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Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary. Nigerian frontier of the Cameroons crossed by British forces. Affair of Tepe. Chad frontier crossed by French forces. French Government issue new decree defining contraband see 11th, and November 6th. Battle of Le Cateau. Longwy capitulates to German forces see 20th. Cambrai occupied by German forces see November 20th, , and October 9th, Douai occupied by German forces see October 17th, First Battle of Lemberg Galicia. Battle of Zamosc-Komarow begins see September 2nd. Naval action off the Aaland Islands. German cruiser "Magdeburg" destroyed by Russian squadron. German forces in Togoland capitulate to the Allied forces see 8th, 13th and 31st. Doumergue [Appointed August 3rd, British Marines landed at Ostend, accompanied by R. Lille occupied by German cavalry see September 5th. Millerand appointed French Minister for War see 26th, and October 29th, First attack on Mora Cameroons see September 8th, Austro- Hungarian declaration of war received by Belgian Government see 22nd. First Battle of Guise begins see 30th. Sedan taken by German forces see November 6th, First Battle of Guise ends see 29th, and November 4th, First German aeroplane raid on Paris see September 16th, First Battle of Lemberg Galicia ands see 26th, and September 3rd. First attack on Garua Cameroons see April 18th, Samoa occupied by New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Battle of Tannenberg ends see 23rd. Franco- British Agreement defining provisional zones in Togoland concluded see 26th, and December 27th, Craonne taken by German forces see May 4th, Soissons taken by German forces see 13th. General J. Stewart takes over command of British forces in East Africa see October 31st. Japanese forces land in Shantung to attack Tsingtau see August 15th, September 23rd and November 7th. French Government transferred from Paris to Bordeaux see November 18th. Lemberg captured by Russian forces see August 30th, , and June 22nd, French Government inform united States Government that they will observe "Declaration of London" subject to certain modifications. Battles of the Western Front: First Encounters and Battles of the Frontiers German Government agree to observe "Declaration of London" if other belligerents conform thereto, and issue their list of contraband. Battle of the Ourcq begins. Reims taken by German forces see 14th. Lille evacuated by German forces see August 27th and October 12th. Battle of the Masurian Lakes begins see 15th. German forces cross frontier of North Rhodesia. Defence of Abercorn begins see 9th. Serbian operations in Syrmia begin see 11th. Affair of Tsavo East Africa. Battle of Tarnavka Galicia begins see 9th. Naval operations off Duala Cameroons begin, in preparation for attack by Allied military forces see 27th. Battle of the Drina begins see 17th. Second Battle of Lemberg begins see 11th. Turkish Government announce abolition of "The Capitulations. First important fighting. Defence of Abercorn Rhodesia ends. German force retreats see 5th. Semlin Syrmia occupied by Serbian forces see 17th. German light cruiser "Emden" makes her first capture in the Indian Ocean Greek collier "Pontoporos" see 22nd, and October 28th. German and Austrian representatives expelled from Egypt see November 1st. Austrian forces in Galicia retreat see October 3rd. Serbian advance in Syrmia abandoned see 6th and 17th. British Government issue orders for the raising of the second New Army of six divisions see August 21st and September 13th. Battle of the Aisne begins see 15th. British Government issue orders raising third New Army of six divisions see 11th. Action between British armed merchant cruiser "Carmania" and German armed merchant cruiser "Cap Trafalgar" in the South Atlantic : latter sunk. Battle of the Masurian Lakes ends see 5th. Czernowitz Bukovina taken by russian forces see October 22nd. Rebellion in South Africa begins see. Serbian forces in Syrmia withdrawn. Semlin evacuated see 10th. Battle of the Drina ends see 8th [This is approximately the date on which the main force of the Austrian offensive had spent itself. But there was no definite end to this battle, which subsided into continuous sharp local actions for the heights south of the Drina. These did not terminate until the Serbian retreat in the first days of November. British Naval Mission leaves Turkey. Admiral Souchon Imperial German navy assumes control of Turkish navy. First bombardment of Reims Cathedral by German artillery see 14th. Cattaro bombarded by French squadron. Secret agreement for mutual support concluded between Russian and Rumanian Governments. Jaroslaw Galicia taken by Russian forces see May 14th, British Proclamation issued adding to list of contraband see August 4th and December 23rd. First Battle of Albert begins see 25th. German light cruiser "Emden" bombards Madras see 10th, and October 28th. First use of wireless telegraphy from aeroplane to artillery by British Royal Flying Corps. Przemysl isolated by Russian forces. First siege begins see October 9th. Russian forces begin first invasion of North Hungary see October 8th. First Battle of Albert ends see 22nd. Actions on the Niemen begin see 29th. Bapaume occupied by German forces see March 17th, Distinctive markings on German aircraft first reported see November 12th. British army begins to leave the Aisne and to move northwards see 19th. Retreat of Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia ends see September 11th. Maramaros-Sziget taken by Russian forces see 7th. Minelaying in the open sea between the Goodwins and Ostend commenced by British see August 5th. Evacuation of Antwerp begun. Japanese naval forces occupy Yap Island Pacific. Menin occupied by German forces [Approximate date. Last forts of Antwerp taken by German forces see 10th, and September 27th. First German offensive against Warsaw. Battles of Warsaw and Ivangorod begin see 19th and 20th. Przemysl relieved by advancing Austrian forces see 4th. End of First siege see September 24th and November 10th. Hazebrouck and Estaires captured by British forces see 9th. King Charles of Rumania dies, and is succeeded by his son Ferdinand. German gunboat "Komet" captured by H. First Battle of Artois ends see September 27th. Lille capitulates to German forces see September 5th, , and October 17th, Ghent evacuated by Belgian forces and occupied by German forces see November 10th, Ypres reoccupied by Allied forces retreating from Ghent see 3rd and 19th. Retrieved October 21, The Times March 25, Lee James's and Cape Town, Penguin Reference Library. Naval Battles of the First World War. Penguin Books. The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire. April 28, Retrieved August 24, El Univerasl de British Athletes! Will You Follow this Glorious Example? World Digital Library. Retrieved October 27, Categories : Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote. Sovereign states Sovereign state leaders Territorial governors Religious leaders Law. Births Deaths. Establishments Disestablishments. Works Introductions. I admired the novel in its original form, with its many memorable scenes, and desperate situations. I've owned the "Red Wheel" version since it came out, and finally got around to reading it. Solzenhenitsyn's additions and revisions turned it into a shapeless mess, to be I read the original version of this soon after it came out in English, at the beginning of the '70s, along with Lenin in Zurich. Solzenhenitsyn's additions and revisions turned it into a shapeless mess, to be quite honest. The intruded section is, at best, like the utterly interior narration of the Lenin chapters -- but carried on endlessly, almost without dialogue. At worst, it's an overblown monarchist rant. Neither one belongs in a novel, and most certainly they have no place in this novel. He was essentially the only remaining member of the Bolshevik party, in his view. So there was an artistic excuse for the choice. And when one read Lenin in Zurich you were aware that it wasn't intended to be a book in itself, but a series of outtake chapters. But here we get Stolypin, and Bogrov, and Kurlov and the Tsar all presented the same way; with even less pretense at fiction, most of the time, because it's not "thoughts in time" but just mental recapitulation. The other problem, which I didn't see as much in the Lenin chapters, is that each character's section is given in a relentless monotone. Stolypin energetic, Bogrov evasive, Nicholas endlessly indecisive yet whiney. That is not a good formula for a novel. To be frank, it's just not good. August which goes into September, given the use of the Russian Orthodox Julian Calendar of was to be the first snapshot, which A. This consists of a panegyric to Stolypin presented as Russia's last, best hope , intercut with a biography of his assassin, intercut with reflections by the bureaucrats who did nothing to stop the assassination, and then a mental flashback of Nicholas II from when his dad got ill until the outbreak of the War. Solzhenitsyn pretty clearly shoved this in with a bad conscience, because he puts much of it especially the Stolypin bio in a smaller font, and tells the reader they can skip it if they choose. His excuse is "The author would not permit himself such a crude distortion of the novel form if Russia's whole history, her very memory, had not been so distorted in the past, and her historians silenced. As I implied above, all the added material should have been in a book of its own. The problem, I'm sure, is that it's neither fiction nor history, neither fish nor fowl, and not interesting enough to sell. Which probably tells us all we need to know about why the third and fourth volumes of The Red Wheel have never been translated and published in English, and likely never will be. The bad idea seems to have gotten worse as it went along. I'm still planning to read November in the coming months, but I see from the Table of Contents that he pulled the same stunts there. Enough complaining. It follows many different characters, civilian and military, giving us a very wide perspective of Russian life in the period, and the social and political disarray of the times. There's a student visiting Tolstoy, a landowner buying his no-good son out of the draft, politically active college girls, young officers, and so on. Big canvas, interesting events. Then we jump to a concentration on the Second Army, and all its problems. Like all such armies, it was dependent on railroads for supplies, and it got supplies from the rail line to the troops almost entirely by horse-drawn wagons and oxcarts. The German Army also had many wagons, but they also had trucks, which enabled them to supply the flanks further from the railroad. This meant, simply, that the Germans would almost automatically outflank the Russians; which they did, which meant Samsonov got completely surrounded and crushed. Later the First Army met almost the same fate, but that happens after the novel. The book doesn't explain the logistical mismatch in detail, but it has one haunting line in which an officer wonders if the fate of the campaign isn't being decided by those horsecarts, before the first shot is fired. Yep, it was. The book describes the chaos very well, which is one of its strengths. One of the brilliant conceits of the novel is that there's a colonel from GHQ who got himself sent to Second Army to "find out what is really going on" and who is on a mission to be at the crucial point in the battle and help make everything go right. This means he's rushing around from unit to unit, trying to make sense of everything, and trying to get the generals to do sensible things. The reader benefits from such a character, of course, as he gives logical coherence to the disparate threads; and is essential to the final scene. There was a great book here, written by a Nobel laureate, based on research that couldn't be done in the West during the Cold War. Now that novel is concreted into a messy conglomerate that still has some historical interest, if you don't mind the bizarre monarchist bias that overwhelms it. Ah, well. View all 3 comments. Sep 02, Laura rated it really liked it Recommends it for: Bettie. Shelves: audio-books , hf-world-war-i , centennial- great-war , read , russia , russian-fiction , nobel-prize. Dramatised by Robin Brooks from the translation by H. Aug 26, Huw Evans rated it it was amazing Shelves: fiction , history , russian. Ironically,I am writing this review on the 11th November. I have categorised it as fiction but there is a strong factual element - can I call it military faction? After Ivan Denisovich, the size of this book came as a surprise and the writing expands to fill the space between the covers, without lapse or hiatus. We remember our own war dead, but seem to have forgotten that the Russians lost twice as many men as did the UK. The appalling carnage at the beginning of the war is well described where Ironically,I am writing this review on the 11th November. The appalling carnage at the beginning of the war is well described where men without uniforms or weapons were thrown at a the opposition. In that fact alone lies much of the origin of the Russian revolution. I correctly anticipated how appropriate it would feel to read this in August - exactly years after the events in this novel. I did not anticipate how eager I would be to return each time to this amazing novel, discovering well drawn characters, a scathing indictment of Russian military culture at the beginning of the Great War, and a humbling and breathtaking faith. Definitely one to re-read. Apr 07, Kim rated it it was ok Shelves: classics , r-r , goodbye , two-star. The novel was completed in , first published in , and an English translation was first published in The novel is an unusual blend of fiction narrative and historiography, and has given rise to extensive and often bitter controversy, both from the literary as well as from the historical point of view. Now that first paragraph is directly from "August " is a novel by Russian novelist Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn about Imperial Russia's defeat at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia. Now that first paragraph is directly from Wikipedia word for word. If I had written it I wouldn't have used the word "historiography" since I didn't know there was such a word and now have to go look it up, and that is exactly how I felt about this entire book. I was almost always confused about one thing or another and always having to go look something up, either paging back through the book when a character just seemed to pop up and I would have no idea who it was anymore so I'd have to go back and find him or her. Sometimes I never did find them. A lot of the time I just sat puzzling over why in the world the people in charge of the Russian armies would make the horrible decisions that they made. I was baffled over what these Generals seemed to be doing most of the time. Chapter 22 just disappeared altogether with a note at the end of Chapter 21 saying: "Chapter 22 is omitted at the author's request. There were lots and lots of people in this book. Some of them I would get interested in, then they would disappear never to be seen again. Near the beginning of the book we are introduced to a family by the name of Tomchak, I think. I got interested in these people, all with long, unsayable names; the father Zakhar Ferapontych, his wife Evdokia Ilinichna; their son, Roman and his wife, Irina I forget their long names and I'm not looking them up again and their daughter Xenya. Then they all just disappeared from the story and until even one of them ever entered it again - and only one did - pages later I had forgotten who it was. That's how this book was for me. The longest section of the book is military history with lots of fictional characters, outlining in every detail I can imagine several days of the disastrous Russian offensive against the Germans at the very beginning of the war. This was like reading an encyclopedia of military science to me. Now I have no idea how military science really should work, but if it works the way it did in "August " I am amazed that anyone ever wins any war unless they just fight until everyone is dead and whoever has anyone left standing is the winner, or they all get sick of fighting and just agree to stop. Because if orders like the Russian armies were given daily happen in every army, no one can win. Early in the book some regiments of XIII Corps march through a forest and spend the night in Omulefoffen wherever that is. The next morning they are ordered to march northward which they do for a while before being ordered westward, through the same forest they had marched the day before. All day they march until the sun is setting they finally stop to rest when: "Worried-looking officers on horseback gallop back and forth for an hour, though neither troops nor the junior officers were told anything. Finally, the regimental commander called for the senior officers, and once again with much creaking, shouting, confusion, and lashing of the horses in the gun teams, the entire divisional column turned around and marched back to where it had come from. They did not stop at twilight but obediently retraced their steps, and the stars were out when they returned to the village of Omulefoffen and lit their field kitchens in the same places as the day before. His ammunition wagons had been unable to get through to his position, and as a result only one out of four of his machine guns could operate. Before long, there would be no rifle ammunition either. So in the fourteenth year of the twentieth century the only weapon against German artillery was the Russian bayonet. Evidently, the regiment was doomed to perish; but though the death sentence which he had to pronounce on every single man lay on his conscience, this did not affect the clarity with which he took the necessary decisions: where to draw his boundary lines, where to position strong points so that bayonet attacks could be made across the shortest possible stretches of ground, how to sell their lives most dearly, and how to gain as much time as possible. One such boundary Kabanov chose at Dereuten, where the high ground was favorable; one of his flanks was secured by a large lake, the other by a chain of smaller lakes. There the Dorogobuzh regiment stood and held its ground throughout the bright, sunny afternoon and the evening. There they exhausted their ammunition; there they counter-attacked three times with the bayonet; there, at the age of fifty-three Colonel Kabanov was killed, and of every company fewer than one in twenty were left alive. Here the prisoners are strewn about on the bare earth, lying, sitting, clasping their heads, standing, walking, exhausted, some with their arms in slings, some bandaged, some unbandaged, some bruised, some with open wounds, and others, for some reason, in nothing but their underwear; some are barefoot and none of them, of course, has been fed. Mournful, forsaken, they look at us through the barbed wire. A novel problem - how to hold so many people in an open field and prevent them from running away? Where are they to be put? The novel solution - a concentration camp! The fate of men for decades to come. The herald of the twentieth century. So I am done talking about "August ". I should go and find something fun to read but believe it or not "First Circle" by the same author is next on the shelf and I doubt that it is fun to read. I know that if I read "August " over again I would be less confused the second time, I would begin to know who all these people are and maybe even understand why they were doing the things they were doing, if I read it enough perhaps I would understand everything about it, I'm just not sure I have the energy for it. One last puzzling thing to me: At this point the Germans are on one side of the "woods and hills" the Russians on the other. The both sides hold their ground, occasionally firing at each other, or rather in the direction of each other, dig fox holes, all that type of thing, the whole day goes by then as the sun sets there is this: "The sun set behind the lake, whence there soon rose a delicate new moon. The Russians who observed it saw it over their left shoulders, the Germans over their right. I used to ponder it but I don't anymore, too many other confusing things came between us and I gave up. Ok, I'm going to look up the word historiography and then decide if I have the energy to tackle "The First Circle". Perhaps I'll watch the sunset. Happy reading. Sep 09, L Fleisig rated it really liked it. Aleksandr Solzhenitzyn's "A. Remnick writes a beautiful chapter on A. Reminick's extraordinary discourse on A. The work itself is compelling in its own right. Some have suggested that it would be helpful to have some background knowledge of the events leading up to W. I, the revolutionary ferment enveloping Russia between and , and the "players' involved in that process. Fair enough comment, but not essential. Finally, A. My sole disappontment was with A. It seemed stale compared to its breathtaking freshness when used by Dos Pasos in his U. It also seemed to detract from the beauty and flow of the writing itself. Looking back, Dos Pasos didn't suffer from the distraction. The reader with any interest in Russia, world history, military history, or just plain good literature should seriously consider reading this work. Oct 15, Guy Portman rated it liked it Shelves: russian. Subsequent sections encompass the life of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypi 3. Subsequent sections encompass the life of Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin, and his assassin, the privileged socialist Dmitri Bogrov, who is implicated as an informer for the Tsarist secret police, the Okhrana. Blending fact and fiction, August is a history novel that sees the author deviate from his familiar theme of Communist oppression, staged in gulag and cancer ward. Its eight hundred plus pages, dense prose, excruciating detail and challenging vicarious approach will deter many. This is a presumptuous text with a didactic tone that leaves its ever-controversial creator open to accusations of hubris. Sep 08, Carol rated it it was amazing. Solzhenitsyn has a way of writing that immediately involves the reader in the scene, the characters, the situation he creates. He develops characters that stay with one, and makes one want to read more and more about their lives. After this, I read Cancer Ward and First Circle and he creates worlds within worlds in these books as well. Aug 31, Michael Perkins rated it really liked it. I leave this book wondering why the Battle of Tannenberg isn't more widely studied by military history buffs. The Germans, initially caught off guard by the rapid speed of Russia's invasion of East Prussia, manage to defeat an enemy twice their size due to their better command structure, logistics, and by the incredible blunders made by their enemy, not least of which includes sending plans through telegraph wires without encoding them first. Though a work of fiction, the battle itself is presen I leave this book wondering why the Battle of Tannenberg isn't more widely studied by military history buffs. Though a work of fiction, the battle itself is presented accurately in its main points. It vividly illustrates von Clausewitz's notions of "fog of war"; Solzhenitsyn does an incredible job showing the confusion that reigns for an army commander even before contact is made with the enemy, as poor Samsanov does not even know where his own corps are, while higher command keeps sending contradictory orders that only reach the general days latter. The notion of "friction" is keenly displayed as well. It is one thing to push a flag on a map, but it is quite enough for the thousands of hungry and tired soldiers that flag represents to push their way through forests and lakes without roads. An understanding of terrain is key in any battle, but it is one the Russian high command failed to grasp from their headquarters hundreds of miles to the rear. It also tends to help when the army commanders have even a basic respect for one another, rather than feuds going back decades, and when officers are appointed by seniority rather than skill one has to accept the consequences. A very instructive work on command gone wrong. It's applications are by no means limited to the sphere of the military. As a literary work, it could have used some revisions I skimmed chapters 61 and 62 out of a 64 chapter book , but in the main it was an enjoyable read. Characters like Samsanov and the fictional Voroyntsev are imminently likeable despite their flaws. Voroyntsev in particular keeps the story moving, the only staff officer from General Headquarters who "gets it" and spends time at the front. Overall, the book was worth the time put into reading it. Solzhenitsyn always is. Jun 08, Robert burke rated it it was amazing. August (The Red Wheel, #1) by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

This included — as a precaution should it become necessary — bank deposits. This prevented further larger-scale failures of City and other firms. The notes had to be printed in an extreme hurry, because a good supply of them had to be ready and distributed to bank branches all over the country ready for their reopening on Friday, when business customers would need cash to pay their weekly wage bills. These notes were given legal authority by the Currency and Banknotes Act , passed on 6 August, which also conferred legal tender status on Scottish and Irish banknotes and postal orders. Within the banks, senior officials were kept busy with preparations and negotiations, both internal and external. Meanwhile, local branch managers were busy answering the telephone, reassuring worried customers. More junior staff, however, had relatively little to do. Clerks who would normally have been serving at the counter or recording transactions in ledgers were expected to attend work as usual, but all they could do was wait. In preparation for busier days after the end of the bank holiday, all staff holidays were cancelled. The hurried preparations paid off. By the time the banks reopened on Friday 7 August, Britain was at war but there was no panic, and no run. Indeed, in some areas branches reported that customers were actually depositing money rather than withdrawing it. Amid such uncertainty, this was a striking statement of public confidence. The financial crisis was not over, but disaster had been averted. In the ensuing months the government continued to tread carefully. Further steps were taken to get credit flowing again, including the removal of illiquid bills — largely those unpaid by foreign debtors — at the expense of the Treasury. Explorer Christopher Columbus sets foot on the American mainland for the first time, at the Paria Peninsula in present-day Venezuela. Thinking it an island, he christened it Isla Santa and claimed it for Spain. Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, in Little is known of his Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. During World War II, an advance Soviet armored column under General Konstantin Rokossovski reaches the Vistula River along the eastern suburb of Warsaw, prompting Poles in the city to launch a major uprising against the Nazi occupation. The revolt was spearheaded by Polish Located on acres in Arlington, Texas, the park was the first to On August 1, , sprinter Michael Johnson breaks the world record in the meters to win gold at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Three days earlier, Johnson had also won the meters, making him the first man in history to win both events at the Olympics. Four years earlier Charles Whitman takes a stockpile of guns and ammunition to the observatory platform atop a foot tower at the University of Texas and proceeds to shoot 46 people, killing 14 people and wounding Whitman, who had killed both his wife and mother the night before, was The act was intended to revive the sagging spirit of detente between the Soviet Union Union General Ulysses S. Within a few months, Sheridan drove a Confederate force from the Shenandoah Valley and destroyed nearly all possible sources of Rebel supplies, helping to seal the fate of the On this day in , dissenting British minister Joseph Priestly, author of Observations on Civil Liberty and the Nature and Justice of the War with America, discovers oxygen while serving as a tutor to the sons of American sympathizer William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, at July 26, - Britain attempts to organize a political conference among the major European powers to resolve the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. France and Italy agree to participate. Russia then agrees, but Germany refuses. July 29, - Britain calls for international mediation to resolve the worsening crisis. Russia urges German restraint, but the Russians begin partial troop mobilization as a precaution. The Germans then warn Russia on its mobilization and begin to mobilize themselves. July 30, - Austrian warships bombard Belgrade, capital of Serbia. July 31, - Reacting to the Austrian attack on Serbia, Russia begins full mobilization of its troops. Germany demands that it stop. August 1, - Germany declares war on Russia. France and Belgium begin full mobilization. August 3, - Germany declares war on France, and invades neutral Belgium. Britain then sends an ultimatum, rejected by the Germans, to withdraw from Belgium. August 4, - Great Britain declares war on Germany. August , - The Siege of Liege occurs as Germans attack the Belgian fortress city but meet resistance from Belgian troops inside the Liege Forts. The twelve forts surrounding the city are then bombarded into submission by German and Austrian howitzers using high explosive shells. Remaining Belgian troops then retreat northward toward Antwerp as the German westward advance continues. Twenty days later, the German governor there surrenders. August 7, - The first British troops land in France. August , - The French desire to score a quick victory ignites the first major French-German action of the war. However, the French offensive is met by effective German counter-attacks using heavy artillery and machine-guns. The French suffer heavy casualties including 27, soldiers killed in a single day, the worst one-day death toll in the history of the French Army. The French then fall back toward Paris amid , total casualties. August 8, - Britain enacts the Defense of the Realm Act DORA granting unprecedented powers to the government to control the economy and daily life. Serbia is invaded by Austria-Hungary. August 17, - Russia invades Germany, attacking into East Prussia, forcing the outnumbered Germans there to fall back. August 20, - German troops occupy undefended Brussels, capital of Belgium. Following this, the main German armies continue westward and invade France according to their master strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan. It calls for a giant counter-clockwise movement of German armies wheeling into France, swallowing up Paris, and then attacking the rear of the French armies concentrated in the Alsace-Lorraine area. Under the overall command of Helmuth von Moltke, Chief of the German General Staff, the Germans seek to achieve victory over France within six weeks and then focus on defeating Russia in the East before Russia's six-million-man army, the world's largest, can fully mobilize. August 23, - Japan declares war on Germany. Battle of Tannenberg. Aided by aerial reconnaissance and the interception of uncoded Russian radio messages, the Germans effectively reposition their troops to counter the initial Russian advance. Five days later, after surrounding the Russians, the battle ends with a German victory and the capture of , Russians. Following this success, the Germans drive the Russians out of East Prussia with heavy casualties. The impressive victory elevates Hindenburg and Ludendorff to the status of heroes in Germany. Three days later, Japanese forces land on the coast of China, preparing to attack the German naval base at Tsingtao Qingdao. September , - On the Western Front, Paris is saved as French and British troops disrupt the Schlieffen Plan by launching a major counter-offensive against the invading German armies to the east of Paris. Six hundred taxi cabs from the city help to move French troops to the Front. Aided by French aerial reconnaissance which reveals a gap has developed in the center of the whole German advance, the French and British exploit this weakness and press their advantage. August (novel) - Wikipedia

Dreadnought is launched by Britain, marking the advent of a new class of big-gun battleships. The Germans follow suit and begin building similar battleships as an all-out arms race ensues between Germany and Britain. August - The British reach a strategic agreement with Russia. Neighboring Serbia, with the backing of Russia, voices its objection in support of the Serbian minority living in Bosnia. The United States remains the world leader, surpassing all of the European manufacturing nations combined. A peace settlement is then drawn up by the major European powers that divides up the former Turkish areas in southern Europe among the Balkan League nations. However, the peace is short-lived as Bulgaria, desiring a bigger share, attacks neighboring Greece and Serbia. Romania then attacks Bulgaria along with the Turks. This Second Balkan War results in Bulgaria losing territory and the Serbians becoming emboldened, leaving the Balkan region of southern Europe politically unstable. A bomb is thrown at their auto but misses. Undaunted, they continue their visit only to be shot and killed a short time later by a lone assassin. Believing the assassin to be a Serbian nationalist, the Austrians target their anger toward Serbia. July 23, - Austria-Hungary, with the backing of Germany, delivers an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbs propose arbitration as a way to resolve dispute, but also begin mobilization of their troops. July 25, - Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilize its troops. July 26, - Britain attempts to organize a political conference among the major European powers to resolve the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. France and Italy agree to participate. Russia then agrees, but Germany refuses. July 29, - Britain calls for international mediation to resolve the worsening crisis. Russia urges German restraint, but the Russians begin partial troop mobilization as a precaution. The Germans then warn Russia on its mobilization and begin to mobilize themselves. July 30, - Austrian warships bombard Belgrade, capital of Serbia. July 31, - Reacting to the Austrian attack on Serbia, Russia begins full mobilization of its troops. Germany demands that it stop. August 1, - Germany declares war on Russia. France and Belgium begin full mobilization. August 3, - Germany declares war on France, and invades neutral Belgium. Britain then sends an ultimatum, rejected by the Germans, to withdraw from Belgium. August 4, - Great Britain declares war on Germany. August , - The Siege of Liege occurs as Germans attack the Belgian fortress city but meet resistance from Belgian troops inside the Liege Forts. The twelve forts surrounding the city are then bombarded into submission by German and Austrian howitzers using high explosive shells. Remaining Belgian troops then retreat northward toward Antwerp as the German westward advance continues. Twenty days later, the German governor there surrenders. August 7, - The first British troops land in France. August , - The French desire to score a quick victory ignites the first major French-German action of the war. However, the French offensive is met by effective German counter-attacks using heavy artillery and machine-guns. The French suffer heavy casualties including 27, soldiers killed in a single day, the worst one-day death toll in the history of the French Army. The French then fall back toward Paris amid , total casualties. August 8, - Britain enacts the Defense of the Realm Act DORA granting unprecedented powers to the government to control the economy and daily life. Serbia is invaded by Austria-Hungary. Petersburg—Tampa Airboat Line. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from August, This article is about the year For the board game, see game. For the German drama film, see film. For the sonnet by Wilfred Owen, see poem. Calendar year. Main article: January Main article: February Main article: March Main article: April Main article: May Main article: June Main article: August Main article: September Main article: October Main article: November Main article: December The s. American popular culture through history Illustrated ed. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. Chaplin: His Life and Art. London: Paladin. My Autobiography. London: Penguin Classics. He was able to publish chapters that had been suppressed while he was still living in Russia, given the Soviet censorship of literature , and to add material based on his extensive research at the library of the Hoover Institution. These included chapters on Vladimir Lenin , which were published separately as Lenin in Zurich , and several chapters dealing with Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin , as well as with the background and personality of Stolypin's murderer, Dmitri Bogrov , and the suspected involvement of the Tsarist Secret Police in this assassination. At well over pages, the novel constitutes the beginning of the Red Wheel series, continued ten years later with November BBC Cymru Wales produced a two-hour radio version of the book for broadcast in August , as part of the national observations of the centenary of the First World War. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. The cover of the first English edition published by The Bodley Head in Retrieved EE, Mahoney DJ.

August | work by Solzhenitsyn | Britannica

Since , railway building had given the French General Staff sixteen lines to the German frontier against thirteen available to the German army; the French could wait until German intentions were clear. The French deployment was intended to be ready for a German offensive in Lorraine or through Belgium. It was anticipated that the Germans would use reserve troops but also that a large German army would be mobilised on the border with Russia, leaving the western army with sufficient troops only to advance through Belgium south of the Meuse and the Sambre rivers. French intelligence had obtained a map exercise of the German general staff of , in which German troops had gone no further north than Namur and assumed that plans to besiege Belgian forts were a defensive measure against the Belgian army. The plan was an evolution of Plan XVI and made more provision for the possibility of a German offensive through Belgium. The Fourth Army was to be held back, west of Verdun, ready to move east to attack the southern flank of a German invasion through Belgium or southwards against the northern flank of an attack through Lorraine. No formal provision was made for combined operations with the British Expeditionary Force BEF but joint arrangements had been made and in , during the Second Moroccan Crisis , the French had been told that six divisions could be expected to operate around Maubeuge. On 1 August, the British government ordered the mobilisation of the navy, the German government ordered general mobilisation and declared war on Russia. Hostilities commenced on the Polish frontier; the French government ordered general mobilisation and next day the German government sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage, as German troops crossed the frontier of Luxembourg. Germany declared war on France, the British government ordered general mobilisation and Italy declared neutrality. Belgium severed diplomatic relations with Germany and Germany declared war on Belgium. Joseph Joffre , who had been Commander-in-Chief of the French army since and the Minister of War , Adolphe Messimy met on 1 August, to agree that the military conduct of the war should exclusively be the responsibility of the Commander-in-Chief. On 2 August, as small parties of German soldiers crossed the French border, Messimy told Joffre that he had the freedom to order French troops across the German but not the Belgian frontier. As soon as news arrived that German troops had entered Luxembourg, the Fourth Army was ordered to move between the Third and Fifth armies, ready to attack to the north of Verdun. Operations into Belgium were forbidden, to deny the Germans a pretext until 4 August, when it was certain that German troops had already violated the Belgian border. On 8 August General Instruction No. On 14 August Joffre and Lanrezac met but Joffre considered that only a few German cavalry and infantry parties had crossed the Meuse. The corps was renamed the Army of Alsace, to relieve the First Army of concern about Alsace during the operations in Lorraine. Two corps were removed from the Second Army and became a strategic reserve. On 18 August, Joffre ordered the Fifth Army to prepare for a German offensive on both banks of the Meuse or to meet a small force on the north bank. The offensive into Alsace and that by the First and Second armies into Lorraine, would pin down German forces and attract reinforcements, as the main offensive further north drove in the German centre and outflanked the German forces in Belgium from the south. Joffre expected that the attack into the German centre would meet little resistance. The First and Second armies would advance south of the German fortified area from Metz—Thionville, with the Fourth Reserve Group guarding the northern flank near Hirson, to watch the Chimay Gap and deflect a German attack from the north or east. The strategy assumed that the main German force would be deployed around Luxembourg and from Metz—Thionville, with smaller forces in Belgium. Passes in the Vosges to the south of Donon were to be captured before the main advance began. No large German force was expected to cross to the north of the Meuse, which made the French general staff certain that the German centre was weaker than expected. On 18 August, Joffre directed the Third, Fourth and Fifth armies, together with the Belgians and British, to attack the German armies around Thionville and Luxembourg, where 13—15 German corps were thought to have assembled. The Fifth Army was to intercept German forces advancing towards Givet and then the Fourth Army was to swing north and attack the southern flank of the German armies. The Third and Fourth armies would defeat decisively the main German armies in the west and for this, two more corps were added to the four in the Fourth Army, taken from the flanking armies. The first French offensive of the war, known as the Battle of Mulhouse , began on 7 August. Joffre had directed the First and Second armies to engage as many German divisions as possible to assist French forces operating further north. The First Army commander General Auguste Dubail preferred to dig in and complete the army mobilisation but Joffre ordered the advance to continue. With the arrival of two corps of the German 7th Army from Strasbourg , the Germans mounted a counter-attack on the morning of 9 August, at nearby Cernay. Mulhouse was recaptured on 10 August and Bonneau withdrew towards Belfort to escape a German encirclement. VII Corps was reinforced with the 44th Division, the 55th Reserve Division, the 8th Cavalry Division and the 1st Group of Reserve Divisions 58th, 63rd and 66th Reserve divisions to re-invade Alsace on 14 August, as part of the bigger offensive by the First and Second armies into Lorraine, which drew most of the German 7th Army northwards. The Army of Alsace began a new offensive against four Landwehr brigades, the VII Corps advancing from Belfort with two divisions on the right passing through Dannemarie , at the head of the valley of the Ill. On the left flank, two divisions advanced in co-operation with Chasseur battalions, which had moved into the Fecht valley on 12 August. On the evening of 14 August, Thann was captured and the most advanced troops had passed beyond the suburbs of Thann, Cernay and Dannemarie on the western outskirts of the city by 16 August. The German defenders were forced back from high ground to the west of Mulhouse on both banks of the Doller and into the Mulhouse suburbs, where a house-to-house battle took place. The streets and houses of Dornach were captured systematically and by the evening of 19 August the French had recaptured the city. The French captured 24 guns, 3, prisoners and considerable amounts of equipment. The French consolidated the captured ground and prepared to continue the offensive but on 23 August preparations were suspended, as news arrived of the defeats in Lorraine and Belgium; instead the French withdrew and consolidated the ridge beyond the Fortified region of Belfort. On 26 August the French withdrew from Mulhouse to a more defensible line near Altkirch, to provide reinforcements for the French armies closer to Paris. The 8th Cavalry Division was attached to the First Army and two more divisions were sent later. Haelen was a small market town along the principal axis of advance of the German imperial army and provided a good crossing point over the River Gete. Belgian engineers had blown the bridge over the Gete but the structure only partly collapsed and the Germans got c. Towards the end of the day Marwitz broke off the engagement; the 2nd Cavalry Division retired towards Hasselt and the 4th Cavalry Division withdrew to Alken. The main French offensive in the south began on 14 August when the First Army advanced with two corps into the Vosges and two corps north-east towards Sarrebourg and the two right-hand corps of the Second Army of General de Castelnau advanced on the left of the First Army. One corps and the Second Group of Reserve Divisions advanced slowly towards Morhange in echelon , as a flank guard against a German attack from Metz. The First Army had captured several passes further south since 8 August, to protect the southern flank as the army advanced to Donon and Sarrebourg. Despite warnings from Joffre against divergence, the army was required to advance towards the Vosges passes to the south-east, eastwards towards Donon and north-east towards Sarrebourg. At dusk, the 26th Division of the XIII Corps attacked Cirey but was repulsed by massed artillery and machine-gun fire and suffered a costly repulse. On 15 August, the Second Army reported that German long-range artillery had been able to bombard the French artillery and infantry undisturbed and that dug-in German infantry had inflicted many casualties on the French as they attacked. The Second Army had to attack methodically after artillery preparation but managed to push back the German defenders. Intelligence reports identified a main line of resistance of the German 6th Army and 7th Army , which had been combined under the command of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria , close to the advanced French troops and that a counter-offensive was imminent. On 16 August, the Germans opposed the advance with long-range artillery fire and on 17 August, the First Army reinforced the advance on Sarrebourg. When the Germans were found to have left the city Joffre ordered the Second Army to incline further to the north, which had the effect of increasing the divergence of the French armies. A German counter-attack on 20 August forced separate battles on the French armies, which were defeated and forced to retreat in disorder. The German pursuit was slow and Castelnau was able to occupy positions east of Nancy and extend the right wing towards the south, to regain touch with the First Army. On 19 August, the Fourth army of General Fernand de Langle de Cary , was ordered to occupy the bridges over the Semois but not to advance into Belgium until the German offensive began. A premature attack would advance into a trap, rather than give time for the Germans to empty Luxembourg of troops before the French advanced. On 20 August the German armies in the south attacked the French first and Second armies and next day the Third and Fourth armies began their offensive. South of Verdun, the Third Army was renamed Army of Lorraine and was to watch for a German offensive from Metz, which left the remainder of the Third Army free to concentrate on the offensive into Belgium. The French armies invaded Belgium with nine infantry corps but ten German corps and six reserve brigades of the 4th and 5th armies lay between Metz and the north of Luxembourg. The French armies had few maps and were unaware of the size of the German force opposite, as the Third Army brushed aside small German detachments. As the fog lifted, German artillery caught the French guns in the open and silenced them. A German counter-attack routed a French division and the corps was not rallied until the evening. To the north the IV Corps also advanced in fog and encountered German troops dug in near Virton and was forced back also with a division routed. On the southern flank, the VI Corps was pushed back a short distance. In the Fourth Army area, the II Corps on the right flank managed to keep level with the Third Army to the south but was not able to advance further. On the northern flank the XI and IX corps were not seriously engaged. The French commanders were ordered by Joffre to continue the offensive on 23 August, as early as possible since his strategy depended on the success of the Third and Fourth armies. By the end of 23 August the survivors of the Third and Fourth armies were back to their jumping-off positions except for the XI and IX corps on the northern flank. Opposite the French were the 2nd and 3rd armies, with 18 divisions against the 15 French divisions. French cavalry on the left flank skirmished with German cavalry on 20 August and next day Joffre ordered the Fifth Army to advance, with the BEF on the left to find and attack the German forces west of the Meuse. Before the French could cross the Sambre a German attack began between Namur and Charleroi and captured the Sambre bridges. Novel, an invented prose narrative of considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience, usually through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. Within its broad framework, the genre of the novel has encompassed an…. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Day , every day in your inbox! Email address. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. London: Penguin Classics. The Evening Independent. Petersburg, Florida. Retrieved July 14, The Last Courts of Europe. One Morning In Sarajevo. Hachette UK. He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Princip's arrest — this photograph shows the arrest of Behr. Bristol Post. July 9, Archived from the original on February 1, Retrieved January 28, The New York Times. Adolph Ochs. July 10, Retrieved July 13, Archived from the original on March 4, Retrieved July 16, Coastal Defences of Colonial Victoria. Retrieved October 21, The Times March 25, Lee James's and Cape Town, Penguin Reference Library.

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