Copyright by Hansang Park 2002 Temporal and Spectral Characteristics of Korean Phonation Types by Hansang Park, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2002 Dedication To my parents, Kapjo Park and Chanam Nam, and to my family, Yookyung Bae, Chanho Park, Dongho Park Acknowledgements I owe this work to so many people. This work would have been impossible without their help. First of all, I am so much indebted to Professor Robert T. Harms. He was my supervisor, professor, and graduate advisor, while I was studying in the Ph.D. program in Linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin. His comments on my work always kept me from deviating from the path I should be following. He encouraged me with wit and humor when I was frustrated. I was nourished to the fullest from discussions with him. I must confess that his broad, profound, and brewed knowledge about phonetics and linguistics is distilled into my work. When I was his teaching assistant, I was impressed at his professionalism in two ways. He was creative in preparing teaching materials and most kind to students during his classes. He taught me how to avoid mechanical grading and how to cherish students’ potentials and insights. He has two things I would like to inherit from him: the artificial larynx buzzer which is very useful to demonstrate the role of the source and filter in speech production and a peace of pipe organ which is helpful to teach the acoustic characteristics of the tube. As a graduate advisor, his advice was honest, timely, and keen, sometimes even bitter. When I was taking a course of his, he often used my questions as teaching materials. One day he was very upset at me, because I did not follow his advice. I could see that he had studied several hours to give an v answer to my question. I appealed that “I did my best to understand the thing on my own by the material I am familiar with.” He smiled after hearing my appeal. The smile on his childlike face with gray hairs at that time will never perish from my memory. I am as much indebted to Professor Björn Lindblom. I was impressed at not only his broad and profound knowledge in phonetics and other areas of science but also his intense effort to maximize the meaning of his life as a scholar. His course was a shock in the first year. It was fun in the second year. Afterwards, I became addicted to his course. I wonder how he could give students such appropriate and necessary references about such broad sub-areas of phonetics. His gentle manners and humor multiplied the joy of meeting with him. After I first came in contact with him, he has been, is, and will definitely be the role model of my academic life. As with him, I prefer physics to politics and warm to cold. I understand he likes the English word “warm.” He says, “It makes me warm” when a student’s work is interesting and says, “Keep warm” to encourage students to study hard. One day by the end of a Fall semester I was talking with him about my future. When we parted, he replaced “See you” by “Mr. Park. Keep warm. It’s cold outside.” As with him, I want to be active and productive in the “boondocks” in seemingly-less-warm-in-one’s-life-cycle but sizzling seasons. My thanks go to Professor Harvey M. Sussman. He willingly read my qualifying paper, several manuscripts, and dissertation and gave me quickest and most helpful comments on them. His Neurolinguistics course broadened the horizon of my knowledge about cognitive sciences. He gave me an illusion as if I were a student in a medical school. In particular, he gave me an opportunity to grope over vi the human brain soaked in formalin. One day he and I were leaving Calhoun building earlier than usual. Waiting for the elevator, he said to me “Geniuses in our department leave earlier.” Dr. Sussman, thank you for giving me a time to burst into laughter in hard times in preparing my dissertation. I am grateful to Professor Peter F. MacNeilage. His lectures of language evolution helped me to dwell on the primary question about the origin of human speech. In addition, he listened to my presentation about phonetics of Korean obstruents in the Department of Speech Science and Disorders and gave helpful comments. I also thank him for willingly accepting my invitation to serve on my dissertation committee. I express my gratitude to Professor Barbara L. Davis. In my presentation about phonetics of Korean obstruents in the Department of Speech Science and Disorders, I was impressed by her academic interest and scientific attitude. I also thank her for willingly serving on my dissertation committee. I would like to thank Professor Scott Myers. His well-organized lectures of phonology attracted me. It was both terrible and terrific to get comments on several papers from him. Sloppy and illusive papers turned into interesting works after revisions following his comments. He listened to presentations in the Sounds Group meeting and provided helpful comments. I express gratitude to professors who taught me in the coursework, Manfred Krifka, Lisa Green, and Steve Wechsler, and other professors in the Department of Linguistics at The University of Texas at Austin who helped me. My special thanks go to Leslie Jarmon who taught me and my wife Culture of Academic Communication and Culture of Academic Writing. She was the first and vii last woman who gave me a hug during my stay in the United States. Leslie, my dissertation would not have been as good without your helpful teaching. I am indebted to Professor Hyun-Bok Lee who first introduced me to the world of phonetics and demonstrated both art and science of phonetics at Seoul National University. His performance of the speech sounds of the world’s languages gave me deep impression and inspiration. I would like to express my gratitude to the professors who guided me to other sub-fields of linguistics at Seoul National University: Bang-Han Kim, Ik-Sung Shin (both late), Woong Huh, Suk-Jin Chang, Baeg-In Seong, Chungmin Lee, Yang-Soo Moon, and Yoon-Han Kim. I am grateful to Dr. Seung-Jae Moon who introduced me another world of phonetics. I want to thank Brian Price and Kathy Ross who made my life a lot easier in the department. I should express my special thanks to Elaine Chun who proofread my manuscripts many times and Heidi Buschmann who proofread my entire dissertation. My thanks should go to Youngsang Kim who programmed for me with data processing. Without his help, my dissertation would have been much delayed. My thanks also go to Yong-Jun Moon who advised me about statistical analyses. I owe thanks to Arthur Abramson, Taehong Cho, Chin-Wu Kim, Juwon Kim, Yoonshin Kim, John Ohala, and Katsumasa Shimizu, who sent me books and papers with warm encouragement. I would like to thank Dr. Hyunkee Ahn who helped me and shared time in Phonetics Lab and in the corridor of Parlin. I also thank Sounds Group for listening my presentations and giving me helpful comments. In particular, Augustine Agwuele, talking with you about phonetics and working with you in organizing Texas Linguistics Society 2002 Conference in conjunction with South West Optimality viii Theory was one of the joyous memories during my days in the Linguistics program. Golnaz Modaressi, discussions with you helped me organize my entangled ideas. I also thank all my previous and current colleagues, especially Jae-Il Yeom who helped me to settle down in Austin and introduced me to academic life in Calhoun, Jeong- Hoon Lee, Incheol Choi, and Chisung Oh, who exchanged ideas about linguistics and life on campus and court, day and night, sober and drunken, and Sang-Hoon Park, who shared a smoke with me while talking about phonetics in the corridor of Parlin. I want to express my special thanks to Han-Surk Park who helped me in various ways during my days in the United States. I want you to know that our secret code is still “Que passo?” I express my deepest gratitude and my warmest love to my parents and parents-in-law. They prayed for my health and academic achievement day in and day out with financial support and warm encouragement. I have seen few people who have more sincerity and passion in educating their children than my parents and parents-in-law. Last but not least, I want to express my warmest love and deepest gratitude to my wife, Yookyung Bae, and apples of my eyes, Chanho and Dongho. Yookyung, I could not have successfully finished my degree without your help, support, and sacrifice. I understand it must have been terrible to take care of two attentive boys all day until they go to bed, then to do your own work with your degree program demanding both time and creativity till late night (often till the dawn), and to set the table consisting of warm rice and palatable soup and side dishes with heavy eye lids every morning. Chanho, now saying “English is too easy for me,” and Dongho, ix imitating every word and deed your brother makes, my life would have been drab and dry without you. I have secret presents for you.