DOCSLIB.ORG

The Inevitable Energy Revolution: Good, Bad Or Catastrophic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Inevitable Energy Revolution: Good, Bad Or Catastrophic The Inevitable Energy Revolution: Good, Bad or Catastrophic Yuh-Huei Shyu Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Tamkang University Taiwan [email protected] 1 Outlines •Thingsabout energy you might not know • Understand the law of conservation of energy • Universal gravitation • Power of new power generator • The inevitable energy revolution • Good, bad or catastrophic systems • Conclusions • References 2 Things about energy you might not know • Pascal’s principle hides the secret of “ energy creating” • We can use universal gravitation to generate the electricity • The law of conservation of energy is “incomplete” 3 Understand the law of conservation of energy “A great law can’t be shaken unless it falls itself.” 4 Understand the law of conservation of energy • Your understanding - Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - It is a doctrine of physics - Any research result that violate this law is realized as incorrect - Any patent that violates this law will not be granted 5 Understand the law of conservation of energy • My understanding - In an isolated system energy can neither be created nor destroyed - This law is not derived from specific research results - It is a summarized (evolutionary) result of many research results that spanned over a very long period of time 6 Understand the law of conservation of energy • Wikipedia - In 1638, Galileo published his analysis of several situations—including the celebrated "interrupted pendulum"—which can be described (in modern language) as conservatively converting potential energy to kinetic energy and back again 7 Understand the law of conservation of energy - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz during 1676–1689 Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems, the value 2 ∑mi i v i was conserved so long as the masses did not interact. He called this quantity the vis viva or living force of the system. 8 Understand the law of conservation of energy -Vis viva now started to be known as energy, after the term was first used in that sense by Thomas Young in 1807. Vis viva was recalibrated to 1 2 ∑mi i v 2 i 9 Understand the law of conservation of energy -In 1843 James Prescott Joule discovered the mechanical equivalent in a series of experiments. He showed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was equal to the thermal energy (heat) gained by the water by friction with the paddle. 10 Understand the law of conservation of energy -In 1844, William Robert Grove postulated a relationship between mechanics, heat, light, electricity and magnetism by treating them all as manifestations of a single "force" (energy in modern terms). 11 Understand the law of conservation of energy - Albert Einstein's theory of relativity (1916) shows that mass is a form of energy, so they can transform one into another. 12 Understand the law of conservation of energy - During a 1961 lecture[7] for undergraduate students at the California Institute of Technology, Richard Feynman, a celebrated physics teacher and Nobel Laureate, said this about the concept of energy: There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law; it is exact, so far we know. The law is called conservation of energy; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity, which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number, and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same. 13 Understand the law of conservation of energy - mechanics, heat, light, electricity, magnetism and mass are different forms of energy. - Scientists believe that Energy can’t be created nor destroyed - Question: Have we found all manifestations of energy? 14 Understand the law of conservation of energy - Universal gravitation energy had never been considered before 21 century - The law of conservation of energy can’t be used to controvert the possibility of being able to harness an unknown energy 15 Universal gravitation energy • Innovative (technique) refer to a new method that uses fuel more efficiently or produces less carbon dioxide • Revolutionary (technique) refers to a new technique that will cause a paradigm shift in generating the power 16 Universal gravitation Known recently: - A kind of energy existed in the universe - A kind of renewable energy - Pascal’s principle provides Its theoretical foundation 17 Universal gravitation Known recently: - Method of transferring intangible universal gravitation energy to tangible potential energy has been found - Using universal gravitation, we can artificially created an energy cycle - Method of using universal gravitation to generate the electricity has been found 18 Universal gravitation Pascal’s principle (from Wikipedia) “A change in the pressure of an enclosed incompressible fluid is conveyed undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the surfaces of its containner.” 19 Application of Pascal’s principle Figure1. A conventional hydraulic lift 20 Application of Pascal’s principle F1 / A1 = F2 / A2 …….(1) A1 d1 = A2 d2 ……….(2) F2 = (A2 / A1) * F1 …....(3) Figure1. A conventional hydraulic lift 21 Application of Pascal’s principle F1 / A1 = F2 / A2 …….(1) A1 d1 = A2 d2 ……….(2) d2 = (A1 / A2 ) d1 …….(3) Figure2. A nonconventional hydraulic lift 22 Application of Pascal’s principle F1 / A1 = F2 / A2 …….(1) A1 d1 = A2 d2 ……….(2) d2 = (A1 / A2 ) d1 …….(3) 2 2 if A1 = 1m , A2 = 10cm , d1 = 1 m Then d2 = (A1 / A2 ) d1 = (1 m2 / 10 cm2 ) * 1 m = (10000 cm2 / 10 cm2 ) * 1 m = 1000 m Figure2. A nonconventional hydraulic lift 23 A liquid’s potential energy generator Figure3. A liquid’s potential energy generator 24 A liquid’s potential energy generator Figure3. A liquid’s potential energy generator 25 A liquid’s potential energy generator 1. Energy of counterweight is decreased by m g h = 1000kg · 9.8m/s2 ·1m = 9800 kg · m2/s2 = 9800 joule 2. Potential energy increased (in water tank) m g h = (0.9 m3 ·1000 kg/ m3) · 9.8 m/s2 ·100 m = 882,000 kg · m2/s2 = 882,000 joule 3. Potential energy increased (water in pipe) m g h = (0.1 m3 ·1000 kg/ m3) · 9.8 m/s2 · 50 m = 49,000 kg · m2/s2 = 49,000 joule 26 A liquid’s potential energy generator 1. Energy of counterweight is decreased by m g h = 1000kg · 9.8m/s2 ·1m = 9800 kg · m2/s2 = 9800 joule 2. Potential energy increased (in water tank) m g h = (0.9 m3 ·1000 kg/ m3) · 9.8 m/s2 ·100 m = 882,000 kg · m2/s2 = 882,000 joule 3. Potential energy increased (water in pipe) m g h = (0.1 m3 ·1000 kg/ m3) · 9.8 m/s2 · 50 m = 49,000 kg · m2/s2 = 49,000 joule The total energy increased: 882,000 + 49,000 – 9800 = 921,200 (joule) or 921,200 / 9800 = 94 (times) 27 A liquid’s potential energy generator Drawback: - High cost of initialization Solution: - Minimize the cost of initialization How: - Separate the piston and container 28 Vertical-Type Potential Energy Generator Figure 4. A potential energy generator 29 Vertical-Type Potential Energy Generator The flow control device is used to control the direction of liquid flowing into and flowing out the compressible bag. Figure 4. A potential energy generator 30 Flow control device Figure 5a. No flow occurs Figure 5c. Liquid flows down Figure 5b. Liquid is pushed up 31 Inclined-Type Potential Energy Generator 32 Seesaw-Type Potential Energy Regenerating System 33 Artificially created Energy Cycle 34 • Power Generator 35 Power of a new power generator (1) It is very stable (2) it generates power at any time and any place (3) It can create as much energy as we want (4) it consumes no natural resource (5) it generates no carbon dioxide (6) it carries no generating cost 36 The inevitable energy revolution •The inevitability of energy revolution depends on if the system will be adopted •Willpower companies adopt this system? - No, most of them (I think) -The revenue is the major concern 37 The inevitable energy revolution Inevitable things: Human beings need - breath - eat - drink water - consume energy -… - pay energy bills 38 The inevitable energy revolution Universal gravitation power generator •Onceit is installed, the followed power consumption is free of generating cost • Can any one resist this temptation? - family-size, building-size, Community-size, Customized-size power generators -… 39 Good, bad or catastrophic systems • Good - solve the problem and cause no side effect •Bad- solve the problem and cause some side effects • Catastrophic - solve the problem and cause other catastrophe 40 Good, bad or catastrophic systems • Gravitation power generator is the ideal energy source for 21 century and centuries after • It can solve earth warming, energy shortage, clean water and other big world problems • Catastrophic - solve the problem and cause other catastrophe 41 Good, bad or catastrophic systems • Gravitation power generator is too good to have other energy industries have chances to survive •The domino effects will cause a serious financial crisis • It is a very dangerous Catastrophic system 42 Conclusions – To solve the earth warming problem, the gravitation power generator is the only choice, and is the only hope that we can solve the Earth warming, energy shortage, and other big world problems “in time” – It is a very dangerous catastrophic system – I shall leave the implications and impacts of this system to you 43 Conclusions – “The Era of Energy Revolution” has come – Can we avoid the catastrophic parts – The answer is both “yes” and “no” – New era will create many new business markets that has never been existed before – You need to take the right decisions and actions in time – I shall leave the rest to you imagination 44 References [email protected] 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fuel Cell Energy Generators PLATINUM CATALYSTS USED in ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE
    Fuel Cell Energy Generators PLATINUM CATALYSTS USED IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE By D. S. Cameron Group Research Centre, Johnson Matthey and Co Limited The steam, in turn, is produced by burning Improvements in the preparation and fossil fuels (coal or hydrocarbons), or by utilisation of platinum metal catalysts nuclear fission. Unfortunately, the processes have now made megawatt scale fuel cell of converting fuel into heat, heat into steam, systems economically viable. The high and steam into electricity involve efficiency thermal efficiency and low pollution losses at every stage. The Carnot cycle characteristics of this novel power source shows that the thermal efficiency of any heat are likely to result in it forming an engine is limited to E where: increasing proportion of the generating capacity utilised for both peaking and intermediate applications. This paper T, and TI being the temperatures, in degrees briejly reviews the development of fuel kelvin, at which heat is supplied to, and cells; it also describes how they work, rejected by, the system. In practice, upper including the function of the catalyst, temperatures are limited to about 500'C and indicates the more important of the (773 K), lower temperatures are at least 30°C many factors which have to be considered (303 K), and efficiencies are limited to a when selecting a commercial system. maximum of 60 per cent. Indeed most modern large power stations are able to achieve only 38 to 40 per cent efficiency. Fuel cells have already achieved acceptance Fuel cells convert fuel directly into elec- as reliable, lightweight power sources for trical energy by an electrochemical route space applications, for example in the Apollo which is not limited by the Carnot cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions, »
    INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS, » S e r ie s A, FOR THE YEAR 1898 (VOL. 191). A. Absorption, Change of, produced by Fluorescence (B urke), 87. Aneroid Barometers, Experiments on.—Elastic After-effect; Secular Change; Influence of Temperature (Chree), 441. B. Bolometer, Surface, Construction of (Petavel), 501. Brilliancy, Intrinsic, Law of Variation of, with Temperature (Petavel), 501. Burke (John). On the Change of Absorption produced by Fluorescence, 87. C. Chree (C.). Experiments on Aneroid Barometers at Kew Observatory, and their Discussion, 441. Correlation and Variation, Influence of Random Selection on (Pearson and Filon), 229. Crystals, Thermal Expansion Coefficients, by an Interference Method (Tutton), 313. D. Differential Equations of the Second Order, &c., Memoir on the Integration of; Characteristic Invariant of (Forsyth), 1. 526 INDEX. E. Electric Filters, Testing Efficiency of; Dielectrifying Power of (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electricity, Diffusion of, from Carbonic Acid Gas to Air; Communication of, from Electrified Steam to Air (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrification of Air by Water Jet, Electrified Needle Points, Electrified Flame, &c., at Different Air-pressures; at Different Electrifying Potentials; Loss of Electrification (Kelvin, Maclean, and Galt), 187. Electrolytic Cells, Construction and Calibration of (Veley and Manley), 365. Emissivity of Platinum in Air and other Gases (Petavel), 501. Equations, Laplace's and other, Some New Solutions of, in Mathematical Physics (Forsyth), 1. Evolution, Mathematical Contributions to Theory o f; Influence of Random Selection on the Differentiation of Local Races (Pearson and Filon), 229. F. Filon (L. N. G.) and Pearson (Karl). Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution.—IV. On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants and on the Influence of Random Selection on Variation and Correlation, 229.
    [Show full text]
  • Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk to a Telegraph Clerk
    Science Museum Group Journal Technologies of Romance: Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀: the material culture and standards of early electrical telegraphy Journal ISSN number: 2054-5770 This article was written by Elizabeth Bruton 10-08-2019 Cite as 10.15180; 191201 Discussion Technologies of Romance: Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀: the material culture and standards of early electrical telegraphy Published in Autumn 2019, Issue 12 Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/191201 Keywords electrical telegraphy, poetry, scientific instruments, James Clerk Maxwell Valentine from A Telegraph Clerk ♂ to a Telegraph Clerk ♀, by JC Maxwell, 1860 The tendrils of my soul are twined With thine, though many a mile apart. And thine in close coiled circuits wind Around the needle of my heart. Constant as Daniell, strong as Grove. Ebullient throughout its depths like Smee, My heart puts forth its tide of love, And all its circuits close in thee. O tell me, when along the line From my full heart the message flows, What currents are induced in thine? One click from thee will end my woes. Through many an Ohm the Weber flew, And clicked this answer back to me; I am thy Farad staunch and true, Charged to a Volt with love for thee Component DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15180/191201/001 Introduction In 1860, renowned natural philosopher (now referred to as a ‘scientist’ or, more specifically in the case of Clerk Maxwell, a ‘physicist’) James Clerk Maxwell wrote ‘Valentine from a Telegraph Clerk ♂ [male] to a Telegraph Clerk ♀ [female]’ (Harman, 2001).[1] The short poem was a slightly tongue-in-cheek ode to the romance of the electric telegraph littered with references to manufacturers of batteries used in electrical telegraphy around this time such as John Daniell, Alfred Smee, and William Grove and electrical units (now SI derived units) such as Ohm, Weber, Farad and Volt (Mills, 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • High School - Round 1A
    HIGH SCHOOL - ROUND 1A TOSS-UP 1) Earth and Space – Short Answer What is a tornado called when it moves or develops over water? ANSWER: WATERSPOUT BONUS 1) Earth and Space – Multiple Choice As the Atlantic Ocean began to open around 200 million years ago, which of the following regions was most directly adjacent to the crust that now underlies the eastern margin of the United States? W) The British Isles X) The southwest margin of Scandinavia Y) The northwest margin of Africa Z) The Walvis Ridge ANSWER: Y) THE NORTHWEST MARGIN OF AFRICA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 2) Biology – Multiple Choice In which of the following organelles does transcription NOT occur? W) Nucleus X) Peroxisome [purr-OX-ih-zohm] Y) Chloroplast [KLOR-oh-plast] Z) Mitochondrion [my-tow-KON-dree-on] ANSWER: X) PEROXISOME BONUS 2) Biology – Short Answer A commonly-used method of classifying animals is to find a shared ancestral characteristic and use it to group organisms as either within the group or outside the group. Identify all of the following three animals that are inside the group for the hinged jaw characteristic: 1) Lamprey; 2) Turtle; 3) Bass. ANSWER: 2 AND 3 High School - Round 1A Page 1 TOSS-UP 3) Math – Short Answer Solve the following equation for x: 4 divided by open parenthesis x – 6 close parenthesis equals 5 divided by open parenthesis x – 1 close parenthesis. ANSWER: 26 BONUS 3) Math – Short Answer Identify all of the following four expressions that are odd functions: 1) Cube root of x; 2) Cosine of x; 3) Tangent of x; 4) e to the x power.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry of Low Temperature Fuel Cells
    Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry Of Low Temperature Fuel Cells Frano Barbir Professor, FESB, Split, Croatia Joint European Summer School for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technology Prof. Dr. Frano Barbir energy partners What is fuel cell? Fuel cell is an electrochemical energy converter. It converts chemical energy of fuel (H 2) directly into electricity. Fuel cell is like a battery but with constant fuel and oxidant supply. heat _ hydrogen FUELBATTERY CELL DC electricity oxygen + water Fuel cell history Christian Schönbein Invention of fuel cell (1799-1868): Prof. of Phys. and Chem. in Basel, first observation of fuel cell effect (Dec. 1838, Phil. Mag.) William Robert Grove (1811 –1896): Welsh lawyer turned scientist, demonstration of fuel cell (Jan. 1839, Phil. Mag.) 1839 Fuel cell history Invention of fuel cell Scientific curiosity Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932, Nobel prize 1909): founder of “Physical Chemistry”, provided much of the theoretical understanding of how fuel cells operate 1839 Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald – visionary ideas: “I do not know whether all of us realise fully what an imperfect thing is the most essential source of power which we are using in our highly developed engineering – the steam engine” Energy conversion in combustion engines limited by Carnot efficiency unacceptable levels of atmospheric pollution vs. Energy conversion in fuel cells direct generation of electricity highly efficient, silent, no pollution Transition would be technical revolution Prediction: practical realization could take a long
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophical Transactions (A)
    INDEX TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A) FOR THE YEAR 1889. A. A bney (W. de W.). Total Eclipse of the San observed at Caroline Island, on 6th May, 1883, 119. A bney (W. de W.) and T horpe (T. E.). On the Determination of the Photometric Intensity of the Coronal Light during the Solar Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363. Alcohol, a study of the thermal properties of propyl, 137 (see R amsay and Y oung). Archer (R. H.). Observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of Extension of the Coronal Streamers at Hog Island, Grenada, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382. Atomic weight of gold, revision of the, 395 (see Mallet). B. B oys (C. V.). The Radio-Micrometer, 159. B ryan (G. H.). The Waves on a Rotating Liquid Spheroid of Finite Ellipticity, 187. C. Conroy (Sir J.). Some Observations on the Amount of Light Reflected and Transmitted by Certain 'Kinds of Glass, 245. Corona, on the photographs of the, obtained at Prickly Point and Carriacou Island, total solar eclipse, August 29, 1886, 347 (see W esley). Coronal light, on the determination of the, during the solar eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 363 (see Abney and Thorpe). Coronal streamers, observations made by Newcomb’s Method on the Visibility of, Eclipse of August 28-29, 1886, 382 (see A rcher). Cosmogony, on the mechanical conditions of a swarm of meteorites, and on theories of, 1 (see Darwin). Currents induced in a spherical conductor by variation of an external magnetic potential, 513 (see Lamb). 520 INDEX.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemistry and Fuel Cells: the Contribution of William Robert Grove
    Indian Journal of History of Science, 50.3 (2015) 476-490 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i4/48318 Historical Notes Electrochemistry and Fuel Cells: The Contribution of William Robert Grove Jaime Wisniak* (Received 19 January 2015) Abstract William Robert Grove (1811-1896), a British lawer, judge, and researcher, discovered the voltaic cell that carries his name (more powerful than the Daniell one), the fuel cell, and carried fundamental research in the area of electrochemistry and allied phenomena. His general analysis of physical phenomena may be considered an expression of the first law of thermodynamics and the negation of perpetual motion. Key words: Daniell cell, Electrochemistry, Energy conversion, First law of thermodynamics, Flame electricity, Gas fuel cell, Grove cell, Perpetual motion, Polarization. 1. INTRODUCTION to Grove being appointed to the first professorial chair of the Institution (1841-1846). William Robert Grove1 was born on July 11, 1811, in Swansea in South Wales, the only son The financial needs for growing a long of Anne Bevan and John Grove, a magistrate and family forced him to return to the practice of law; deputy lieutenant of Glamorgan. After receiving in 1853 he became a Q.C. (Queen Council), in 1871 he was appointed a judge to the Court of private education he registered at Brasenose Common Pleas, and in 1880 he was appointed to College (one of the constituent colleges of the the Queen’s Bench. In 1887, after retirement, he University of Oxford), receiving a B.A. degree in appointed a member of the Privy Council. 1832. He then moved to London to pursue a legal career at Lincoln’s Inn and was called to the bar William Grove passed away on August 1, 1896, after a long illness and was buried at Kensal in 1835.
    [Show full text]
  • Penetration of Hydrogen Into Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Fuel Cells by Quantum and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
    polymers Article Penetration of Hydrogen into Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Fuel Cells by Quantum and Molecular Dynamics Simulations JinHyeok Cha * , Wooju Lee and Jihye Baek Institute of Fundamental and Advanced Technology, Hyundai Motor Company, 37 Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16082, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (J.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The advent of the Hydrogen Society created great interest around hydrogen-based energy a decade ago, with several types of vehicles based on hydrogen fuel cells already being produced in the automotive sector. For highly efficient fuel cell systems, the control of hydrogen inside a polymer-based electrolyte membrane is crucial. In this study, we investigated the molecular behavior of hydrogen inside a polymer-based proton-exchange membrane, using quantum and molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, this study focused on the structural difference of the pendent- like side chain polymer, resulting in the penetration ratio of hydrogen into the membrane deriving from the penetration depth of the membrane’s thickness while keeping the simulation time constant. The results reveal that the penetration ratio of the polymer with a shorter side chain was higher than that with the longer side chain. This was justified via two perspectives; electrostatic and van Citation: Cha, J.; Lee, W.; Baek, J. der Waals molecular interactions, and the structural difference of the polymers resulting in the free Penetration of Hydrogen into Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for volume and different behavior of the side chain. In conclusion, we found that a longer side chain Fuel Cells by Quantum and is more trembling and acts as an obstruction, dominating the penetration of hydrogen inside the Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 06 IF Form 1 P. 1-16.Indd
    People Foundation for the second time, has a alone, replacing current lighting value of one million euros. systems with systems based on LED lights could achieve very significant The Millennium Technology reductions in energy consumption in Prize is awarded every second year future decades. The new light sources for a technological innovation that are also well-suited to operation with significantly improves the quality solar power systems and are therefore of human life. The intention is ideal for use in remote areas of to encourage human-centered developing countries. technological development by rewarding both innovations and One of the most significant future research and development work that applications for Shuji Nakamura’s are aimed at improving quality of invention is the sterilization of SHUJI NAKAMURA received the life and sustainable development. drinking water, since the use of 2006 Millennium Technology Finnish organizations, industry, and ultraviolet LEDs makes the water Prize for developing a new, the Finnish government founded and purification process both cheaper revolutionary source of light and more efficient. Systems based – bright-blue, green, and white fund the prize. The first Millennium LEDs, and a blue laser. Dr. Technology Prize was awarded to Sir on this technology are expected to Nakamura is shown here with Tim Berners-Lee in June 2004 for his improve the lives and health of tens his blue laser. invention of the World Wide Web. of millions of people. Professor Shuji Nakamura’s Data storage and transfer using Shuji Nakamura Wins innovation has launched a totally light generated by blue lasers brings new sector in light-producing significant benefits, for example, the 2006 Millennium semiconductor research and the amount of data stored on CDs Technology Prize development.
    [Show full text]
  • On Science in a COUNTRY Iwan Rhys Morus
    JAX10289/ISTOCK/THINKSTOCK SMALLOn science in a COUNTRY Iwan Rhys Morus Wales tends to fall by the wayside in narratives about the history of science, but its stories complicate and enrich our picture of science’s past and future. Iwan Rhys Morus is a professor of history at Aberystwyth University in Ceredigion, Wales. His latest book is William Robert Grove: Victorian Gentleman of Science (2017). n 1756 Welsh hymnist and religious reformer William science and what they think it means for them. Williams Pantycelyn composed an epic poem titled Golwg ar deyrnas Crist (A Survey of Christ’s Kingdom). Pantycelyn’s vision of science By any standards a remarkable piece of work, it As a small country on the western fringe I of the British Isles, Wales has spent much consisted of an impressive 1367 verses, amounting to of its history on the periphery of em- 5468 lines. Eight years later Pantycelyn published a revised edition of pires—Roman, Angevin, and British. the poem (see figure 1), consisting then of 1366 verses.1 Throughout that history, it has main- tained its own distinct language and As the title suggests, what Pantycelyn offered his readers culture. Welsh, still spoken by about 20% of the population, was a detailed account of God’s creation and humanity’s place was for most of the last millennium and a half the country’s in it. The poem is notable for its detail and in particular for its dominant language. There remains a continuous literary tradi- extended discussions of the latest scientific ideas about the na- tion in Welsh that has its origins in the first emergence of the ture of God’s creation.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle
    283. HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLE PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_B_BE_082 COLLEGE : T. JOHN GROUP OF TECHNOLOGY, BANGALORE BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING GUIDES : DR. SUJITH PRASAD E. STUDENTS : MR. VIVEKANANDA M. MR. ABHISHEK G. SHETTY MR. HARSHA S. MR. MAHANTESH MADIWALAR INTRODUCTION: Hydrogen is going to be the fuel for future. It is the most lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Pure hydrogen gas can extracted from various sources like hydrocarbons,fossil fuels,water etc. The best suitable source to produce hydrogen gas is water which is abundantly available on the earth. Hydrogen from water can be produced by a process called electrolysis which uses electrochemical reaction to separate H2 and O2 molecule from water. In 1839, the Welsh scientist Sir William Robert Grove took the familiar electrochemical process of electrolysis which uses electricity to produce hydrogen from water and reversed it generating electricity and water from hydrogen. He called his invention a gas voltaic battery but today we know it as a hydrogen fuel cell. Much later in the middle of the 20th century the technology was further developed by the inventor Francis Bacon. The technology that these two inventors devised is essential to the operation of a hydrogen car. What makes a hydrogen car possible is a device called a fuel cell which converts hydrogen to electricity giving off only heat and water and water vapour as byproducts. Because it is non-polluting, hydrogen seems to be the ideal fuel for the 21st century. Several hygrogen cars are now in existence which include Cheverolet Equinox, the BMW745h, the Honda FCX, the recently released Toyota Mirai.
    [Show full text]
  • 246. the Grove-Bunsen Cell
    Notes from the Oesper Collections The Grove and Bunsen Cells William B. Jensen Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172 The previous two issues of Museum Notes have de- scribed the secondary Edison nickel-iron alkaline stor- age cell (1) and the primary Daniel gravity cell (2) respectively. This issue will deal with two more closely related primary cells of historical importance found among the collection of voltaic cells donated to the Oesper Collections some years ago by the Chemistry Department of Oberlin College – the Grove nitric acid cell and the Bunsen carbon cell. First described by the British scientist and jurist, William Robert Grove (fig- ure 1), in 1839 (3) both of these cells are based on the net cell reaction (4): Zn(s) + H2(SO4)(aq) + 2H(NO3)(aq) → Zn(SO4)(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + ΔEel Figure 1. William Robert Grove (1811-1896). in which Zn(0) is oxidized to Zn(II) at the anode, N(V) is reduced to N(IV) at the cathode, and the resulting net cell potential is roughly 1.9 V. Like the Daniel cell described in the previous is- sue, the Grove nitric acid cell was a two-fluid system that employed separate electrolytes for the cathode and anode and a ceramic spacer. In his prototype Grove had employed the bowls from broken clay pipes as his spacers, with an inert platinum (Pt) cathode and nitric acid [H(NO3)] electrolyte inside the pipe bowl, and a Zn anode and dilute sulfuric acid [H2(SO4)] electrolyte outside the pipe bowl (5).
    [Show full text]