Virtual Communities for Parents of Children with Special Needs in Taiwan: Emotional Support, Information, and Advocacy
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Virtual communities for parents of children with special needs in Taiwan: Emotional support, information, and advocacy A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2017 I-Jung, Lu Manchester Institute of Education School of Environment, Education and Development List of Contents LIST OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 8 DECLARATION.......................................................................................................... 9 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ..................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... 10 GLOSSARY................................................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 14 1.1 Parents in the virtual world ................................................................... 14 1.2 Support for parents ................................................................................... 15 1.3 Structure of this thesis.............................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND ON THE TAIWANESE CONTEXT ................. 21 2.1 The Taiwanese context ............................................................................. 22 2.1.1 Brief historical context .................................................................................... 23 2.2 The Taiwanese culture of Face .............................................................. 26 2.2.1 The Confucian influence on the concept of Face............................................ 26 2.2.2 The Buddhist influence on the concept of Face .............................................. 27 2.2.3 The influence of Westernisation and capitalism ............................................. 28 2.2.4 Culture and the experience of being a Taiwanese parent ............................... 29 2.3 The support services for parents .......................................................... 30 2.3.1 Healthcare ....................................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Education ........................................................................................................ 33 2.3.3 Other support services and local organisations ............................................... 34 2.3.4 Parents’ experiences with support services..................................................... 35 2.4 Using the internet for support ............................................................... 37 2.5 Summary ....................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 40 Terminology ............................................................................................................................. 41 Literature search process .......................................................................................................... 42 1 3.1 Virtual communities and parent support .......................................... 43 3.2 Accessing information in virtual communities ................................ 50 3.2.1 Searching for information together ................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Online professional support services .............................................................. 54 3.2.3 The limitations of searching for information through the internet ................. 55 3.3 Emotional support in virtual communities ....................................... 58 3.3.1 Overcoming isolation ...................................................................................... 59 3.3.2 Building self-esteem ....................................................................................... 60 3.3.3 The limitations of online emotional support ................................................... 61 3.4 Advocating through virtual communities ......................................... 64 3.4.1 The limitations of advocating through the internet ......................................... 66 3.5 The gap in the current literature .......................................................... 68 3.6 Summary ....................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 71 The aim of the study ................................................................................................................. 72 4.1 Theoretical stance: A qualitative research paradigm ................... 72 4.2 The research design ................................................................................... 73 4.2.1 Identifying the cases in this study ................................................................... 77 Platform selection: Facebook ................................................................................................... 77 Case selection ........................................................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 Characteristics of the three cases .................................................................... 81 Little Star.................................................................................................................................. 81 Lovely Dove ............................................................................................................................. 83 Speak Out ................................................................................................................................. 84 4.3 The research methods .............................................................................. 87 Pilot study ................................................................................................................................ 88 4.3.1 Data collection: Web-based observation ........................................................ 88 Limitations of access and ethical issues ................................................................................... 93 4.3.2 Data collection: Semi-structured interviews ................................................... 94 The inclusion criteria for the interviewees and the sampling strategies ................................... 95 4.3.3 Research diary ............................................................................................... 103 4.4 Establishing trustworthiness ................................................................ 105 4.4.1 Validity and reliability .................................................................................. 106 4.4.2 Language and translation .............................................................................. 107 4.5 Ethical considerations ............................................................................ 108 Interview ................................................................................................................................ 108 Web-based observations of public archived data ................................................................... 109 4.5.1 Researcher positionality ................................................................................ 110 4.6 Data analysis .............................................................................................. 111 4.6.1 Analytical framework ................................................................................... 112 4.6.2 Analysis process............................................................................................ 115 The first stage of analysis: Within-case analysis .................................................................... 115 The second stage of analysis: Between-case analysis ............................................................ 119 2 4.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 124 Presentation of the findings .................................................................................................... 124 CHAPTER 5. NEWS ABOUT A FATHER MURDERING HIS SON: A CRITICAL INCIDENT .......................................................................................... 126 5.1 The news ...................................................................................................... 126 5.1.1 Content of the news articles .......................................................................... 127 5.1.2 The cultural influence on the reporting style ................................................ 131 5.2 The response to the news from each virtual community ........... 133 5.2.1 The response of Little Star ............................................................................ 133 5.2.2 The response of Lovely Dove ......................................................................