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History of the Upper Snake River Area to 1840

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History of the Upper Snake River Area to 1840 Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 1968 History of the Upper Snake River Area to 1840 Louis J. Clements Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Mormon Studies Commons, and the United States History Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Clements, Louis J., "History of the Upper Snake River Area to 1840" (1968). Theses and Dissertations. 4607. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4607 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. tctoocto CW i HISTORYOFHISTORY OF THE UPPER SNAKE RIVERR AREA TO 1840 A thesis presented to the department of history brigham young university in PartipartialfulpartialpartlalFulfulfillmentlmentament of the requirement for the degree master of arts byT louis Jjo clements may 1968 PREFACE sincere appreciation is expressed to all those who assisted with thisthisworkwork the research incentive was supplied by dr leroy R hafen and the upper snake river valley historical society special thanks should go to the members of my comitcommitteetee dr leroy R hafen dr milton V backman and dr eugene E campbell for their suggestions and encouragement in the research of this study appreciation goes to ricks college library staff for their kindness in allowing me the use of their collections of material especially useful in work in idaho history the residents of the upper snake river valley have been quite helpful in supplying information on events and dates special thanks and gratitude are expressed to my wife diane clements for typing this thesis and for giving me the moral support to help me complete this work illlii TABLE OF CONTENTS page PREFACE Q a 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 illliiiliiki111 illustration 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 0 59 MAP 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 I1 PHYSICAL settiniosettingoSETTINGSETTINGo 0 0 0 0 II11 INDIANS OF THE UPPER SNAKE RIVER AREA 10 iliIII111 EARLY explorations OF THE WEST AND THEIR INFLUENCE 15 IV EXPLORERS AND FUR TRADERS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 V ANDREW HENRY AND mortFORTPORT HENRY 0 115111.11 0 0 a 0 24 VI OVERLAND AND RETURNING ASTORIANS a 10 0 to 0 0 0 35 VII HUDSONS BAY COMPANY VERSUS AMERICAN TRAPPERS 0 48 VIII EAST AND WEST OF THE TETON RANGE 71 IX A BUSINESSMBUSINESS VENTUREE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 11 77 xeX THE DECLINING YEARS OF THE FURmur TRADE 0 0 0 0 0 a 87 XII conclusion 0 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 102 bibliography 0 9 0 0 10 0 a a 0 1eae 0 0 0 11 0 10 104 iv CHAPTER I1 PHYSICAL SETTING the upper snake rivero as far as this study is concerned covers from the eastern borders of the state of idaho west to a line that would divide the state in two nearly equal parts and includes that part of the state of wyoming known as Jackjacksonsjaekjacksongssontssongs holehoieholeoboleo the counties of fremont teton power bonnevillcpe caribou bear lake 9 franklin oneidaonelda 9 bannock bingham butte jefferson medMadmadisonmedisonisonop clarkclarkaclarkp leahilemhilemhip and custer in idaho and the county of teton in wyoming are tithinvithinwithin this areaareeareaoarcao starting from the eateast at the foot of the teton peaks is a large jacksonsjacksonejackson11 choloe loytoy area called Jackson s holehoieholoe itisit is surrounded by the teton 9 the snake 9 and the gros venireventre ranges of mountains with the continental divide of the rockies forming the eastern edge on the west side of the tetonstemons is pierres holehoieholeoboleo while standing in this basin and gazing eastward father desmet said this valley is situated at the foot of the three tetonstemons sharp peaked mountains of a prodiprodigiousgions heightheightsheightp rising almost perpendi- cularly more than loooo10000lopoo feet and covered with perpetual snow there are five of thenthemtheng but only three can be seen at any great distance ttltilml111 from these mountains one would descend to a broad flat valley through the middle of this valley flows the snake river it dividesdivides the lacintola4intoland into two completely different types of growth fertilepertile farm lhiramshiramiram martin chittenden and alfred talbot richardson life S letters and travels of father pierre jean desmet Jjo g 1801180118718011873187 vol new po I1 ew york francis P harper 9 19051905y p 228 1 3 land produces right down to the eastern side of the riverrivero but there is a drastic change on the western sidebidesideodideo here sagebrush grows in abundance and lava flows make up the sceneryseenescenesceneryeryeryo nathaniel woethowyetho in 1834l834p while traveling w through eastern idahoidahop described the lava areas by saying 0 0 0 the country through which we have traveled for these two days past has a strong volcanic appearance the streams occupy what appear to be but the cracclkseracra 1101ecieel01 ks of an over heated surface the rocks are blown up in blubbersblubblubberybers like a smiths cinders some rocks ten feetfeetthroughthrough are but a shell being hollowhollowshollowo A sub- stance abounds like bottle glass of ablabtthe same weight not so trans- parent about as brittle the fracture is smooth and glossy with the excep- 142942 tion of the cracks as above 0 0 several large buttes stand out of the surrounding area to present themselves for landmarks rising out of the desert floor of the western part of this area are the sawtoothandsawtooth andthethe salmon river mountains 0 the valley has presented different views to the many people who traveled through itite father desmet in describingindescribing the area from fort hall northeastward up to henrys fork of the snake saidbaidbaldsaidasaidp this is unquestion- ably the most barren of all thezountainthe mountain deserts 0 it abounds in absinthe 9 cactuscactusp and all such plants and herbs as are chiefly found on arid landslandsa we had to resort to fishing for the support of life 9 and our beasts of burden were compelled to fast and pine for scarcely a mouthful of grass could be found during the eight days chichvhichwhich it took uisuin to traverse this wildernesswilderness31133 As contrast to this somewhat harsh look at the valley comes the go af2fF G young edoedede 0 the correspondence and journals of captain nathaniel Jjo wyethifyethp 183161831 6 11 sources of the hishistoryory of oregonoregonp volvoivolo I1 Eueugeneeugeneaeugenepgenep oregon university pressapressppressv18991899o18990pop 161 chittendenjchittendenp Ppo 306 4 view of captain mevillebonnevilleBor as given through washington irvlngsirvingsirving0s penpeno this view was on the snake river plain as viewed from west to east in the wintertimewinterwintertimeotimeo mevillebonnevilleBor saidsaldsaidasaidp far away over the vast plainsplainseplainsp and up the steep sides of the lofty mountains the snowsnop lay spread in dazzling whiteness and whenever the sun emerged in the morning above the giant peakspeaksopearso or burst forth from among clouds in his middaymid day coursecoursey mountain and delldeildelip glazed rock and frosted tree glowed and sparkled with sur- passing lustrealustreo the tall pines seemed sprinkled with a silver dustadustdustp and the willowswillowwillowspsp studded with minute icicles reflecting the prismatic rayso brought to mind the fairy trees conjured up by the caliphs storytellerstory tellertelierteilertellerdtellerp 4 to adorn his vale of diamonds 0 charles preusspreussepreussp who was traveling with john coC fremont in 1843 A described the area west of fort hall by saying p wild councountrytryltryt how 0090oo old man vulcan has played havoc here 0 0 0 the united states is structured geographically into seventeen specific areas with most states lying only in one of the areasareasoareano however the upper snake river country is covered by four of these areas s 1 the great basinbasinabasinp 2 the middle rockiesrocklrockiespRockiesp 3 the northern rocklessrockiesprocklesqRockiRocklesqespand 4 the snake river plainblainoplaino each of these fourdour regions stretch beyond the borders of idahoidahop but they do come together within the areaareaoarcao there are several rivers that traverse the upper snake river area ofwhichof which thesnakethe snake is the largest and most important 0 As a power 4 4washingtoncwashingtonwashington irvingirvingsirvingp the adventures of captain mevillebonnevilleBor new yorkyorks Ggo Ppo Putnaputnamsputnamgputnamsrmsa sons I1l868p po 1811810 acharles5charlescharlescherlespreusspreussepreussp exploring with fremontofremontvFretremontomontomontv ededo edwin Ggo and elizabeth koK gudde normantnormsnnormannormans university of oklahoma bressopressppresso1958p1958 ppo 63630 gverdis erdisardis fisher ededoo the idaho encyclopedia celceicaldwelleCaldwello idaho 2 the caxton Priftprintersers ltd op 19j81938o19380ppo 160160igo 5 river the snake ranks with the greatest in the world 0 its vast volume of water has a total fallgfaligfollycaily from source to mouthmouthpmouthy of more than one milemllemilco it is a very rapid stream varying from one hundred to two hundred yards widedideowideo its bed is gravel and the banksbankspbanksy for the most partpartapartp are of the same materialmaterialematerialomaterialolaiooccasionally a thin soil covers thisthispthiap but it is only a partial covering even in the slower areasareasoareano the snake river was first known as the lewis river y with the southern fork taking on the
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