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Missing and Abducted Children: a Law-Enforcement Guide to Case Investigation and Program Management

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Missing and Abducted Children: a Law-Enforcement Guide to Case Investigation and Program Management Missing and Abducted Children: A Law-Enforcement Guide to Case Investigation and Program Management Missing and Abducted Children: A Law-Enforcement Guide to Case Investigation and Program Management Edited by Stephen E. Steidel Third Edition 2006 National Center for Missing & Exploited Children® Charles B. Wang International Children’s Building 699 Prince Street Alexandria, Virginia 22314-3175 1-800-THE-LOST® (1-800-843-5678) ORI VA007019W This project was supported by Grant No. 2007-MC-CX-K001 awarded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view or opinions in this publication are those of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Copyright © 1994, 1997, 2000, and 2006 by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. All rights reserved. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children®, 1-800-THE-LOST®, CyberTipline®, LOCATERTM, NetSmartz®, and Picture Them Home® are registered trademarks/service marks of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. The publisher is distributing this publication with the understanding that neither it nor the authors are engaged in rendering legal or other professional services. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Contents Acknowledgments…xi Letter From Ernie Allen…xvii Foreword by John Walsh…xix An Issue Perspective by Stephen E. Steidel…1 Quick Reference…1 Historical Overview…3 The Numbers…10 Law Enforcement’s Response to Reports of Missing Children…12 Model Policies…13 Agency Accreditation…13 Significant Trends, Projects, and Programs…14 Law-Enforcement Training…14 The AMBER Alert and Other Missing-Children Notification Programs…14 Secondary Distribution of AMBER Alerts…15 Alternate Notification Systems…16 Protecting Children From Online Victimization…16 Developing Child-Safety Programs…17 Investigation of Family-Abduction Cases by the Prosecutor’s Office…17 Missing-Children Clearinghouses…18 Newborn/Infant Abduction Program…18 Identifying and Tracking the Sex Offender…19 Extending Resources to Missing Young Adults…19 Children Missing From Care Project…20 Reunification of Missing Children…20 Obtaining Resource Material…20 Conclusion…21 References: Citations and Related Resources…21 The Initial Response by Stephen E. Steidel…25 Quick Reference…25 Initial-Response Investigative Checklist…27 Administrative…27 First Responder…28 Supervisory Officer…30 Investigative Officer…31 Initial-Response Components…34 Administrative Component…34 Call Intake…34 Radio Broadcasts…35 Nlets…35 Fugitive Search Plans…36 Media Relations…36 MISSING AND A BDUCTED CHILDREN - iii First-Responder Component…36 Responding to the Scene…36 On-Scene Activities…36 Supervisory Component…40 Debriefing the First Responder…40 Establishing a Command Post…40 Mobilizing Investigative Resources…41 Implementing Perimeter Patrol…41 Maintaining Media Relations…41 Supervising the Situation…42 Investigative Component…42 Debriefing the First Responder(s)…42 Interviewing Witnesses…43 Developing Assessment Criteria…43 Activating Response Protocols…44 Search Component…44 Conclusion…45 References: Citations and Related Resources…46 Nonfamily Abduction by Charles Masino and H. Wayne Sheppard…49 Quick Reference…49 Nonfamily-Abduction Investigative Checklist…51 Initial Investigation…51 Prolonged Investigation…51 Recovery/Case Closure…52 Key Findings From NISMART-2 Regarding Nonfamily Abduction…53 The Initial Response…54 Tactical Considerations…56 Neighborhood Canvass…56 Information-Management System…56 Use of Polygraph…57 Establishing a Command Post…57 Family Liaison…58 Liaison With Community Groups and Nonprofit Organizations…59 Consultation With NCMEC’s Team Adam…60 Investigative Considerations…60 General…60 Regarding Newborn/Infant Abductions...61 Statistics…61 The Abductor…62 Use of Violence…64 The Response…64 Crime-Scene Analysis and Offender Profiles…66 Criminal-Investigation Assessment Process…66 Suspect Profiles...67 The Prolonged Investigation…70 Recovery/Case Closure…72 Reunification Issues of Nonfamily Abduction…72 Guidelines for Handling the Reunification of a Nonfamily Abducted Child…74 iv - MISSING AND ABDUCTED CHILDREN Conclusion…74 References: Citations and Related Resources…75 Family Abduction by David Barnard and David Peery…79 Quick Reference…79 Family-Abduction Investigative Checklist…81 The Initial Investigation…81 The Prolonged Investigation…81 International Abductions…82 Recovery/Case Closure…82 Key Findings From NISMART-2 Regarding Family Abduction…83 Laws…84 The Child-Victim…85 Investigative Issues…86 Jurisdiction…86 Civil Law…86 Enforcement of Custody Orders…87 Liability…87 Restraints in Civil Law…88 Restraints in Criminal Law…88 Exigent Circumstances…89 Keep the Issues of Custody and Abuse Separate…89 Summary…89 The Initial Investigation…90 The Investigator’s Perspective…90 Activating an AMBER Alert…90 Review of the Court File…90 Background Investigation…91 Dissemination of Information…91 Child Abducted From the Custody of Child Protective Services…91 Working With the Left-Behind Parent/Guardian…92 Monitoring Communications…93 Hidden Agendas…94 Working With the Abductor…94 Use of Civil Orders in Family Abductions…95 Evaluating/Filing a Criminal Charge…97 Entries Into NCIC…97 The Prolonged Investigation…98 The Federal UFAP Warrant…98 School Records…99 Other Records to Flag…99 Mailed Correspondence…99 Bank Accounts/Credit-Card Accounts…99 Telephone Records…100 Social Security Number…100 Federal Parent Locator Service…100 Private Interests/Activities…100 Involving Other Jurisdictions in the Case…100 International Investigations…102 MISSING AND ABDUCTED CHILDREN - v Recovery/Case Closure…103 Reunification Issues of Family Abduction…103 Guidelines for Handling the Reunification of a Family Abducted Child…105 Case Closure…105 Conclusion…106 References: Citations and Related Resources…106 The Runaway Child by Lee Reed…109 Quick Reference…109 Runaway Investigative Checklist…111 The Initial Investigation…111 The Prolonged Investigation…111 Recovery/Case Closure…112 Key Findings From NISMART-2 Regarding Runaway Children…113 Investigating Cases of Runaway Children…114 Role of the First Responder…114 Role of the Assigned Investigator…114 Family Residence…114 Friends…115 School/Teachers/School Resource Officers…116 Community Agencies/Organizations…116 Assessing Cases of Runaway Children…116 Unusual Circumstances…116 Runaways and the Internet…117 Prolonged Investigation…118 Recovery and Case Closure…119 Procedural Steps…119 Disclosure of Exploitation or Abuse…119 Returning Runaways From Distant Locations…119 Reunification Issues of Runaway Children…120 Guidelines for Handling the Reunification of a Runaway Child…121 Evaluation of Agency Policies Regarding Runaway Children…122 Proactive Programs…122 Conclusion…123 References: Citations and Related Resources…123 Agency Self-Assessment: Cases of Runaway Children…125 Investigative Considerations by Thomas B. Smith…127 Quick Reference…127 Information Management…129 Tracking Tips and Leads…130 Gathering Complete Victim/Family Information…132 Crime-Scene Procedures…133 The Seven “Ps” of Basic Crime-Scene Search…134 Prepare…134 Protect…135 Preserve…135 Precise…135 Process…136 vi - MISSING AND ABDUCTED CHILDREN Packaging…136 Progress…136 Crime-Scene Reevaluation…137 Searches and the Searching Process…137 Managing Search Personnel…138 Search Patterns…139 Search Warrants and Physical Evidence…139 The Concept of Lawful Search and Seizure…139 The Search-Warrant Process…139 Items to Search for…140 Investigative Recommendations for Crimes Committed Against Children Involving Computers…142 Search-Warrant Execution…142 Searching Without a Warrant…142 Consent Searches…143 Physical Evidence…143 Interview and Interrogation…144 How Witnesses are Found…145 Interview Versus Interrogation…145 The Corpus Rule…145 The Use of Miranda…145 Benefits of an Early Interview…146 Three Phases of the Interview Process…147 The Preinterview Phase…147 The Interview Phase…149 The Interview Wrap-Up or Conclusion Phase…150 References: Related Resources…151 Investigative Lead Sheet…154 Lead-Sheet Log…155 Neighborhood-Canvass Log…155 Vehicle-Canvass Log…156 Volunteer/Searcher Log…156 Interview/Interrogation Checklist…157 Investigative Resources by Stephen E. Steidel…161 Quick Reference…161 Resource Agencies and Organizations…163 National Center for Missing & Exploited Children®…163 Case Analysis and Support Division…165 Poster and Photo Distribution Unit…165 Forensic Imaging Unit…165 Exploited Child Unit…165 LOCATERTM…165 Project ALERT…166 Team Adam…166 Cold Case Unit…166 Family Advocacy Division…166 Infant Abduction Prevention Program…166 NCMEC Investigative Publications…167 NCMEC’s Commitment to Law Enforcement…167 MISSING AND ABDUCTED CHILDREN - vii National Crime Information Center…167 Missing Person File…167 Unidentified Person File…168 Off-Line Search…169 Missing-Children Clearinghouses…170 Nonprofit, Missing-Children Organizations…170 National Association for Search & Rescue…171 Federal Bureau of Investigation…171 U.S. Postal Service…172 Federal Parent Locator Service…173 U.S. Department of State…173 Interpol…174 U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement…174 U.S. Marshals Service…175 U.S. Secret
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