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Phonation Types of Korean Fricatives and Affricates
ISSN 2005-8063 2017. 12. 31. 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.4 pp. 51-57 http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2017.9.4.051 Phonation types of Korean fricatives and affricates Goun Lee* Abstract The current study compared the acoustic features of the two phonation types for Korean fricatives (plain: /s/, fortis : /s’/) and the three types for affricates (aspirated : /tsʰ/, lenis : /ts/, and fortis : /ts’/) in order to determine the phonetic status of the plain fricative /s/. Considering the different manners of articulation between fricatives and affricates, we examined four acoustic parameters (rise time, intensity, fundamental frequency, and Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) values) of the 20 Korean native speakers’ productions. The results showed that unlike Korean affricates, F0 cannot distinguish two fricatives, and voice quality (CPP values) only distinguishes phonation types of Korean fricatives and affricates by grouping non-fortis sibilants together. Therefore, based on the similarity found in /tsʰ/ and /ts/ and the idiosyncratic pattern found in /s/, this research concludes that non-fortis fricative /s/ cannot be categorized as belonging to either phonation type. Keywords: Korean fricatives, Korean affricates, phonation type, acoustic characteristics, breathy voice 1. Introduction aspirated-like characteristic by remaining voiceless in intervocalic position. Whereas the lenis stops become voiced in intervocalic Korean has very well established three-way contrasts (e.g., position (e.g., /pata/ → / [pada] ‘sea’), the aspirated stops do not aspirated, lenis, and fortis) both in stops and affricates in three undergo intervocalic voicing (e.g., /patʰaŋ/ → [patʰaŋ] places of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, velar). However, this ‘foundation’). Since the plain fricative /s/, like the aspirated stops, distinction does not occur in fricatives, leaving only a two-way does not undergo intervocalic voicing, categorizing the plain contrast between fortis fricative /s’/ and non-fortis (hereafter, plain) fricative as aspirated is also possible. -
Phonological Use of the Larynx: a Tutorial Jacqueline Vaissière
Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial Jacqueline Vaissière To cite this version: Jacqueline Vaissière. Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial. Larynx 97, 1994, Marseille, France. pp.115-126. halshs-00703584 HAL Id: halshs-00703584 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00703584 Submitted on 3 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vaissière, J., (1997), "Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial", Larynx 97, Marseille, 115-126. PHONOLOGICAL USE OF THE LARYNX J. Vaissière UPRESA-CNRS 1027, Institut de Phonétique, Paris, France larynx used as a carrier of paralinguistic information . RÉSUMÉ THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE LARYNX Cette communication concerne le rôle du IS PROTECTIVE larynx dans l'acte de communication. Toutes As stated by Sapir, 1923, les langues du monde utilisent des physiologically, "speech is an overlaid configurations caractéristiques du larynx, aux function, or to be more precise, a group of niveaux segmental, lexical, et supralexical. Nous présentons d'abord l'utilisation des différents types de phonation pour distinguer entre les consonnes et les voyelles dans les overlaid functions. It gets what service it can langues du monde, et également du larynx out of organs and functions, nervous and comme lieu d'articulation des glottales, et la muscular, that come into being and are production des éjectives et des implosives. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
The Acoustic Consequences of Phonation and Tone Interactions in Jalapa Mazatec
The acoustic consequences of phonation and tone interactions in Jalapa Mazatec Marc Garellek & Patricia Keating Phonetics Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] San Felipe Jalapa de Dıaz⁄ (Jalapa) Mazatec is unusual in possessing a three-way phonation contrast and three-way level tone contrast independent of phonation. This study investigates the acoustics of how phonation and tone interact in this language, and how such interactions are maintained across variables like speaker sex, vowel timecourse, and presence of aspiration in the onset. Using a large number of words from the recordings of Mazatec made by Paul Kirk and Peter Ladefoged in the 1980s and 1990s, the results of our acoustic and statistical analysis support the claim that spectral measures like H1-H2 and mid- range spectral measures like H1-A2 best distinguish each phonation type, though other measures like Cepstral Peak Prominence are important as well. This is true regardless of tone and speaker sex. The phonation type contrasts are strongest in the first third of the vowel and then weaken towards the end. Although the tone categories remain distinct from one another in terms of F0 throughout the vowel, for laryngealized phonation the tone contrast in F0 is partially lost in the initial third. Consistent with phonological work on languages that cross-classify tone and phonation type (i.e. ‘laryngeally complex’ languages, Silverman 1997), this study shows that the complex orthogonal three-way phonation and tone contrasts do remain acoustically distinct according to the measures studied, despite partial neutralizations in any given measure. 1 Introduction Mazatec is an Otomanguean language of the Popolocan branch. -
Effects of Consonant Manner and Vowel Height on Intraoral Pressure and Articulatory Contact at Voicing Offset and Onset for Voiceless Obstruentsa)
Effects of consonant manner and vowel height on intraoral pressure and articulatory contact at voicing offset and onset for voiceless obstruentsa) Laura L. Koenigb) Haskins Laboratories, 300 George Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 and Long Island University, One University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 11201 Susanne Fuchs Center for General Linguistics (ZAS), Schuetzenstrasse 18, Berlin 10117, Germany Jorge C. Lucero Department of Mathematics, University of Brasilia, Brasilia DF 70910-900, Brazil (Received 13 September 2010; revised 3 February 2011; accepted 12 February 2011) In obstruent consonants, a major constriction in the upper vocal tract yields an increase in intraoral pressure (Pio). Phonation requires that subglottal pressure (Psub) exceed Pio by a threshold value, so as the transglottal pressure reaches the threshold, phonation will cease. This work investigates how Pio levels at phonation offset and onset vary before and after different German voiceless obstruents (stop, fricative, affricates, clusters), and with following high vs low vowels. Articulatory contacts, measured using electropalatography, were recorded simultaneously with Pio to clarify how supra- glottal constrictions affect Pio. Effects of consonant type on phonation thresholds could be explained mainly in terms of the magnitude and timing of vocal-fold abduction. Phonation offset occurred at lower values of Pio before fricative-initial sequences than stop-initial sequences, and onset occurred at higher levels of Pio following the unaspirated stops of clusters compared to frica- tives, affricates, and aspirated stops. The vowel effects were somewhat surprising: High vowels had an inhibitory effect at voicing offset (phonation ceasing at lower values of Pio) in short-duration consonant sequences, but a facilitating effect on phonation onset that was consistent across conso- nantal contexts. -
Articulatory Phonetics
Articulatory Phonetics Lecturer: Dr Anna Sfakianaki HY578 Digital Speech Signal Processing Spring Term 2016-17 CSD University of Crete What is Phonetics? n Phonetics is a branch of Linguistics that systematically studies the sounds of human speech. 1. How speech sounds are produced Production (Articulation) 2. How speech sounds are transmitted Acoustics 3. How speech sounds are received Perception It is an interdisciplinary subject, theoretical as much as experimental. Why do speech engineers need phonetics? n An engineer working on speech signal processing usually ignores the linguistic background of the speech he/she analyzes. (Olaszy, 2005) ¡ How was the utterance planned in the speaker’s brain? ¡ How was it produced by the speaker’s articulation organs? ¡ What sort of contextual influences did it receive? ¡ How will the listener decode the message? Phonetics in Speech Engineering Combined knowledge of articulatory gestures and acoustic properties of speech sounds Categorization of speech sounds Segmentation Speech Database Annotation Algorithms Speech Recognition Speech Synthesis Phonetics in Speech Engineering Speech • diagnosis Disorders • treatment Pronunciation • L2 Teaching Tools • Foreign languages Speech • Hearing aids Intelligibility Enhancement • Other tools A week with a phonetician… n Tuesday n Thursday Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics ¡ Speech production ¡ Formants ¡ Sound waves ¡ Fundamental Frequency ¡ Places and manners of articulation ¡ Acoustics of Vowels n Consonants & Vowels n Articulatory vs Acoustic charts ¡ Waveforms of consonants - VOT ¡ Acoustics of Consonants n Formant Transitions ¡ Suprasegmentals n Friday More Acoustic Phonetics… ¡ Interpreting spectrograms ¡ The guessing game… ¡ Individual Differences Peter Ladefoged Home Page: n Professor UCLA (1962-1991) http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/ n Travelled in Europe, Africa, India, China, Australia, etc. -
Acoustic Discriminability of the Complex Phonation System in !Xó˜O
Acoustic discriminability of the complex phonation system in !Xo´o˜ Marc Garellek Department of Linguistics University of California, San Diego (September 2018 version, to appear in Phonetica) 9500 Gilman Drive #0108, La Jolla, CA 92093-0108 USA Phone: +1 858 534 2412 Fax: +1 858 534 4789 Email: [email protected] Keywords: voice quality, phonation types, harsh voice Page 1 of 42 Abstract Phonation types, or contrastive voice qualities, are minimally produced using complex movements of the vocal folds, but may additionally involve constriction in the supraglottal and pharyngeal cav- ities. These complex articulations in turn produce a multidimensional acoustic output that can be modeled in various ways. In this study, I investigate whether the psychoacoustic model of voice by Kreiman et al. (2014) succeeds at distinguishing six phonation types of !Xo´o.˜ Linear discriminant analysis is performed using parameters from the model averaged over the entire vowel as well as for the first and final halves of the vowel. The results indicate very high classification accuracy for all phonation types. Measures averaged over the vowel’s entire duration are closely correlated with the discriminant functions, suggesting that they are sufficient for distinguishing even dynamic phonation types. Measures from all classes of parameters are correlated with the linear discrimi- nant functions; in particular, the ‘strident’ vowels, which are harsh in quality, are characterized by their noise, changes in spectral tilt, decrease in voicing amplitude and frequency, and raising of the first formant. Despite the large number of contrasts and the time-varying characteristics of many of the phonation types, the phonation contrasts in !Xo´o˜ remain well differentiated acoustically. -
Ingressive Phonation in Contemporary Vocal Music, Works by Helmut Lachenmann, Georges Aperghis, Michael Baldwin, and Nicholas
© 2012 Amanda DeBoer Bartlett All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Jane Schoonmaker Rodgers, Advisor The use of ingressive phonation (inward singing) in contemporary vocal music is becoming more frequent, yet there is limited research on the physiological demands, risks, and pedagogical requirements of the various ingressive phonation techniques. This paper will discuss ingressive phonation as it is used in contemporary vocal music. The research investigates the ways in which ingressive phonation differs acoustically, physiologically, and aesthetically from typical (egressive) phonation, and explores why and how composers and performers use the various ingressive vocal techniques. Using non-invasive methods, such as electroglottograph waveforms, aerodynamic (pressure, flow, flow resistance) measures, and acoustic analyses of recorded singing, specific data about ingressive phonation were obtained, and various categories of vocal techniques were distinguished. Results are presented for basic vocal exercises and tasks, as well as for specific excerpts from the repertoire, including temA by Helmut Lachenmann and Ursularia by Nicholas DeMaison. The findings of this study were applied to a discussion surrounding pedagogical and aesthetic applications of ingressive phonation in contemporary art music intended for concert performance. Topics of this discussion include physical differences in the production and performance of ingressive phonation, descriptive information regarding the various techniques, as well as notational and practical recommendations for composers. iv This document is dedicated to: my husband, Tom Bartlett my parents, John and Gail DeBoer and my siblings, Mike, Matt, and Leslie DeBoer Thank you for helping me laugh through the process – at times ingressively – and for supporting me endlessly. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have endless gratitude for my advisor and committee chair, Dr. -
Dynamics of Phonatory Posturing at Phonation Onset
The Laryngoscope VC 2015 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc. Dynamics of Phonatory Posturing at Phonation Onset Travis L. Shiba, MD; Dinesh K. Chhetri, MD Introduction: In speech and singing, the intrinsic laryngeal muscles set the prephonatory posture prior to the onset of phonation. The timing and shape of the prephonatory glottal posture can directly affect the resulting phonation type. We investigated the dynamics of human laryngeal phonatory posturing. Methods: Onset of vocal fold adduction to phonation was observed in 27 normal subjects using high-speed video recording. Subjects were asked to utter a variety of phonation types (modal, breathy, pressed, /i/ following sniff). Digital vid- eokymography with concurrent acoustic signal was analyzed to assess the timing of the following: onset of adduction to final phonatory posture (FPT), phonation onset time (POT), and phonatory posture time (PPT). Final phonatory posture time was determined as the moment at which the laryngeal configuration used in phonation was first achieved. Results: Thirty-three audiovisual recordings met inclusion criteria. Average FPT, PPT, and POT were as follows: 303, 106, and 409 ms for modal; 430, 104, and 534 ms for breathy; 483, 213, and 696 ms for pressed; and 278, 98, and 376 ms for sniff-/i/. The following posturing features were observed: 1) pressed phonation: increased speed of closure just prior to final posture, complete glottal closure, and increased supraglottic hyperactivity; and 2) breathy phonation: decreased speed of closure prior to final posture, increased posterior glottal gap, and increased midmembranous gap. Conclusions: Phonation onset latency was shortest for modal and longest for pressed voice. -
The Mechanics of Breathing and Speaking
2 “ Speech is the voice of the heart.” —Anna Quindlen The Need to Breathe: The Mechanics of Breathing and Speaking Frontal Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Bronchus Superior Lobe Alveoli Heart Bronchioles Middle Lobe Inferior Lobe Diaphragm ©stockshoppe/Shutterstock.com ©stockshoppe/Shutterstock.com Th e parts of our anatomy that are used to speak are also used for other purposes. Speaking is a secondary biological function as all of the basic anatomical parts used in speech are also used for other purposes. Much of the anatomy that is used in speech is also used in ordinary breathing and as such, speech and breathing and breath control in speaking are intimately linked. Th e parts of our body that are used to speak can be broken down in to three areas: (1) Phonation, which includes the larynx, vocal folds, glottis, and epiglottis, (2) Resonation, which includes the use of the pharynx, oral 11 Clark_Dillard_The_Speakers_Voice01E_Ch02_Printer.indd 11 14/07/16 1:14 pm 12 The Speaker’s Voice cavity, and the nasal cavity, and (3) Articulation, which includes the lips, tongue, hard and soft palate, lower jaw, and the gums. Phonation is the process of vibrating the vocal chords for initial pro- duction of speech. Resonation is the amplification and modification of the sound originated in the larynx. Articulation is the production of the indi- vidual sounds or phonemes of a given language. When we breathe we take air into our lungs through the process of respi- ration or inhalation and exhalation. Contracting and relaxing the diaphragm controls this process of respiration. -
The Use of Inhalation Phonation in the Voice Studio: a New Approach to Addressing MTD in Singers
The Use of Inhalation Phonation in the Voice Studio: A New Approach to Addressing MTD in Singers Kate Emerich Gordon and Ona Reed [Editor’s Note: A tutorial video illustrating procedures outlined in this article may be accessed on the official NATS YouTube channel, https://youtu.be/ uMgaW4ckuws.] INTRODUCTION inging is both an art and an athletic endeavor. It requires a perfect coordination of the respiratory, phonatory, and resonance systems for an optimized vocal production. However, just as athletes can experi- ence decreased performance because of a physical imbalance (e.g., Kate Emerich Gordon Smuscular injury or weakness), a singer can be challenged with a loss of range, power, vocal quality, and decreased ease of phonation with an imbalanced speaking or singing voice. Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a voice disor- der related to muscular imbalance in and around the vocal mechanism.1 The muscle tension patterns in MTD can be significant in nature and even prevent normal phonation from taking place, which is why aphonia (the inability to produce sound) is often grouped with MTD as the letter A (MTD/A).2 Most singers experience a mild to moderate form of MTD, but it is possible for sing- ers to become aphonic because of extreme muscle tension patterns. Singers with MTD present with symptoms that include a high laryngeal carriage, Ona Reed hyperactive contraction of the ventricular folds, and an anterior-posterior squeeze from the arytenoid cartilages forward to the epiglottis.3 Symptoms of MTD include difficulty singing in a particular range of the singing voice, effortful voice production, fatigue and/or hoarseness after singing for a short period of time, and discomfort with voice use. -
Some Remarks on the Four-Way Phonation Contrast in Bzhedugh Adyghe
SOME REMARKS ON THE FOUR-WAY PHONATION CONTRAST IN BZHEDUGH ADYGHE Ludger Paschen Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (Berlin) [email protected] ABSTRACT /b, p, pʰ, p’/, /d, t, tʰ, t’/, /dz, ts, tsʰ, ts’/, /dʒ, tʃ, tʃʰ, tʃ’/, and /dʑ, tɕ, tɕʰ, tɕ’/. This paper explores the acoustic properties of the Previous research on the segmental phonetics of four-way phonation contrast in Bzhedugh, an under- Circassian languages and dialects includes data dis- described dialect of Adyghe (Northwest Caucasian). cussed in [18, 2, 5, 8, 6, 14, 22, 9, 1, 21]; a systematic As opposed to most other Northwest Caucasian va- description of the acoustic properties of the quater- rieties, Bzhedugh Adyghe exhibits a quaternary sys- nary phonation system in Bzhedugh, however, is still tem of stops and affricates. We scrutinize durational missing. Against this background, this study seeks and spectral measures for each of the four phonation to provide an overview of the most relevant acoustic types /D, T, Tʰ, T’/. Results indicate that VOT is cru- features associated with the four phonation types for cial for distinguishing /D, T, Tʰ/, while voice quality, a representative subset of the consonant system. spectral energy and vowel duration are the principal acoustic cues of ejectives. Voicing, post-burst frica- 2. METHODOLOGY tion and glottal pulses are retained in word-final po- sition, making the quaternary system robust across The data analyzed in this pilot study were recorded in different environments. Bzhedugh unaspirated con- 2014 during a field trip to the village of Vochepshiy sonants differ considerably from unaspirated fortis (а.