Brigade of the IRA 3.20-3.25pm Five to ten minutes after the TH Smith, a civilian shot dead. advised cancelling the game. They had throw-in an aeroplane flew over Croke landlord received a tip-off from a Dublin Metropolitan Park and circled the ground twice before Police sergeant that a raid would take place flying in the direction of the . 28-29 Pembroke Major CMG Dowling, This proved to be one of the at the ground. O’Toole talked to association Street Upper a British intelligence tougher assignments because in the officials Dan McCarthy, James Nowlan, Andy 3.26pm The British authorities’ intention officer house alongside the targets were Harty and Jack Shouldice about cancelling was to announce by megaphone before the four British infantry officers and the match but they decided not to. To call off end of the game that spectators were to be Capt Leonard Price their wives. A maid identified the the game at short notice when spectators searched as they left. However, shots were (left), a British rooms of Dowling and Price, where were already gathering could have impli- fired almost immediately after the they intelligence officer both men were shot in the chest. cated the GAA in that morning’s events, and reached the stadium. The British initially Montgomery was shot twice and an announcement to leave the stadium might claimed that the IRA had fired first, but Col Hugh F died of his wounds on December 9. have led to a panic and crush at the exits. this has been disputed by historians. Montgomery, a staff Col Woodcock and Capt Keenlyside Crown forces by Russell Street Bridge officer were wounded but survived. 2.45pm The match was scheduled to begin shot 11-year-old William ‘Perry’ Robinson at 2.45 but was delayed by 30 minutes as as he sat in a tree and 10-year-old Jerome Gresham Hotel Capt PJ MacCormack MacCormack was almost certainly the crowd was still entering Croke Park. O’Leary as he sat on a wall watching the on Upper not engaged in any intelligence Estimates of the size of the crowd have match. Around the same time, British Sackville Street LE Wilde, activity. He was shot in his bed varied between 5,000 and 15,000. The forces entered Croke Park from the Canal (now O’Connell employment status while reading a newspaper. On the game was arranged after Tipperary men End turnstiles and opened fire indiscrimi- Street) unknown next floor Wilde was shot and killed challenged Dublin to a match via the Free- nately on the crowd. instantly. man’s Journal. The game was advertised as Spectators and players rushed to all four a benefit for an ‘injured Gael’ and was later exits but were stopped by the army, caus- 16 Cadet Cecil A Morris Having heard shooting on 22 described by Shouldice as a fundraiser for ing a series of crushes around the stadium. Northumberland Lower Mount Street, Garniss and the Irish National Aid and Volunteers’ It was a scene of confusion and panic. Road Cadet Frank Morris were sent to Beggars Bush Dependants’ Fund. About £500 was raised Many spectators were injured in the Garniss (left) Barracks to get reinforcements. from a percentage of ticket sales. stampede and three died: Jane Boyle, who They encountered an IRA lookout had first been shot, fell and was trampled, party and, although wearing 3.15pm As the game began, armoured lor- and James Teehan and James Burke were civilian clothes, were identified ries carrying a mix of RIC, military and trampled as they tried to escape. and killed in the back garden of 16 Auxiliaries commanded by Major EL Mills Some were injured by the rail- Northumberland Road. Irish Independent I 21 November 2020 4 20|20 CENTENARY BI00DY SUNDAY A 10-year-old watching the game from a RK UNIVERSITY PRESS 2017 CO ), RK CO LAS OF THE IRISH REVOLUTION LLEGE AT CO RK; CO LLEGE , UNIVERSITY CO VO GRAPHER, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY TO LEY, DONAL Ó DRISCEOIL, MIKE MURPHY, JOHN BORGONO OW MAP: MIKE MURPHY, CAR (EDITORS: JOHN CR

ings as they tried to leave, includ- John ‘Billy’ Scott was killed by a ricochet- 228 rounds from smaller weapons. Nine The shocking events of Bloody Sunday ing Michael Feery, who later died ing bullet. people died immediately, five more died made headlines all over the world and of his wounds. Daniel Carroll managed to escape the later of their injuries and over 65 people marked a turning point in the War of Inde- Hundreds of people risked the 20ft drop grounds of Croke Park but was fatally shot were injured. pendence. The killing of innocent civilians along the Cusack Stand side and jumped in the leg in nearby Russell Avenue. in Croke Park further alienated the Irish into the adjoining Belvedere Sports Major Mills called for the police on 5pm-5.30pm The last spectators and public from the British Crown. Grounds. Patrick O’Dowd was shot dead the road to cease fire and Major Dudley the Tipperary team were searched and Collins had succeeded in penetrating and while attempting this. stopped the shooting inside Croke Park. released from Croke Park. doing serious damage to the British intel- Many players on the pitch were near the In about 90 seconds of sustained fire, ligence operation in Ireland. Just a week Hogan Stand and ran to dressing-rooms 50 rounds of ammunition had been dis- 11pm Bloody Sunday ended at Dublin Cas- later, on November 28, a flying column or escaped over the gates quickly. About charged from a machine gun and a further tle, the headquarters of the British admin- of the Brigade commanded by Tom six players, including Tipperary full- istration. High-ranking IRA officers Dick Barry killed 17 of 18 Auxiliaries at Kilmi- back Michael Hogan, hit the ground McKee and Peadar Clancy and civilian chael. instead and crawled on all fours Conor Clune, who had been arrested the These events boosted morale and showed towards the fence at Hill 60 (now previous evening, were being held in the that the British services were not unbeat- Hill 16). Hogan was shot and died guardroom because there was no room able. Violent events like these continued close to the edge of the field. Tom in the cells. All three were shot at 11pm until both sides agreed to a ceasefire on Ryan was shot while whispering for allegedly attempting to escape. Family July 11, 1921. the Act of Contrition in Hogan’s ear. members who saw the bodies in a hospital Tom Hogan, James Matthews and mortuary reported that there were signs of ⬤ Catherine Holmes, MA in Joe Traynor were also shot dead and torture on the bodies of Clancy and McKee. public history, UCD 21 November 2020 I Irish Independent 5

Julianne McKeigue, wall was shot dead grand-niece of Michael Hogan, in the GAA Museum in The 13 spectators and one player killed Croke Park. at Croke Park on Bloody Sunday PHOTO: GERRY MOONEY VICTIMS DETAILS

Jane Boyle (26), a Shot while standing near the halfway butcher’s assistant line with her fiancé Daniel Byron and who lived on Lennox then crushed to death. She would Street, Dublin. be buried in her wedding dress in Glasnevin Cemetery.

James Burke (44) worked as a van Crushed to death in stampede. driver and lived in Windy Arbour with his family. Michael Hogan: Daniel Carroll (30) from Fatally shot in leg outside grounds Templederry, Co Tipperary, while trying to flee. He was taken to and living in Dublin. Jervis Street Hospital but later died. shot in the back as he

Michael Feery (40) was living on Wounded by railing spikes while crawled off the pitch Gardiner Place. He had served in the trying to escape. Later died from his Royal Marine Labour Corps during wounds. World War I. Kim Bielenberg talks to a descendant of the Tipperary Michael ‘Mick’ Hogan (24) from The Tipperary full-back Grangemockler, Co Tipperary. was shot dead while defender, who was the day’s highest-profile victim Unknown to the British Services, he attempting to crawl was an IRA volunteer. In 1926 the off of the pitch. Hogan Stand in Croke Park ulianne McKeigue, events and Grangemockler is still in the Hogan was named in his honour. education organiser at the GAA family. His brother Dan was a senior J Museum in Croke Park, has a figure in the IRA. Tom Hogan (19), originally Shot in the arm. His left arm was close family link with the events of On the day before the match, he had from Limerick and working amputated but gangrene set in and Bloody Sunday. boarded a train to Dublin in Ballybrophy in Dublin as a mechanic. he was the last victim to die, Her grand-uncle was Michael to meet his team-mates. Members of the on November 26. Hogan, perhaps the best-known team became involved in a fight with victim of the day. Hogan, aged 24 from British soldiers on the train. James Matthews (38) lived with his Shot in the leg. Grangemockler in Co Tipperary, was the Hogan was marking Dublin’s star family on North Cumberland Street. only player to be killed at Croke Park on forward Frank Burke of University His wife was pregnant at the time Bloody Sunday, and the Hogan Stand is College Dublin in the match. The first of his death and their daughter named after him. signs of trouble came 10 minutes into the Nancy was born in 1921. It is fitting that 100 years on, McKeigue game, soon after 3pm. Hogan was shot has been involved in organising events in the back as he fled the pitch to escape Patrick O’Dowd (57), a builder’s Shot dead while on top of the to mark the centenary. gunfire, crawling along the ground. labourer from Dublin. wall between Croke Park and the Hogan was a brother of her His team-mate Tommy Ryan, recalling Belvedere Sports Grounds. He was grandmother, Kattie, who the day, said: “Going trying to help others escape. is buried in the same grave across to Hogan, I tried to as the Tipperary player in ‘The blood was lift him, but the blood was Jerome O’Leary (10), the youngest Shot dead while sitting on a wall at his home village. spurting from spurting from a wound victim the Canal End. McKeigue is proud of the a wound in his in his back and I knew he link, but she says that the back… He made the was very badly injured. William ‘Perry’ Robinson (11) from Shot in the chest while sitting topic was not frequently “He made the Little Britain Street had climbed into in a tree by the Canal End. discussed in her family. exclamation when exclamation when I lifted a tree to watch the match. Died the next day. “After what happened in I lifted him, ‘Jesus, him, ‘Jesus, Mary and the War of Independence Mary and Joseph! Joseph! I am done!’ and Tom Ryan (27), originally from Shot as he was and the Civil War, people he died on the spot. My Glenbrien, Co Wexford and living whispering in didn’t really talk about it,” I am done!’ and he hands and my jersey were in Dublin. An IRA volunteer who as Michael Hogan’s ear. she says. “It’s really now, died on the spot’ covered in blood.” part of that morning’s orders had Died later that night with an anniversary, that In the aftermath another gone to a house in Marlborough in hospital. people talk about it. team-mate, Ned O’Shea, identified the Road, but there were no British “It was when I was at school and I body and Tipperary priest Fr Crotty intelligence officers there. chose Bloody Sunday for my Leaving knelt beside him to say an Act of Cert history project that I really took a Contrition. Hogan’s body was taken to John ‘Billy’ Scott (14) Died after being hit by a ricocheting great interest in it. But my involvement the Mater hospital and his mother at bullet near the Railway End gate. in Croke Park and the museum was home in Tipperary was informed of his He was taken into a nearby house on coincidental.” death by two local priests. St James’s Avenue but died soon after. McKeigue has been involved in In 1925, the GAA named the Hogan organising lectures to mark the Stand at Croke Park in his honour. centenary, but events have had to be Hogan’s brother Dan became chief of James Teehan (26), originally from Died of heart failure having been curtailed because of the coronavirus. staff of the Defence Forces in 1927. Tipperary but living in Dublin above crushed in a stampede. Lectures marking the centenary and “He ended up going to America and the pub where he worked other historical material are available then just disappeared,” says McKeigue. on Green Street. at crokepark.ie/bloodysunday, and an Two of Hogan’s sisters became nuns. exhibition will be open when Covid-19 The Hogan Cup, the trophy Joe Traynor (21) from Shot twice in the back at the Canal restrictions are lifted. presented to the winners of the All- Ballymount, Dublin, a End. He was taken into a nearby house Hogan was the corner back on Ireland secondary schools football labourer and an before being taken to Jervis Street the team and came from a farming championship, is named after another IRA volunteer. Hospital, where he died later that day. background. His family home in sibling, Brother Thomas Hogan.