Università Degli Studi Di Padova XXVI Ciclo DENTRO L'architettura

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Università Degli Studi Di Padova XXVI Ciclo DENTRO L'architettura Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Filosofia, Sociologia, Pedagogia e Psicologia Applicata FISPPA ____________________________________________________________ Scuola di dottorato in Scienze Sociali Interazioni, comunicazione e costruzioni culturali XXVI Ciclo DENTRO L'ARCHITETTURA Tecnologie, utenti e materiali nelle pratiche di progettazione. Direttore della Scuola: Ch. mo Prof. Marco Sambin Supervisore: Ch. mo Prof. Federico Neresini Dottorando: Daniele De Pretto ABSTRACT (Italiano) Le interazioni tra progettisti, software e altri strumenti utilizzati, errori e la gestione del tempo e dello spazio sono solo alcune delle dimensioni che compongono e rendono possibile la traiettoria di progettazione di un nuovo artefatto all'interno di un atelier di architettura. Studiare il risultato delle pratiche progettuali, senza indagare il processo che lo permette, porta a non comprendere la maggior parte delle dinamiche che rendono la realizzazione del progetto stesso possibile. Queste dimensioni sono state spesso trascurate dagli studi sociologici sull'architettura che, invece, hanno focalizzato la loro attenzione sulla fruizione dello spazio da parte degli utenti, sulla formazione degli architetti partendo da un'ottica di sociologia delle professioni, oppure sui significati simbolici incorporati negli edifici realizzati. Con la mia ricerca, partendo da una prospettiva STS (Science and Technology Studies), metto in luce le pratiche di progettazione implicate nella creazione di un artefatto particolare, il progetto architettonico, cercando di collegare gli elementi materiali, gli attori che vanno a comporre il network eterogeneo, le tecnologie e le diverse forme di conoscenza esperta coinvolti. La ricerca si concentra sul tema dell'innovazione tecnologica vista, per quanto concerne l'architettura, come gestione di nuovi rapporti spaziali tra contesto ed edificio, materiali, teoria architettonica, software, futuri utenti e progettisti. Il contesto empirico individuato per la ricerca è stato indagato attraverso gli strumenti dell'etnografia, che mi hanno portato a passare circa un anno in un importante atelier di architettura nel nord Italia, dove ho alternato osservazione partecipante, interviste in profondità, raccolta di fotografie e analisi documentale, al fine di seguire diverse traiettorie progettuali dal concepimento dell'idea ai disegni finali. Dall'analisi dei dati è emerso un complesso "pluriverso" di interazioni tra diversi tipi di attori, che collaborano in un ambiente tecnologicamente denso, in cui l'artefatto-progetto condensa un numero rilevante di importanti dimensioni socio-tecniche. Con la mia ricerca ho voluto rendere un po' meno oscura la comprensione dei processi progettuali, attribuendo importanza tanto alle dinamiche organizzative, quanto a quelle tecnoscientifiche, attraverso un account metodologico attento a cogliere le peculiarità di tutti gli attori che partecipano alla progettazione di questo nuovo artefatto, e che mi ha permesso di entrare “dentro l'architettura”. I II ABSTRACT (INGLESE) Interaction between designers, software & other tools, mistakes, management of time & space are just some of the dimensions that make up a design trajectory in an atelier of architecture and made it possible. Understanding architectural objects without investigating the process that make them possible, hide us the most part of dynamics that make the realization of the project itself feasible. These dimensions have often been neglected by sociological studies of architecture that, instead, are often focused on fruition of space by users, the training of architects in a sociology of professions perspective, rather than the building, seen in a symbolic way. With my research, starting from an STS perspective, I highlight design practices involved in the creation of a new artefact, trying to connect material elements, actors involved in the heterogeneous network and the technological artefacts that contribute to the achievement of the project. The research focuses on the issue of technological innovation see also as management of new spatial relationship between context and content, materials and architectural theories, software and designers. In order to facilitate the emergence of knowledge, innovation and design practices, the empirical context of the research was investigated through the tools of ethnography. These led me to spent about one year in an important atelier of architecture in north Italy, where I alternated participant observation, in-depth interviews, photographs and analysis of atelier's documents, in order to follow the trajectory of different projects and the non-linear path from the idea's conception to the final drawings. From data analysis, emerge a complex “pluriverse” of interactions between different kind of actors, that work together in a technologically dense environment, in which the project-artifact condenses a relevant number of socio-technical dimensions. With my research I want to made little bit less obscure the understandings of design processes, giving importance to organizational and technoscientific dynamics, with a methodological account that allowed me to understand peculiarities about all different actors that play in the design arena, going “inside architecture”. III IV INDICE IND ICE Introduzione. La progettazione architettonica e i suoi protagonisti............................. 1 I. Dai classici ad un approccio teorico per studiare l'innovazione nella pratica architettonica..................................................................................................................... 15 1. Architettura, architetture 16 2. Una sociologia dell'architettura? 24 3. Edifici, spazi, città: uno sguardo ai classici 26 3.1 Architettura, modernità e capitalismo 27 3.2 Tempi post-moderni ed architetture contemporanee 29 3.3 Architettura e società 31 4. Progettazione, città & STS 35 5. Alcune definizioni 39 6. Spazio ed innovazione tecnologica 42 7. Cosa apprendere dall'architettura come processo? 46 8. Tra approcci teorici e ricerca sul campo: le domande di ricerca 48 II. Appunti metodologici, presentazione dello studio e raccolta dei dati..................... 53 1. Un passo indietro: la scelta del campo e la negoziazione per l'accesso 55 1.1 Il tentativo bolognese 56 1.2 Accedere a LETSGO Architettura 57 2. L'etnografia 58 2.1 Lo studio e i protagonisti: seguire i progettisti al lavoro 59 2.1.1 I soci fondatori di LETSGO Architettura 62 2.1.2 I capi progetto 65 2.1.3 I progettisti 68 2.1.4 Le stagiaire 71 2.1.5 La responsabile della comunicazione 72 2.1.6 La responsabile segreteria e amministrazione 73 2.2 Seguire i progettisti al lavoro: osservazione e shadowing 73 2.3 Software, skype, spugna ed altri attori di un TDE 74 2.4 Oltre l'osservazione 78 2.5 Le interviste 79 3. Altri aspetti di metodo: sulla fiducia 81 3.1 fiducia e discrezione: la partecipazione a riunioni riservate ai capi progetto; 82 3.2 fiducia e socialità: “ma perché tu non vieni a pranzo con noi?” 84 3.3 Ottenere la fiducia degli oggetti: imparare ad utilizzare SketchUp e il filo a caldo 85 4. L'analisi dei dati: le note etnografiche e la scelta di RQDA 86 5. L'uscita dal campo e una prima forma di restituzione: “Ma quando ci presenti i risultati del lavoro?” 89 V INDICE III. Traiettorie progettuali. Ovvero sulla progettazione di una biblioteca................... 93 1. Δ FARENHEITH: concorso, biblioteca. 99 2. La prima settimana: studio del bando e primi concept progettuali 101 3. La seconda settimana: piante, prospetti, modellini di studio 110 3.1 Le forme 111 3.2 I prospetti 113 3.3 Le piante 115 4. La terza settimana: disegno, ingegneri e ritorno al concept 117 4.1 La riunione con Arup 126 5. La quarta settimana, il lavoro frenetico. 131 5.1 L'assonometria 132 5.2 Il weekend al lavoro: i render e gli appunti di Arup 136 5.3 Il testo 141 5.4 Stampa e consegna, con dormita in taxi 144 5.5 Un giorno dopo... 146 6. Per concludere 147 7.Appendice al capitolo: breve panoramica degli altri tipi di progetti 155 IV. L'invasione dei non umani. Software, materiali e altri protagonisti...................... 161 1. L'invasione dei software 164 2. Logica Raster Vs Logica vettoriale 167 3. Software in uso 169 3.1 La matita nello schermo: AutoCad 173 3.1.1. AutoCad = Matita? 177 3.1.2. AutoCad = Processo? 181 3.1.3.AutoCad Vs Estetica e corporeità? 183 3.1.4. AutoCad Vs Regole imposte o trasgredite 187 3.2 Si lavora per estrusione: SketchUp e il 3D 190 3.3.Schemi, imbellettamenti vari e manipolazione delle immagini 193 4. Macchine progettuali e altri Computer Aided Designers 194 4.1 CAD, il tempo e la materialità dei processi 195 4.2 CAD e/è apprendimento 199 4.3 CAD e immaginazione 202 5. Verso il salto: la scala dentro lo schermo 206 V. Techno-tricks. Rappresentazione, context-content&user.......................................... 217 1. Sulla rappresentazione 224 1.1 L'utente immaginato e rappresentato 232 1.2 Utente “reale” ed utente “progettato” 233 1.3 L'utente rappresentato nel contesto 235 1.4 L'utente raccontato 236 2. Lo user, gli users, disposizioni, script e programmi 238 VI INDICE 2.1 L'utente rimane nelle retrovie 247 2.2 Utenti super definiti 248 2.3 Un utente, tanti utenti, ma lui no! 250 2.4 Progettare l'utente e le esperienze possibili e inscriverle nei dispositivi 251 2.5 Gli utilizzi inaspettati 254 2.6 Potere e poteri 255 2.7 Tra utente e contesto: gli studenti di Lugano 256 3. Context&Content 257 3.1 Le dimensioni del contesto 263 3.2 L'intorno architettonico 266 3.3 Il contesto “micro”, tra bagni e ghiaccio 267 3.4 Progettare lontano: un contesto, nessun contesto, schiavi del contesto 269 3.5 “Il contesto è nella domanda che ti viene posta” 270 4. Per concludere 272 VI. Progettare parlando, organizzando e correggendo tavole...................................... 275 1. Introduzione: verso una conclusione 276 2. Quando parlare (e toccare, e ascoltare, e organizzare...) è progettare 277 2.1 Progettare, toccare! La scelta delle tessere del mosaico 279 2.2. Progettare come incontro diplomatico: la riunione coi cinesi. 280 2.3 Quando progettare è organizzare strategie: il concorso della variante urbanistica. 283 2.4 Progettazione è collaborazione (tra architetti, ma anche tra tavole) 291 3.
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