Acoustic Cue Overlap and the Parsing of Paradigmatic Slots: Functional
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On Phonetics and Phonology: a Broad-Termed
On Phonetics and Phonology: A Broad-Termed Comparison and Contrast between Broad and Narrow Transcription Name: Pouria Ebrahimi E-mail: [email protected] Takestan Azad University (M.A.) Feb. 2010 Page | 1 Abstract As a subfield of linguistics, phonetics and phonology have as their main axis the concern of articulation of sounds; that is, how human beings produce speech. Although dated back over 2000 years ago, modern contributions of scientists and scholars regarding phonetics and phonology have involved various fields of science and schools of thought such as philosophy, physiology, psychology, and even American structuralism. So, in line with all this, this study starts with a general view toward phonetics and phonology holding the view of early contributors and the role of aforementioned sciences and schools of thought. Then, thru representing figures and tables, this study continues to consider two major aspects of the filed—namely broad and narrow transcription. A broad-termed comparison and contract between the two, this study aims to imply, indicates the former transcription harmful to the same extent, if not more one should like to emphasize, it could be of assistance. It is because it does not represent the exact subtleties of phonetics and, thus, prevent the person from achieving a native-like pronunciation. Key words: phonetics, phonology, broad transcription, narrow transcription Page | 2 Introduction Phonetics is the study, investigation, and description of sound system in a given language. Articulation of sounds is mostly concerned with the movement of speech organs including lips and tongue; but this is just the beginning. To investigate and describe sound systems, one needs to pierce deeper where other organs and factors are in play. -
Phonation Types of Korean Fricatives and Affricates
ISSN 2005-8063 2017. 12. 31. 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.4 pp. 51-57 http://dx.doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2017.9.4.051 Phonation types of Korean fricatives and affricates Goun Lee* Abstract The current study compared the acoustic features of the two phonation types for Korean fricatives (plain: /s/, fortis : /s’/) and the three types for affricates (aspirated : /tsʰ/, lenis : /ts/, and fortis : /ts’/) in order to determine the phonetic status of the plain fricative /s/. Considering the different manners of articulation between fricatives and affricates, we examined four acoustic parameters (rise time, intensity, fundamental frequency, and Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) values) of the 20 Korean native speakers’ productions. The results showed that unlike Korean affricates, F0 cannot distinguish two fricatives, and voice quality (CPP values) only distinguishes phonation types of Korean fricatives and affricates by grouping non-fortis sibilants together. Therefore, based on the similarity found in /tsʰ/ and /ts/ and the idiosyncratic pattern found in /s/, this research concludes that non-fortis fricative /s/ cannot be categorized as belonging to either phonation type. Keywords: Korean fricatives, Korean affricates, phonation type, acoustic characteristics, breathy voice 1. Introduction aspirated-like characteristic by remaining voiceless in intervocalic position. Whereas the lenis stops become voiced in intervocalic Korean has very well established three-way contrasts (e.g., position (e.g., /pata/ → / [pada] ‘sea’), the aspirated stops do not aspirated, lenis, and fortis) both in stops and affricates in three undergo intervocalic voicing (e.g., /patʰaŋ/ → [patʰaŋ] places of articulation (bilabial, alveolar, velar). However, this ‘foundation’). Since the plain fricative /s/, like the aspirated stops, distinction does not occur in fricatives, leaving only a two-way does not undergo intervocalic voicing, categorizing the plain contrast between fortis fricative /s’/ and non-fortis (hereafter, plain) fricative as aspirated is also possible. -
LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 the BASIC SOUNDS of ENGLISH 1. STOPS a Stop Consonant Is Produced with a Complete Closure of Airflow
LINGUISTICS 221 LECTURE #3 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology THE BASIC SOUNDS OF ENGLISH 1. STOPS A stop consonant is produced with a complete closure of airflow in the vocal tract; the air pressure has built up behind the closure; the air rushes out with an explosive sound when released. The term plosive is also used for oral stops. ORAL STOPS: e.g., [b] [t] (= plosives) NASAL STOPS: e.g., [m] [n] (= nasals) There are three phases of stop articulation: i. CLOSING PHASE (approach or shutting phase) The articulators are moving from an open state to a closed state; ii. CLOSURE PHASE (= occlusion) Blockage of the airflow in the oral tract; iii. RELEASE PHASE Sudden reopening; it may be accompanied by a burst of air. ORAL STOPS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL STOPS: The blockage is made with the two lips. spot [p] voiceless baby [b] voiced 1 b. ALVEOLAR STOPS: The blade (or the tip) of the tongue makes a closure with the alveolar ridge; the sides of the tongue are along the upper teeth. lamino-alveolar stops or Check your apico-alveolar stops pronunciation! stake [t] voiceless deep [d] voiced c. VELAR STOPS: The closure is between the back of the tongue (= dorsum) and the velum. dorso-velar stops scar [k] voiceless goose [g] voiced 2. NASALS (= nasal stops) The air is stopped in the oral tract, but the velum is lowered so that the airflow can go through the nasal tract. All nasals are voiced. NASALS IN ENGLISH a. BILABIAL NASAL: made [m] b. ALVEOLAR NASAL: need [n] c. -
Phonological Use of the Larynx: a Tutorial Jacqueline Vaissière
Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial Jacqueline Vaissière To cite this version: Jacqueline Vaissière. Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial. Larynx 97, 1994, Marseille, France. pp.115-126. halshs-00703584 HAL Id: halshs-00703584 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00703584 Submitted on 3 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vaissière, J., (1997), "Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial", Larynx 97, Marseille, 115-126. PHONOLOGICAL USE OF THE LARYNX J. Vaissière UPRESA-CNRS 1027, Institut de Phonétique, Paris, France larynx used as a carrier of paralinguistic information . RÉSUMÉ THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE LARYNX Cette communication concerne le rôle du IS PROTECTIVE larynx dans l'acte de communication. Toutes As stated by Sapir, 1923, les langues du monde utilisent des physiologically, "speech is an overlaid configurations caractéristiques du larynx, aux function, or to be more precise, a group of niveaux segmental, lexical, et supralexical. Nous présentons d'abord l'utilisation des différents types de phonation pour distinguer entre les consonnes et les voyelles dans les overlaid functions. It gets what service it can langues du monde, et également du larynx out of organs and functions, nervous and comme lieu d'articulation des glottales, et la muscular, that come into being and are production des éjectives et des implosives. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Glossary of Key Terms
Glossary of Key Terms accent: a pronunciation variety used by a specific group of people. allophone: different phonetic realizations of a phoneme. allophonic variation: variations in how a phoneme is pronounced which do not create a meaning difference in words. alveolar: a sound produced near or on the alveolar ridge. alveolar ridge: the small bony ridge behind the upper front teeth. approximants: obstruct the air flow so little that they could almost be classed as vowels if they were in a different context (e.g. /w/ or /j/). articulatory organs – (or articulators): are the different parts of the vocal tract that can change the shape of the air flow. articulatory settings or ‘voice quality’: refers to the characteristic or long-term positioning of articulators by individual or groups of speakers of a particular language. aspirated: phonemes involve an auditory plosion (‘puff of air’) where the air can be heard passing through the glottis after the release phase. assimilation: a process where one sound is influenced by the characteristics of an adjacent sound. back vowels: vowels where the back part of the tongue is raised (like ‘two’ and ‘tar’) bilabial: a sound that involves contact between the two lips. breathy voice: voice quality where whisper is combined with voicing. cardinal vowels: a set of phonetic vowels used as reference points which do not relate to any specific language. central vowels: vowels where the central part of the tongue is raised (like ‘fur’ and ‘sun’) centring diphthongs: glide towards /ə/. citation form: the way we say a word on its own. close vowel: where the tongue is raised as close as possible to the roof of the mouth. -
The Acoustic Consequences of Phonation and Tone Interactions in Jalapa Mazatec
The acoustic consequences of phonation and tone interactions in Jalapa Mazatec Marc Garellek & Patricia Keating Phonetics Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, UCLA [email protected] San Felipe Jalapa de Dıaz⁄ (Jalapa) Mazatec is unusual in possessing a three-way phonation contrast and three-way level tone contrast independent of phonation. This study investigates the acoustics of how phonation and tone interact in this language, and how such interactions are maintained across variables like speaker sex, vowel timecourse, and presence of aspiration in the onset. Using a large number of words from the recordings of Mazatec made by Paul Kirk and Peter Ladefoged in the 1980s and 1990s, the results of our acoustic and statistical analysis support the claim that spectral measures like H1-H2 and mid- range spectral measures like H1-A2 best distinguish each phonation type, though other measures like Cepstral Peak Prominence are important as well. This is true regardless of tone and speaker sex. The phonation type contrasts are strongest in the first third of the vowel and then weaken towards the end. Although the tone categories remain distinct from one another in terms of F0 throughout the vowel, for laryngealized phonation the tone contrast in F0 is partially lost in the initial third. Consistent with phonological work on languages that cross-classify tone and phonation type (i.e. ‘laryngeally complex’ languages, Silverman 1997), this study shows that the complex orthogonal three-way phonation and tone contrasts do remain acoustically distinct according to the measures studied, despite partial neutralizations in any given measure. 1 Introduction Mazatec is an Otomanguean language of the Popolocan branch. -
Consonants Consonants Vs. Vowels Formant Frequencies Place Of
The Acoustics of Speech Production: Source-Filter Theory of Speech Consonants Production Source Filter Speech Speech production can be divided into two independent parts •Sources of sound (i.e., signals) such as the larynx •Filters that modify the source (i.e., systems) such as the vocal tract Consonants Consonants Vs. Vowels All three sources are used • Frication Vowels Consonants • Aspiration • Voicing • Slow changes in • Rapid changes in articulators articulators Articulations change resonances of the vocal tract • Resonances of the vocal tract are called formants • Produced by with a • Produced by making • Moving the tongue, lips and jaw change the shape of the vocal tract relatively open vocal constrictions in the • Changing the shape of the vocal tract changes the formant frequencies tract vocal tract Consonants are created by coordinating changes in the sources with changes in the filter (i.e., formant frequencies) • Only the voicing • Coordination of all source is used three sources (frication, aspiration, voicing) Formant Frequencies Place of Articulation The First Formant (F1) • Affected by the size of Velar Alveolar the constriction • Cue for manner • Unrelated to place Bilabial The second and third formants (F2 and F3) • Affected by place of articulation /AdA/ 1 Place of Articulation Place of Articulation Bilabials (e.g., /b/, /p/, /m/) -- Low Frequencies • Lower F2 • Lower F3 Alveolars (e.g., /d/, /n/, /s/) -- High Frequencies • Higher F2 • Higher F3 Velars (e.g., /g/, /k/) -- Middle Frequencies • Higher F2 /AdA/ /AgA/ • Lower -
Aspirated and Unaspirated Voiceless Consonants in Old Tibetan*
LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS 8.2:471-493, 2007 2007-0-008-002-000248-1 Aspirated and Unaspirated Voiceless Consonants * in Old Tibetan Nathan W. Hill Harvard University Although Tibetan orthography distinguishes aspirated and unaspirated voiceless consonants, various authors have viewed this distinction as not phonemic. An examination of the unaspirated voiceless initials in the Old Tibetan Inscriptions, together with unaspirated voiceless consonants in several Tibetan dialects confirms that aspiration was either not phonemic in Old Tibetan, or only just emerging as a distinction due to loan words. The data examined also affords evidence for the nature of the phonetic word in Old Tibetan. Key words: Tibetan orthography, aspiration, Old Tibetan 1. Introduction The distribution between voiceless aspirated and voiceless unaspirated stops in Written Tibetan is nearly complementary. This fact has been marshalled in support of the reconstruction of only two stop series (voiced and voiceless) in Proto-Tibeto- Burman. However, in order for Tibetan data to support a two-way manner distinction in Proto-Tibeto-Burman it is necessary to demonstrate that the three-way distinction of voiced, voiceless aspirated, and voiceless unaspirated in Written Tibetan is derivable from an earlier two-way voicing distinction. Those environments in which voiceless aspirated and unaspirated stops are not complimentary must be thoroughly explained. The Tibetan script distinguishes the unaspirated consonant series k, c, t, p, ts from the aspirated consonant series kh, ch, th, ph, tsh. The combination of letters hr and lh are not to be regarded as representing aspiration but rather the voiceless counterparts to r and l respectively (Hahn 1973:434). -
Nasal Consonant the Basic Characteristic of a Nasal Consonant Is That the Air Escapes Through the Nose
Nasal Consonant The basic characteristic of a nasal consonant is that the air escapes through the nose. For this to happen, the soft palate must be lowered; in the case of all the other consonants, and all vowels, the soft palate is raised and air cannot pass through the nose, in nasal consonants, hoever, the air does not pass through the mouth; it is prevented by a complete closure in the mouth at some point. /m/ and /n/ are simple , straightforward consonants with distributions like those of the plosives. There is in fact little to describe. However, /η/ is a different matter. It is a sound that gives considerable problems to foreign learners, and one that is so unusual in its phonological aspect that some people argue that it is not one of the phonemes of English at all. There are three phonemes in English which are represented by nasal consonants, /m/ , /n/ and /η/. In all nasal consonants the soft palate is lowered and at the same time the mouth passage blocked at some point, so that all the air pushed out of the nose. /m/ and /n/ All languages have consonants which are similar to / m/ and /n/ in English. Notice: 1- the soft palate is lowered for both /m/ and /n/. 2- for /m/ the mouth is blocked by closing the two lips, for /n/ by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, and the sides of the tongue against the sides of the palate. 3- Both sounds are voice in English, as they are in other languages, and the voiced air passes out through the nose. -
Pulmonic Airstream Mechanism: the Movement of Lung Air by the Respiratory Muscles
LING 520 Introduction to Phonetics I Fall 2008 WeekWeek 33 Sounds in other languages Sep. 22, 2008 2 Languages in the world • There are about 7,000 languages in the world today. • Over half of them (52 percent) are spoken by fewer than 10,000 people; over a quarter of them (28 percent) are spoken by fewer than 1,000 people; at least 10 percent of them are spoken by fewer than 100 people. • The pessimists reckon that in 100 years' time 90% of the world's languages will be gone, and that a couple of centuries from now the world may be left with only 200 tongues. • Not everybody is pessimistic: Xhosa people have “colonised” English. English is spoken with a Xhosa accent and attitude. We have a slave called ‘English' and it serves us well. (John Kani) [From BBC website] LING 520 Introduction to Phonetics I, Fall 2008 3 Languages in the world • Nearly half the people in the world (48 percent) speak one of the 10 most widely spoken languages: Language Number of speakers 1. Chinese, Mandarin 885,000,000 2. English 322,000,000 3. Spanish 266,000,000 4. Bengali 189,000,000 5. Hindi 182,000,000 6. Portuguese 170,000,000 6. Russian 170,000,000 8. Arabic (all forms) 161,000,000 9. Japanese 125,000,000 10. German 98,000,000 LING 520 Introduction to Phonetics I, Fall 2008 4 Consonants around the world • In terms of the cross-product of relevant IPA dimensions and values, there are about 600 consonants in different languages. -
Preaspiration in Modern and Old Mongolian
Jan-Olof Svantesson & Anastasia Karlsson Lund University Preaspiration in Modern and Old Mongolian Background The problem of how to analyse the two contrasting manners of articulation for Mongolian stops and affricates has been debated since Mongolian phonetics first came to be studied. To date, there remains no consensus about the phonetic correlates of the two manners of articulation found in the literature. In phone- mic transcriptions, the two series have often been rendered with symbols for voiceless and voiced consonants. The Cyrillic Mongolian script also treats them in this way. Most Mongolists have used terms such as fortis ~ lenis, strong ~ weak, or tense ~ lax; see the review in our book, The Phonology of Mongolian (Svantesson et al. 2005: 220–221). In that book, we presented data showing that the difference is one of the presence vs. the absence of aspiration. Aspirated consonants are preaspirated in all positions except utterance-initially, while they are postaspirated word-in- itially. Here we will present more data to support this analysis. (An analysis of this kind was already proposed by the Finland-Swedish scholar John Ramstedt in his pioneering 1902 description of Halh Mongolian phonetics.) The stop and affricate phonemes are shown in (1). Minimal pairs show- ing that they contrast are given in Svantesson et al. (2005: 26–27). In phonemic transcription, we write aspirated stops and affricates as /pʰ/, /tʰ/, etc.; although the aspiration sign is written after the consonant, it is intended as a symbol for (pre- or post-) aspiration in general. In close phonetic transcription, we differen- tiate between pre- and postaspiration [ʰt, tʰ].